main ideas chapter 11: 1. cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared...
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MAIN IDEAS CHAPTER 11:
1.Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history.
2.Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling.
3.Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response.
4.Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response.
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Cell Signaling
Animal cells communicate by:
Direct contact (gap junctions)
Secreting local regulators (growth factors, neurotransmitters)
Long distance (hormones)
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3 Stages of Cell Signaling:1.Reception: Detection of a signal
molecule (ligand) coming from outside the cell
2.Transduction: Convert signal to a form that can bring about a cellular response
3.Response: Cellular response to the signal molecule
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Reception
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Transduction
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Response
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1. ReceptionBinding between signal molecule (ligand)
+ receptor is highly specific.
Receptors found in:a) Intracellular receptors (cytoplasm,
nucleus) hydrophobic or small Eg. testosterone or nitric oxide (NO)
b)Plasma membrane receptor water-soluble ligands
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptor
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Plasma Membrane Receptors
G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
Tyrosine Kinase
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
7 transmembrane
segments in membrane
Attaches (P) to tyrosine
Signal on receptor
changes shape
G protein + GTP activates
enzyme cell response
Activate multiple cellular
responses at once
Regulate flow of specific ions(Ca2+, Na+)
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptor
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
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Ligand-Gated Ion Channel
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2. TransductionCascades of molecular interactions relay
signals from receptors target molecules
Protein kinase: enzyme that phosphorylates and activates proteins at next level
Phosphorylation cascade: enhance and amplify signal
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Second Messengerssmall, nonprotein molecules/ions that can
relay signal inside cellEg. cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Ca2+
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3. Response Regulate protein
synthesis by turning on/off genes in nucleus (gene expression)
Regulate activity of proteins in cytoplasm
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Cholera
Disease acquired by drinking contaminated water (w/human feces)
Bacteria (Vibrio cholerae) colonizes lining of small intestine and produces toxin
Toxin modifies G-protein involved in regulating salt & water secretion
G protein stuck in active form intestinal cells secrete salts, water
Infected person develops profuse diarrhea and could die from loss of water and salts
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ViagraUsed as treatment for erectile
dysfunction
Inhibits hydrolysis of cGMP GMP
Prolongs signal to relax smooth muscle in artery walls; increase blood flow to penis
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Apoptosis = cell suicideCell is dismantled and digested
Triggered by signals that activate cascade of “suicide” proteins (caspase)
Why?Protect neighboring cells from damageAnimal development & maintenance
May be involved in some diseases (Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s); interference may contribute to cancers
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Apoptosis of a human white blood cell
Left: Normal WBCRight: WBC undergoing apoptosis – shrinking and forming lobes (“blebs”)
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Effect of apoptosis during paw development in the mouse