mainstreaming the adaptations and reducing the vulnerability of the poor due to climate change

8/3/2019 Mainstreaming the Adaptations and Reducing the Vulnerability of the Poor due to Climate Change

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EGMA \o}bacl Xex`} Y`}a`y

Jeacyw}`ejacl wn` Egexwewaocyecg ]`gpiacl wn` Vpkc`}emakawq ofwn` Xoo} gp` wo Ikajew` Inecl`

I# ]# ]eclecewnec+B# Xekecayeja+B# ]# Bebpjecp+ ecgE# Mepk}ed

Co# 999G`i`jm`} =858

Eyaec G`v`koxj`cw Mecb Acywawpw`


2/29

Wn` \o}bacl Xex`} y`}a`y ay e iocwacpewaoc of wn` fo}j`}kq cej`g Gayipyyaoc Xex`} y`}a`y2 wn`cpjm`}acl of wn` xex`}y iocwacp`g |awnopw acw`}}pxwaoc o} inecl`# EGMAy |o}bacl xex`}y}`fkìw acawaek agèy oc e woxai ecg e}` xoyw`g ockac` fo} gayipyyaoc# EGMA `ciop}el`y }èg`}y woxoyw wnà} iojj`cwy oc wn` jeac xel` fo} èin |o}bacl xex`} .lav`c ac wn` iawewaoc m`ko|!#Yoj` |o}bacl xex`}y jeq g`v`kox acwo own`} fo}jy of xpmkaiewaoc#

Ypll`yw`g iawewaoc4

]eclecewnec+ I#+ B# Xekecayeja+ B# Bebpjecp+ ecg E Mepk}ed# =858# Jeacyw}èjacl wnÈgexwewaocy ecg ]`gpiacl wn` Vpkc`}emakawq of wn` Xoo} gp` wo Ikajew` Inecl`# EGMA \o}baclXex`} 999# Wobqo4 Eyaec G`v`koxj`cw Mecb Acywawpw`# Eveakemk`4 nwwx4//|||#egma#o}l/|o}bacl*xex`}/=855/5=/51/7>95#egexwewaocy#}`gpiacl#vpkc`}emakawq#xoo}#ikajew`#inecl`/

Xkèy` iocweiw wn` epwno}.y! fo} acfo}jewaoc emopw wnay xex`}#

@jeak4 vecmpjotnaHegma#o}l

I# ]# ]eclecewnec ay e x}of`yyo} of jewn`jewaiy ew wn` G`xe}wj`cw of XnqyaiekYia`ci`y ecg Acfo}jewaoc Wìncokolq+ ac Wejak Cegp El}aipkwp}ek Pcav`}yawq# B#Xekecayeja ay wn` ga}ìwo} ac wn` A\JA*WEWE Xokaiq ]`yè}in X}ol}ej+ Acw`}cewaocek\ew`} Jecel`j`cw Acywawpw` .A\JA!+ Yopwn Eyae ]`laocek Offai`# B}aynce ]`ggqBebpjecp ay e yxìaek x}odìw yia`cwayw fo} wn` A\JA*WEWE Xokaiq ]`yè}in# E# Mepk}ed ay

eyyoiaew` x}of`yyo}+ G`xe}wj`cw of @iocojaiy ew Yw# Doncy Iokk`l`+ JY Pcav`}yawq+Acgae#

Wnay xex`} y`}v`g ey e meibl}opcg xex`} x}`xe}`g fo} wn` Iocf`}`ci` oc wn`@cva}ocj`cwy of wn` Xoo}4 ]`yxocgacl wo Ikajew` Inecl` ecg wn` L}``c @iocojqJebacl Ypyweacemk` G`v`koxj`cw Jo}` Acikpyav`+ n`kg oc =7=6 Cov`jm`} =858 acG`kna+ Acgae# Ekk va`|y e}` x`}yocek#

Wn` va`|y `~x}`yy`g ac wnay xex`} e}` wn` va`|y of wn` epwno}y ecg go cow cì`yye}akq}`fkìw wn` va`|y o} xokaia`y of EGMA+ wn` Eyaec G`v`koxj`cw Mecb .EGM!+ awy Moe}g ofGa}ìwo}y+ o} wn` lov`}cj`cwy wn`q }`x}`y`cw# EGMA go`y cow lpe}ecw`` wn` eiip}eiq ofwn` gewe acikpg`g ac wnay xex`} ecg eii`xwy co }`yxocyamakawq fo} ecq iocyùp`ci`y ofwnà} py`# W`}jacokolq py`g jeq cow cì`yye}akq m` iocyayw`cw |awn EGM offaiaek w`}jy#

Eyaec G`v`koxj`cw Mecb Acywawpw`Beypjaley`ba Mpakgacl >F9*=*0 Beypjaley`ba+ Inaqoge*bpWobqo 588*688>+ Dexec

W`k4 ">5*9*9019*0088Fe~4 ">5*9*9019*00


3/29

EGMA \o}bacl Xex`} 999 ]eclecewnec+ Xekecayeja+ Bebpjecp+ ecg Mepk}ed

Emyw}eiw

Jecq }p}ek xoo} xòxk` ac g`v`koxacl iopcw}a`y g`x`cg oc el}aipkwp}` ecg e}` nalnkq acfkp`ci`gmq ikajewai inecl`# N`ci`+ ypyweacemk` kav`kanoog exx}oein`y e}` py`g ew mown xokaiq ecgx}odìw k`v`k wo acawaew` c`| xov`}wq }`gpiwaoc eiwavawa`y ecg jogafq `~aywacl eiwavawa`y wo ajx}ov`kav`kanoog acioj`y# X}eiwai`y }`k`vecw wo ikajew` inecl` egexwewaoc e}opcg wn` |o}kg e}` |ag`*

}eclacl ecg acikpg` g`v`koxj`cw of wìncokolq+ jecel`j`cw+ acf}eyw}piwp}`+ kav`ywoib+l}opcg|ew`}+ ecg bco|k`gl`# Mown yw}piwp}ek acw`}v`cwaocy .ypin ey mpakgacl fkoog`jmecbj`cwy+ gab`y+ o} yè|ekky o} `cneciacl wn` cewp}ek y`wwacl o} kecgyiex`! ecgcocyw}piwp}ek acw`}v`cwaocy .xokaia`y+ bco|k`gl` g`v`koxj`cw+ e|e}`c`yy+ j`wnogy ecgox`}ewacl x}eiwai`y+ acikpgacl xe}waiaxewo}q jìnecayjy! nev` n`kx`g wo }`gpi` wn` ajxeiw ofikajew` inecl`# Fp}wn`}+ je}b`w*mey`g acyw}pj`cwy ypin ey i}`gawy ecg i}ox acyp}eci` |`}èkyo g`v`kox`g wo n`kx xoo} nopy`nokgy ac jecq g`v`koxacl iopcw}a`y wo iox` |awn wn`pci`}weacwa`y# Wn` pxweb` of ypin egexwewaoc x}eiwai`y ay kellacl+ no|`v`}+ mpw acfo}jekacywawpwaocy e}` xkeqacl e b`q }ok` ey wn`q }`kq oc `cfo}i`j`cw j`wnogy ecg e}` cow ypxxo}w`gmq wn` lov`}cj`cw# Jeacyw}èjacl egexwewaoc ecg `cneciacl egexwav` iexeiawq iopkg màci}èy`g mq `ciop}elacl xe}wc`}ynaxy m`w|``c acfo}jek x}oi`yy`yecg fo}jek acw`}v`cwaocy wofeiakawew` egexwewaoc mq wn` xoo}# Wn` ioyw of egexwewaoc ay ekyo yalcafaiecwkq naln`} ac g`v`koxacl

iopcw}a`y# Coc`wn`k`yy+ jo}` eww`cwaoc ay c``g`g ac egg}`yyacl fpwp}` ikajew` yi`ce}aoy wn}oplnel}aipkwp}ek }`yè}in ecg g`v`koxj`cw+ a}}alewaoc g`v`koxj`cw+ acf}eyw}piwp}`+ ecg ajx}ov`ga}}alewaoc `ffaia`ciq#

D@K Ikeyyafaiewaoc4 C00+ O59+ U07


4/29


Iocw`cwy

5# Acw}ogpiwaoc ######################################################################################################################## 9

=#

Ikajew` Inecl` @ffìwy oc El}aipkwp}ek X}ogpiwaoc ########################################################### 7

9# Egexwewaoc @~x`}a`ci`y ac wn` Iocw`~w of Ypyweacemk` Kav`kanoogy################################### 67# Acw`l}ewaoc of Yw}piwp}ek ecg Cocyw}piwp}ek Exx}oein`y Acwo Cewaocek @iocoja`y ecgXov`}wq ]`gpiwaoc ####################################################################################################################### 580# Ej`kao}ewacl @ffìwy of Yw}piwp}ek ecg Cocyw}piwp}ek Jèyp}`y4 Yoj` Iey` Ywpga`y #### 576# ]ok` of Fo}jek ecg Acfo}jek Acywawpwaocy ac Ajxk`j`cwacl Acw`l}ew`g EgexwewaocYw}ew`la`y #################################################################################################################################### 5


5/29


9

5# ACW]OGPIWAOC

Ikajew` inecl` ney e vawek }ok` ac wn` è}wny maoyxn`}`+ ecg ikajew` inecl` ecg ve}aemakawq e}ìoci`}cy of npjecbacg# Wn` iocyùp`ci`y of ikajew` inecl` acikpg` j`kwacl lkeia`}y+ jo}` o}k`yy x}ìaxawewaoc+ jo}` .ecg jo}` `~w}`j`! |èwn`} `v`cwy+ ecg ynafwacl yèyocy# \` e}`

loacl wo m` effìw`g wn` joyw mq ypin ikajew` inecl`y# Ikajew` inecl` ywe}w`g ac wn` keyw w|oi`cwp}a`y gp` wo wn` ecwn}oxol`cai }`kèy` of l}``cnopy` ley`y f}oj wn` mp}cacl of foyyak fp`ky#Ecg wn` |e}jacl |akk iocwacp` gp}acl wn` =5yw i`cwp}q gp` xe}wkq wo aci}èy`g e`}oyok koegaclecg l}``cnopy` ley`y .N`kg `w ek# =880! pkwajew`kq acfkp`ciacl lkomek |e}jacl# Wn` jeacioci`}c ek}ègq }eay`g mq lkomek |e}jacl ay wnew ikajewai ve}aewaocy ekw`} wn` |ew`} iqik`#Acg``g+ ac jecq iey`y wn` gewe yno| wnew wn` nqg}okolaiek iqik` ay ek}ègq màcl ajxeiw`g.G}eloca 511>2 Mpffoca `w ek# =88=2 Kemew `w ek# =8872 Npcwaclwoc =8862 Acw`}lov`}cj`cwek Xec`koc Ikajew` Inecl` RAXIIZ =88

Wn` nqg}okolaiek iqik` acvokv`y x}oi`yy`y of `vexo}ewaoc ecg x}ìaxawewaoc |nain e}` x}`gaiw`gwo ynafw |awn ikajew` inecl`# Gì}èy` ac jocyooc }eacfekk |akk }`gpi` yp}fei` fko|y ecg c`w}ìne}l` of l}opcg|ew`}# Ac eggawaoc+ ve}aemakawq of eccpek jocyooc }eacfekk ekyo kègy wo`~w}`j` g}oplnwy ecg fkoogy+ effìwacl el}aipkwp}ek x}ogpiwaoc ecg cewaocek ìocoja`y# Ywpga`yoc acw`}eccpek ecg kocl*w`}j ve}aemakawq of jocyooc }eacfekk nev` ekyo acgaiew`g wnew ve}aewaoc ac}eacfekk fo} wn` Acgaec ypmiocwac`cw ay ywewaywaiekkq yalcafaiecw .Wnexkaqek ecg Bpkyn}`ywne 51152Y}aveyweve `w ek# 511=!# Y`v`}ek epwno}y nev` ekyo eibco|k`gl`g wnew wn`}` ay ec aci}èyaclw}`cg ac yp}fei` w`jx`}ewp}`+ |awn gì}èyacl w}`cgy ac }eacfekk .Naclec`+ ]pxebpje}+ ecg]ejece Jp}wnq 51>02 Y}aveyweve `w ek# 511=2 ]pxebpje}+ B}aynce Bpje}+ ecg Xecw 51172Xecw+ ]pxebpje}+ ecg Mo}leocbe} 51112 Yacln ecg Yocwebb` =88=2 B}axekeca+ Acejge}+ ecgYocwebb` 5116!# Jocyooc }eacfekk ay iocyag`}`g wo m` wn` jeac ikajewai xn`coj`coc ac wnÀcgaec ypmiocwac`cw ecg wn` egdoacacl Eyaec ecg Ef}aiec }`laocy# Ecg wn` py` of x}ìaxawewaocx}aje}akq g`x`cgy pxoc awy yxewaek ecg w`jxo}ek gayw}ampwaoc# Ew wn` yej` waj`+ e naln g`l}`` ofio}}`kewaoc `~aywy m`w|``c }eacfekk ecg el}aipkwp}ek x}ogpiwaoc .Leglak =889!#

Wn`}` e}` ekyo xow`cwaekkq npl` ajxkaiewaocy fo} l}opcg|ew`} jecel`j`cw ey e }`ypkw of lkomek|e}jacl# Acgae ney `j`}l`g ey wn` lkomek kèg`} ac l}opcg|ew`} a}}alewaoc+ xpjxacl e}opcg==8=98 makkaoc ipmai j`w`}y x`} qè}+ |nain ay w|ai` wn` ejopcw of wn` Pcaw`g Ywew`y .PY!.Falp}` 5!# Oc wn` own`} necg+ aw ay ekyo cow`g wnew ec ev`}el` g}ox ac l}opcg|ew`} k`v`ky of 5j`w`} |opkg aci}èy` Acgaecy wowek ie}moc `jayyaocy mq jo}` wnec 5%+ mìepy` of wnèggawaocek fp`k c``g`g wo `~w}eiw wn` yej` ejopcw of |ew`} .Jekk `w ek# =886!# Wn` e}è iov`}`gmq l}opcg|ew`} a}}alewaoc ac =889 ypll`ywy wnew wn`}` iopkg m` e 7#>% aci}èy` ac ie}moc`jayyaocy fo} èin j`w`} g}ox ac l}opcg|ew`} k`v`ky# Ynpbke `w ek# .=889! ekyo `~xkeac wnew`v`}q j`w`} gìkac` ac l}opcg|ew`} k`v`ky aci}èy`y l}``cnopy` ley `jayyaocy mq 0% ac Acgae#C`v`}wn`k`yy+ Ie}w`} .=88


6/29


7

Falp}` 54 L}o|wn ac El}aipkwp}ek L}opcg|ew`} Py` Ac Y`kìw`g Iopcw}a`y4 5178=858

X]I : Xòxk`y ]`xpmkai of Inace

Yop}i`4 Ynen =881

Pyacl wn` eveakemk` kaw`}ewp}` oc ikajew` }ayb acfo}jewaoc+ e |ag` }ecl` of up`ywaocy }`kew`g woegexwewaoc xkeccacl iec m` ecy|`}`g# Wn` egexwewaoc eiwavawa`y wnew }ùpa}` ikajew` }aybacfo}jewaoc e}` c`| acf}eyw}piwp}`+ }`yop}i` jecel`j`cw+ }`w}ofaw+ m`nevao}ek+ acywawpwaocek+yìwo}+ iojjpcaiewaoc+ ecg faceciaek .\akmq `w ek# =881!# Ac eggawaoc+ wn` `k`j`cwy of`ffìwav`c`yy+ `ffaia`ciq+ ùpawq+ ecg k`lawajeiq e}` ekyo ajxo}wecw fo} wn` ypii`yy of ypyweacemk`g`v`koxj`cw acwo ec pci`}weac fpwp}` .Egl`}+ E}c`kk+ ecg Wojxbacy =880!# Wn` g`l}`` of

ypii`yy g`x`cgy oc wn` iexeiawq wo egexw ecg wn` gayw}ampwaoc of wnew iexeiawq#Oc wn` own`} necg+ wn` fo}ìeyw ywpga`y ekyo xoacw opw wnew wn` |o}kg |ew`} yawpewaoc |akk pcg`}loyalcafaiecw inecl`y ac wn` iojacl gìeg`y+ |awn ke}l` lòl}exnaiek gaff`}`ci`y ac ga}ìwaocy ecgiepy`y .Ekiejo+ Fk}b`+ ecg J}b`} =88

acywawpwaocy ac ajxk`j`cwacl+ ecg b`q acyalnwy#

=# IKAJEW@ INECL@ @FF@IWY OC EL]AIPKWP]EKX]OGPIWAOC

Yaci` jecq }p}ek xoo} xòxk` ac g`v`koxacl iopcw}a`y g`x`cg oc el}aipkwp}`+ aw ay oc` of wnì`cw}ek e}`cey ac |nain wn` wn}èw xoy`g mq ikajew` inecl` jpyw m` iocf}ocw`g mq }`yè}in


7/29


0

acywawpwaocy ecg ajxk`j`cwacl el`cia`y o} moga`y+ m` aw coclov`}cj`cw o} lov`}cj`cw# Wn`}ìp}}`cw g}oplnwy ecg fkoogy wn}èw`c wn` kav`kanoog of makkaocy of }p}ek xòxk` |no g`x`cg ocel}aipkwp}` fo} joyw of wnà} c``gy# El}aipkwp}` ay cow ockq y`cyawav` wo ikajew` inecl` mpw aw ayekyo oc` of wn` jedo} g}av`}y of ikajew` inecl`# Wn` ikajew` y`cyawavawq of el}aipkwp}` aypci`}weac+ ey wn`}` ay }`laocek ve}aewaoc ac }eacfekk+ w`jx`}ewp}`+ i}oxy ecg i}oxxacl yqyw`jy+yoaky+ ecg jecel`j`cw x}eiwai`y# Pcg`}ywecgacl wn` |èwn`} inecl`y ov`} e x`}aog of waj`

ecg egdpywacl jecel`j`cw x}eiwai`y wo|e}gy eina`vacl m`ww`} qa`kgy ay e inekk`cl` wo wn`l}o|wn of wn` el}aipkwp}` yìwo} ey e |nok`# I}ox koyy`y jeq aci}èy` af ikajew` ineclàci}èy`y ikajew` ve}aemakawq# Gaff`}`cw i}oxy }`yxocg gaff`}`cwkq+ ecg yo lkomek |e}jacl |akk nevè iojxk`~ ajxeiw# Wn` ajxeiw of ypin ikajew` inecl` oc el}aipkwp}` |akk m` oc` of wn` jedo}gìagacl feiwo}y acfkp`ciacl fpwp}` foog yìp}awq#

Eiio}gacl wo Elle}|ek .=88>!+ |nèw x}ogpiwaoc gì}èy`y ov`} waj` |awn inecl`y ac ikajewaiiocgawaocy# Gp}acl wn` keyw gìeg`+ ywpga`y nev` m``c iocgpiw`g ac yopwnèyw Yopwn Ej`}aie woeyy`yy wn` ajxeiw of ikajew` inecl` ecg acw`}eccpek ve}aemakawq oc el}aipkwp}ek x}ogpiwaoc ecg wog`v`kox exxkaiewaocy fo} yèyocek ikajew` fo}ìeywy fo} wn` el}aipkwp}` yìwo} .Me`wnl`c ecgJe}lac 51102 J`yyace+ Necy`c+ ecg Nekk 5111!# Wn` ywpga`y nev` iocyag`}`g i}oxy y`xe}ew`kqecg nev` m``c o}a`cw`g wo|e}gy ag`cwafqacl el}ocojai jecel`j`cw x}eiwai`y wo m`ww`} iox`|awn ikajew` inecl`y ecg ve}aemakawq#

Facl`}+ N`gal`}+ ecg Yinjag .=858! w`yw`g wn` ajxeiw of ikajew` inecl` oc Y|ayy jeat`x}ogpiwaoc pyacl e maoxnqyaiek ecg ìocojai exx}oein# Yajxk` egexwewaoc oxwaocy ypin eyynafwy ac yo|acl gew`y ecg egdpywj`cwy ac x}ogpiwaoc acw`cyawq |awn a}}alewaoc |`}` iocyag`}`g#Wn` }`ypkwy yno| wnew wn` ajxeiw of ikajew` inecl` oc qa`kg k`v`ky ay yjekk mpw qa`kg ve}aemakawqaci}èy`y ac }eac*f`g x}ogpiwaoc# Jo}òv`}+ wn` epwno}y facg wnew inecl`y ac acywawpwaocek ecgje}b`w iocgawaocy |akk acfkp`ci` wn` g`v`koxj`cw of Y|ayy jeat` x}ogpiwaoc ecg egoxwaoc ofa}}alewaoc ac wn` fpwp}`# Ecown`} ywpgq+ mq Em}ene ecg Yevel` .=886!+ ywpga`g wn` xow`cwaekajxeiw of ikajew` inecl` oc jeat` qa`kg ew I`ge}e+ B|eTpkp*Cewek+ Yopwn Ef}aie# Wn` epwno}ypy`g I}oxYqyw+ e i}oxxacl yqyw`j yajpkewaoc jog`k+ pyacl eiwpek |èwn`} gewe ecg |èwn`}gewe jogafa`g mq fpwp}` ikajew` inecl`# Wn` xkecwacl gew`y py`g e}` co}jek+ 50 geqy è}ka`}+ecg 50 gew`y kew`}# Wn` }`ypkwy acgaiew` wnew ecekqyay of wn` ajxkaiewaocy of ve}aewaocy ac wn`

xkecwacl gew` oc jeat` x}ogpiwaoc jeq m` joyw py`fpk fo} yaw`*yxìafai ecekqy`y of xoyyamk`jawalewaoc of wn` ajxeiwy of ikajew` inecl` wn}opln ekw`}ewaoc of i}ox jecel`j`cw x}eiwai`y#

Y`v`}ek exx}oein`y nev` m``c |ag`kq exxka`g wo ywpgq wn` ajxeiwy of ikajew` inecl`# Wn}`èxx}oein`y nev` m``c |ag`kq py`g ac wn` kaw`}ewp}` wo jèyp}` wn` y`cyawavawq of el}aipkwp}ekx}ogpiwaoc wo ikajew` inecl`4 i}oyy*yìwaocek jog`ky+ el}ocojaiìocojai jog`ky+ ecg el}o*ìokolaiek toc` .E@T! jog`ky# Wn` el}ocojai ecg el}o*ìokolaiek toc` jog`ky `yy`cwaekkqy``b wo upecwafq wn` ajxeiw of wn`y` ecwaiaxew`g inecl`y oc el}aipkwp}ek x}ogpiwaoc yqyw`jy+joywkq mq yajpkewacl wn`y` inecl`y pcg`} iocw}okk`g iocgawaocy# @iocojai iojxoc`cwy e}ègg`g ypmyùp`cwkq wo ejxkafq wn`y` `ffìwy wo ke}l`} e}èy ecg ac w`}jy of ìocojai ajxeiw#I}oyy*yìwaocek jog`ky gaff`} ac ac wnew wn`q }ìolcat` wnew gp}acl wn` x}oi`yy of ikajew` inecl`wn` yqyw`jy ypmdìw`g wo ypin inecl`y w`cg wo `vokv` wo jacajat` wn` }ayby acvokv`g+ ecgyweb`nokg`}y ac wn`y` yqyw`jy w`cg wo egexw wn}opln wìncokolaiek ecg ve}aopy own`} oxwaocy#

Wn` i}oyy*yìwaocek ywpga`y ypll`yw wnew egexwewaoc iopkg }`gpi` i}ox koyy`y ac g`v`koxacliopcw}a`y# Wn` i}oyy*yìwaocek exx}oein `~ejac`y fe}j x`}fo}jeci` ei}oyy gaff`}`cw gayw}aiwy o}}`laocy pyacl ]aie}gaec*wqx` jog`ky#

Wn` joyw ajxo}wecw egvecwel` of wn` ]aie}gaec exx}oein ay awy emakawq wo iexwp}` wn` egexwewaocywnew fe}j`}y jeb` ac }`yxocy` wo koiek `cva}ocj`cwek iocgawaocy# Aw iexwp}`y wn` eiwpek }`yxocy`}ewn`} wnec wn` iocw}okk`g oc`y# Ac eggawaoc+ aw ay iexemk` of iexwp}acl wn` fe}j`}y inoai`y ofi}ox ja~ acywèg of qa`kg# E vekag i}awaiayj of wn` ]aie}gaec exx}oein ay wnew aw ney naywo}aiekkqeyypj`g wn` x}ai` wo m` ac e ywew` of ùpakam}apj+ ecg |awn yalcafaiecw ikajew` inecl` wn` i}ox


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6

x}ai` iopkg inecl` fo} e x}okocl`g x`}aog# Pcg`} ypin ia}ipjyweci`y+ wn` ]aie}gaec `ywajew`|opkg m` àwn`} ov`}* o} pcg`}`ywajewacl wn` ikajew` inecl` ajxeiwy+ g`x`cgacl oc no| wn`x}ai`y inecl`# Wn` maey |ey iekipkew`g wo m` yjekk ac joyw }`k`vecw `~ejxk`y of ikajewìnecl` .J`cg`kyonc ecg Co}gnepy 5116!# Xekecayeja+ Xe}ejeyavej `w ek# .=881! exxka`g wn`jog`k wo wn` ioeywek gayw}aiwy of Wejak Cegp ywew` ac Acgae ecg fopcg wnew eccpek ecg kocl*w`}jikajew` ve}aemk`y `~`}w yalcafaiecw acfkp`ci`y oc wn` g`x`cg`cw ve}aemk`y ypin ey e}è ecg qa`kg#

9# EGEXWEWAOC @^X@]A@CI@Y AC WN@ IOCW@^W OFYPYWEACEMK@ KAV@KANOOGY

Wn` }ok` of egexwewaoc wo ikajew` inecl` ecg ve}aemakawq ay aci}èyaclkq iocyag`}`g ac eieg`jai}`yè}in# Wn` yalcafaieci` of ypin egexwewaoc ay màcl }ìolcat`g ac cewaocek ecg acw`}cewaocekxokaiq g`mew`y oc ikajew` inecl`# Wn` ecewojq of egexwewaoc ac }`kewaoc wo ikajew` inecl` iecm` iocyag`}`g mq wn}`` up`ywaocy4 .a! egexw wo |new+ .aa! |no o} |new egexwy+ ecg .aaa! no| go`yegexwewaoc oiip} .Yjaw `w ek# =888!# Cpj`}opy own`} g`facawaocy fo} egexwewaoc e}` eveakemk`.y``+ `#l#+ Mp}woc 511=2 Yjaw 51192 Ywebnav 51192 Yjawn `w ek# 51162 \ewyoc+ Tacqo|`}e+ ecgJoyy 5116!# Ekk wn`y` g`facawaocy nev` jpin ac iojjoc# Wn`q ekk }`f`} wo egdpywj`cwy ac eyqyw`j ac }`yxocy` wo ikajewai ywajpka# N`ci`+ ikajew` inecl` ney e jpkwagaj`cyaocek `ffìw ocnpjecawq ac w`}jy of y`v`}ek yoiaoìocojai xe}ej`w`}y# Ag`cwafqacl wn` xe}ej`w`}y wnew nev`wn` emakawq wo egdpyw wo+ o} }ìov`} f}oj+ wn` c`lewav` ajxeiwy ecg web` egvecwel` of xoyawavàjxeiwy of ip}}`cw ikajew` ve}aemakawq ay `yy`cwaek# N`ci`+ }`yè}in ney web`c egvecwel` ofikajew` ve}aemakawq ei}oyy ke}l` lòl}exnaiek e}èy wo ywpgq gaff`}`cw egexwewaoc yw}ew`la`y#

Yia`cwafai ywpga`y ac wn` iocw`~w of ypin egexwav` iexeiawq wo vpkc`}emakawq nev` ekyo g`v`kox`g.Xeww+ Bkàc+ ecg G` ke V`le*Kàc`}w =8802 AXII =88

g}oplnw# Eiwaocy iopkg acikpg` y|awinacl wo ipkwavewaoc of g}oplnw*}`yaywecw i}oxy o} }`kaeci` oc`~w`}cek foog eag# Egexwav` yw}ew`la`y+ oc wn` own`} necg+ `cweak e kocl*w`}j inecl` ac m`nevao}xeww`}cy ey e }`ypkw of e ynoib o} yw}`yy#

Wn`}` ay co yaclk` ypyweacemk` kav`kanoog exx}oein ecg ekk `k`j`cwy ac wn` exx}oein`y e}`yajake}# Ypyweacemk` kav`kanoog exx}oein`y iec m` py`g ew mown xokaiq ecg x}odìw k`v`k wo acawaew`c`| xov`}wq }`gpiwaoc eiwavawa`y ecg jogafq `~aywacl eiwavawa`y wo ajx}ov` kav`kanoog acioj`y#Ypyweacemk` kav`kanoog wnacbacl iocyag`}y vpkc`}emakawa`y of ekk bacgy ey màcl i`cw}ek wo wn` |eqyac |nain kav`kanoogy e}` ynex`g# W|o jeac eyxìwy of vpkc`}emakawq e}` iocyag`}`g |awnac wn`ypyweacemk` kav`kanoog exx}oein4 .a! wn` `~w`cw wo |nain gaff`}`cw l}opxy e}` `~xoy`g wo xe}waipke}w}`cgy+ ynoiby+ ecg yèyocekawq2 ecg .aa! no| wn` kav`kanoogy of wn` gaff`}`cw l}opxy e}` effìw`gmq wn`y` acfkp`ci`y#

Ac jecq iopcw}a`y kav`ywoib ay iocyag`}`g wo m` wn` meibmoc` of el}aipkwp}` ecg ekyo ec eyy`w|nain iec m` py`g gp}acl x`}aogy of gayw}`yy+ ey ecajeky x}ovag` xo|`} ecg jecp}`# Wn`}` ayekyo aci}èyacl g`jecg fo} kav`ywoib x}ogpiwy |nain off`}y je}b`w oxxo}wpcawa`y ecg acioj` fo}yjekknokg`} x}ogpi`}y ecg kecgk`yy xòxk` .B}aywaecyoc =881!# Kav`ywoib x}ogpiwaoc lkomekkqfei`y aci}èyacl x}`yyp}` mìepy` of c`lewav` `cva}ocj`cwek ajxkaiewaocy+ xe}waipke}kql}``cnopy` ley `jayyaocy .Ywàcf`kg `w ek# =886!# Ac eggawaoc wo wn`y` l}``cnopy` ley`y+ naln|ew`} }ùpa}`j`cwy ac kav`ywoib x}ogpiwaoc yqyw`jy ay of jedo} ioci`}c# Wn` }`kewaocynaxm`w|``c kav`ywoib ecg wn` `cva}ocj`cw ay iojxk`~ ecg exxè}y wo m` va`|`g v`}q gaff`}`cwkq acg`v`kox`g iopcw}a`y iojxe}`g |awn g`v`koxacl iopcw}a`y# Wn` ikajew` inecl` ajxeiwy of


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=7#7

Eggawaocek |`kky 5#9 5#0 5#< =9#0

]owewaoc jecel`j`cw 5#7 5#0 58#> 501#8

Iecek kacacl " eggawaocek |`kky 5#7 5#8 5#0 =9#=

Ykpai` jecel`j`cw " eggawaocek |`kky " iecek

kacacl

5#0 5#= 5#< =9##

Je}lacek+ yjekk+ ecg ke}l` fe}j`}y lev` wn` }`yxocy` wnew+ gp` wo wn` inecl` ac }eacfekk xeww`}c+w`jx`}ewp}`+ ecg l}opcg|ew`} k`v`ky+ joyw of wn`j e}` g`keqacl ecg/o} ineclacl wn` i}oxxaclxeww`}c ecg }`gpiacl wn` cpjm`} of a}}alewaocy# Ac yoj` iey`y fe}j`}y e}` ineclacl wo kav`ywoib}è}acl ey wn` yìocge}q yop}i` of acioj`#

Ejocl wn` egexwewaoc yw}ew`la`y+ wn` ynafw ac wn` i}oxxacl xeww`}c }`x}`y`cwy egexwewaoc

m`nevao} of fe}j`}y# Fo} acyweci`+ ac Wejak Cegp+ ac wn` Iepv`}q ]av`} meyac fe}j`}y nev`ynafw`g wn` i}oxxacl xeww`}c wo wn` ineclacl ikajewai iocgawaocy .Wemk` 7!# Wemk` 7 lav`y wnàcfo}jewaoc oc wn` i}oxxacl xeww`}c fokko|`g mq wn` fe}j`}y ac =889 ecg ac =88>+ ecg wn`w}ecyawaocy# E 0*qè} x`}aog ay iocyag`}`g }èyocemk`+ ey fe}j`}y }ìekk maey |akk m` jo}` af |`py` e kocl`} waj` x`}aog# Ekyo+ |awnac wn` keyw 06 qè}y ockq+ i}oxxacl xeww`}cy ecg fe}jacleiwavawa`y nev` pcg`}loc` jedo} inecl`y gp` wo ve}aewaoc ac |ew`} ypxxka`y#

Aw`j

Inecl` ac }eacfekkxeww`}c

Inecl` ac w`jx`}ewp}` Inecl` ac l}opcg|ew`}

je}lacek yjekk ke}l` je}lacek yjekk ke}l` je}lacek yjekk ke}l`

Ajxeiw}`yxocy`

57 50 57 58 59 57 < 59 57

G}akk c`| mo}`|`kky

9 5 5 8 8 8 8 8

G``x`c `~aywacl|`kky

5 5 5 8 8 5 8 5

Egoxw g}axa}}alewaocj`wnogy

8 9 = 8 7 5 8 7 5

Ineclì}oxxacl xeww`}c

0 > 1 7 > > 5 6 >

Iocv`cwaocek|ew`}*yevacla}}alewaocj`wnogy

9 0 0 = 0 0 7 6 7

L}o| }eac*f`gi}oxy

0 9 0 9 9 > = 6 9

Inecl` wokav`ywoib }è}acl

> 0 0 6 0 0 6 7 0

Ipkwavew` eccpeki}ox wo x`}`ccaeki}oxy

= 55 0 7 55 > 9 > 1

G`keq i}oxxaclyèyoc

1 55 58 58 55 58 < 1 58

]`gpi` wn`cpjm`} ofa}}alewaocy

> > > < > 7 > < 6


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Wemk` 74 I}oxxacl Xeww`}c Inecl`y f}oj Y`kìw`g Yejxk`y+ =889 ecg =88>

.C : 5>8!I}ox =889 =88>Xeggq 509 599Jeat` 8 9Yo}lnpj 8 9

L}opcgcpw 5 =Iowwoc =8 =7Yple}iec` 7 59Ioiocpw = =Wowek 5>8 5>8

Yop}i`4 Xekecayeja ecg ]eclecewnec =88>#

Aw iec m` y``c wnew wn` ipkwavewaoc of wn` jedo} ywemk` i}ox .xeggq! ney gì}èy`g jo}` wneciojj`}iaek i}oxy ypin ey yple}iec` ecg iowwoc# Emopw =8% of fe}j`}y |no }eay`g xeggq 0qè}y elo ynafw`g wo own`} iojj`}iaek i}oxy# Wn` x`}i`cwel` of iojj`}iaek i}ox l}o|`}yaci}èy`g+ f}oj 55% wo 57% fo} iowwoc+ ecg f}oj =#==% wo !# Yw}piwp}ek acw`}v`cwaocy iec acvokv` mpakgacl e}wafaiaek xnqyaiek yw}piwp}`y ac wn` kecgyiex`.`#l#+ gab`y o} yè|ekky!+ `cneciacl wn` cewp}ek y`wwacl o} kecgyiex` wo x}ovag` x}owìwaoc f}ojikajew`*}`kew`g ioeywek nete}gy+ xkecwacl jecl}ov`y+ mèin cop}aynj`cw+ iocyw}piwacl}`y`}voa}y+ `wi# Fo} |ew`} }`yop}i`y+ |ew`} ywo}el` iec m` iocyag`}`g e iocwacppj of yp}feiècg ypmyp}fei` oxwaocy .Falp}` 9!# @ein ney ec ajxo}wecw }ok` wo xkeq ac wn` }alnw ia}ipjyweci`yecg iec iocw}ampw` wo foog yìp}awq ecg xov`}wq }`gpiwaoc#

Cow ekk ywo}el` ecg joaywp}` iocw}ok oxwaocy faw ekk xp}xoy`y# Fo} `~ejxk`+ aci}èyacl yoak

joaywp}` iec m`c`faw el}aipkwp}` mpw |akk cow iocw}ampw` wo nqg}oxo|`} x}ogpiwaoc o} acgpyw}aekecg goj`ywai |ew`} ypxxkq# Ac ecq lav`c koiewaoc wn` ajxeiw of gaff`}`cw wqx`y of ywo}el` ocxov`}wq iec ve}q yalcafaiecwkq+ |awn yoj` oxwaocy màcl jpin jo}` `ffìwav` ac }`gpiacl xov`}wqwnec own`}y .Neloy `w ek# =858!# Fo} `~ejxk`+ mo}`nok`y jeq nev` e l}èw`} ajxeiw wnec yjekk}`y`}voa}y ac yoj` ia}ipjyweci`y+ ecg wn` }`v`}y` jeq m` w}p` ac own`}y# Aw ay cow ek|eqy ikè}|nq e xe}waipke} oxwaoc ay ypii`yyfpk yoj`waj`y ecg ac`ffìwav` own`} waj`y#


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55

Falp}` 94 Ioci`xwpekatewaoc of wn` Xnqyaiek \ew`} Ywo}el` Iocwacppj

Yop}i`4 JiIe}wc`q ecg Yjebnwac =858

Fo} `~ejxk`+ ac Lnece+ yoj` yjekk }`y`}voa}y nev` k`g wo gav`}yafaiewaoc ecg jo}` ywemk` ecg}`kaemk` acioj` fo} fe}j`}y |nak` own`}y+ iocyw}piw`g cè}mq pcg`} y``jaclkq ekjoyw ag`cwaiekiocgawaocy+ nev` yaclpke}kq feak`g wo m}acl emopw yalcafaiecw inecl`# N`ci`+ ac ecq lav`cyawpewaoc+ èin wqx` of ywo}el` ney awy o|c cain` ac w`}jy of wìncaiek fèyamakawq+ yoiaoìocojaiypyweacemakawq+ ecg acywawpwaocek }ùpa}`j`cwy+ ey |`kk ey ajxeiw oc xpmkai nèkwn ecg wn``cva}ocj`cw#

Cocyw}piwp}ek jèyp}`y }`f`} wo xokaia`y+ bco|k`gl` g`v`koxj`cw+ e|e}`c`yy+ ecg j`wnogyecg ox`}ewacl x}eiwai`y+ acikpgacl xe}waiaxewo}q jìnecayjy+ |nain iec }`gpi` }ayb ecg }`kew`gajxeiwy .AYG] =858!# Wn`y` cocyw}piwp}ek jèyp}`y e}` |`kk xkei`g wo y`}v` mown gayeyw`} }ayb}`gpiwaoc ecg ikajew` inecl` egexwewaoc# Wn` gqcejayj eyyoiaew`g |awn w}eacacl ecge|e}`c`yy*}eayacl jècy wnew xòxk` ecg acywawpwaocy iec exxkq ybakky ecg bco|k`gl` ac gaff`}`cwia}ipjyweci`y ey wn`q `j`}l`# Fo} `~ejxk`+ e|e}`c`yy }eayacl ey e iojxoc`cw of ec è}kq|e}cacl yqyw`j wo iox` |awn ip}}`cw fkoog }ayby ay |`kk xkei`g wo fo}j ec `ffìwav` meyay fo} egaff`}`cw fpwp}` fkoog yi`ce}ao# Acw`l}ewacl ikajew` inecl` }ayby }ùpa}`y exx}oein`y wnew e}`jo}` fk`~amk`+ x}`v`cwav`+ ecg fo}|e}g*koobacl+ ecg |akk acvokv` k`lek+ acywawpwaocek+ ecg xokaiqinecl`y# Fo} `~ejxk`+ ikajew` inecl` egexwewaoc iopkg m` feiakawew`g wn}opln l}èw`} py` ofje}b`w*mey`g acyw}pj`cwy ypin ey `ffaia`cw |ew`} x}aiacl ecg |ew`} je}b`wy+ ecg }ayb*mey`g

acyp}eci` fo} x}ox`}wa`y+ fkoogy+ ecg g}oplnwy#Ac wn` emy`ci` of je}b`w*mey`g acyw}pj`cwy ypin ey i}`gawy ecg i}ox acyp}eci`+ fe}jnopy`nokgy ac jecq g`v`koxacl iopcw}a`y |akk cow cì`yye}akq l}o| wn` joyw x}ofawemk` i}oxy#]ewn`}+ wn`q |akk inooy` wo g`vow` yoj` .o} ekk! of wnà} kecg wo ko|*}ayb+ ko|*qa`kg i}oxy wo`cyp}` wnew wn`q |akk yp}vav` `v`c ac |o}yw*iey` yi`ce}aoy ac |nain jecq of wn` i}oxy feak# Wn`}ày ec ocloacl g`mew` emopw no| ypin je}b`w feakp}`y effìw wn` `~w`cw wo |nain+ ecg no|}exagkq+ fe}j`}y ac g`v`koxacl iopcw}a`y egexw wo ikajew` inecl`+ ecg |new wn` xokaiqajxkaiewaocy of wnay e}`# Egl`} .5111+ =889! facgy wnew yoiaek ecg acywawpwaocek iexawek ay i}piaek wo

Eupaf`}y

YPMYP]FEI@ YP]FEI@ Eii`yy

Aci}èyaclywo}el`}`kaemakawq Aci}èyaclywo}el`}`kaemakawq

Xocgyecgwecby

Yoakjoaywp}`

Cewp}ek |`wkecgy .keb`y+y|ejxy+`wi#!

Aci}èyacliexawek+`cva}ocj`cwekecgyoiaeki

oywy

ecg

j

ecel`j`cwiojxk`~awq

g``x ynekko|

]`y`}voa}yyjekk ke} `

Ekkofwnèmov

Xkecwacli}oxy

Mo}`nok`y+g``x/

ynekko||`kky+ `wi#

Ga}ìw+ mpib`wy+

xpjxy

Gejopwk`wy+ xpjxy+

offweb`

wo|`}y


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5=

wn` iexeiawq of fe}jacl iojjpcawa`y wo egexw# @ebac ecg Exx`cgaca .=88>! e}lp` wnew w}egawaocekepwocojopy egexwewaoc wo ikajew` ve}aemakawq ay jo}` fk`~amk` wnec xkecc`g egexwewaoc eiwavawa`ye}` kab`kq wo m`# Yn`|jeb` .=88>!+ ywpgqacl Yopwn Ef}aiec fe}j`}y+ e}lp`y wnew jecq fe}j`}ye}` ek}ègq nalnkq vpkc`}emk` wo ikajew` fkpiwpewaocy+ ecg n`ci` }ayb màcl effìw`g ypmywecwaekkqmq eggawaocek ikajew` inecl`# @ebac .=880! ywpga`y ikajew` vpkc`}emakawq ac J`~aiec fe}jacl ecgfacgy wnew je}b`w acw`l}ewaoc x`} y` jeb`y kawwk` gaff`}`ci` wo ioxacl iexeiawq2 `v`c fe}j`}y |no

y`kk joyw of wnà} x}ogpi` jeq }`jeac nalnkq vpkc`}emk` wo ikajew` fkpiwpewaocy mìepy` wn`qnev` kajaw`g eii`yy wo+ `#l#+ i}`gaw o} acyp}eci` je}b`wy#

L}ooj `w ek#.=88>! ywpgq wn` }ok` of }ayb ev`}yaoc ac wn` fe}jacl yw}ew`la`y of oyw`cyamkq x}ofaw*je~ajatacl iojj`}iaek fe}j`}y ac Iqx}py+ ecg facg wnew x`}iàv`g }ayb jeww`}y iocyag`}emkq`v`c fo} wn`y` fe}j`}y# Jpyeclo ecg X`w`} .=88!+ oc wn` own`} necg+ e}lp` wnewnaywo}aiek `~x`}a`ci` g`jocyw}ew`y wnew Ef}aiec fe}j`}y nev` kawwk` iexeiawq wo iox` |awn ikajew`fkpiwpewaocy# Iecg`k .=88! ywpgq wn` yiox` fo} acw}ogpiacl i}ox acyp}eci` ejocl Jeke|aec fe}j`}y ey e jècyof n`kxacl wn`j iox` |awn ikajew` inecl`#

Wn` ikajew` inecl` ecg gayeyw`} }ayb jecel`j`cw iojjpcawa`y ekyo }ìolcat` ecg eii`xw wnewxoo} xòxk` e}` l}èwkq effìw`g mq ikajew` nete}gy# Wnay ay mìepy` xoo} xòxk` keib eii`yy wown` jècy mq |nain wn`q iec ajx}ov` wnà} }`yaka`ci`+ |n`wn`} wnay ay ac ìocojai+ yoiaek+xnqyaiek+ o} `cva}ocj`cwek w`}jy# Yo+ fo} mown egexwewaoc ecg gayeyw`} }ayb }`gpiwaoc+ xov`}wq}`gpiwaoc ecg ypyweacemk` cewp}ek }`yop}i` jecel`j`cw e}` `yy`cwaek iojxoc`cwy of }`gpiaclvpkc`}emakawq wo nete}gy ecg ikajew` inecl`# Wn` Lov`}cj`cw of Acgae ney m}oplnw emopw exe}egalj ynafw ac wn` exx}oein wo gayeyw`} jecel`j`cw# Wn` c`| exx}oein x}oi``gy f}oj wnìocvaiwaoc wnew g`v`koxj`cw ieccow m` ypyweacemk` pck`yy wn` exx}oein ay mpakw acwo wn`g`v`koxj`cw x}oi`yy#

Ikajew` inecl` xoy`y e l}èw inekk`cl` wo wn` acyp}eci` yìwo} mpw ew wn` yej` waj` off`}yke}l`*yiek` mpyac`yy oxxo}wpcawa`y# Yalcafaiecw x}ol}`yy ney m``c jeg` mq acyp}`}y wo g`v`koxc`| x}ogpiwy ecg y`}vai`y wo iojx`cyew` fo} wn` c`lewav` `ffìwy of ikajew` inecl` .Jakky=88

Fe}j`}y ac Acgae e}` ekyo x}ovag`g |awn i`}weac ypxxo}w jìnecayjy ac wn` fo}j of ypmyaga`y ocacxpwy+ i}ox acyp}eci`+ ecg yofw koecy wo iojx`cyew` fo} x}ogpiwaoc koyy`y gp` wo `~w}`j``v`cwy ecg ikajew` inecl`# Ov`} wn` qè}y i}ox acyp}eci` ney pcg`}loc` jecq inecl`y# Ewfa}yw aw |ey mey`g oc ec acgavagpek exx}oein fo} eyy`yyj`cw of koyy`y ecg acg`jcawq xeqj`cw+

|nain acip}}`g v`}q naln egjacayw}ewav` ioywy ecg |ey kajaw`g wo v`}q f`| i}oxy# Kew`}+ enojol`còpy*e}è exx}oein |ey x}oxoy`g fo} aci}èyacl wn` vaemakawq of i}ox acyp}eci` mqko|`}acl wn` egjacayw}ewav` ioywy ecg ajx}ovacl wn` exx}oein wo eyy`yyacl qa`kg koyy+ ey |`kkey `~xecgacl wn` yin`j` wo jakk`wy+ oaky``gy+ ecg i`}weac xpky`y# I}ox acyp}eci` |ey kacb`g woe fe}j i}`gaw |n`}` webacl acyp}eci` |ey jeg` iojxpkyo}q fo} ekk fe}j`}y |awn koecy ecg |eyoxwaocek fo} fe}j`}y |awnopw koecy# Ac }ì`cw qè}y+ wn` lov`}cj`cw ney x}oxoy`g wnew wn` vakkel`xecineqew .egjacayw}ewav` pcaw! eiw ey ec acyp}eci` pcaw |n`}` e iocwacpopy e}è of 588nìwe}`y o} jo}` ay iocyag`}`g ey e pcaw fo} xeqacl acg`jcawq wo fe}j`}y# Ac e iey` ywpgq f}oj


15/29


59

Wejak Cegp+ aw |ey fopcg wnew ockq 68% of wn` fe}j`}y yp}v`q`g |`}` e|e}` of wn` i}oxacyp}eci` ecg+ ac wnay+ ockq 06% .ke}l` fe}j`}y! of wn`j |`}` |akkacl wo doac wn` xkecy#

Wn` Foog ecg El}aipkwp}` O}lecatewaoc .FEO! iocyag`}y i}ox acyp}eci` ey ockq oc` of wn`kajaw`g oxwaocy fo} jecelacl fe}j }ayby+ ecg ypll`ywy wnew `jxneyay ynopkg m` xpw oc own`}gayiaxkac`y ypin ey xkecw ecg ecajek m}``gacl+ i}ox ecg ecajek npymecg}q x}eiwai`y+ ecg

gav`}yafaiewaoc of fe}j `cw`}x}ay`y#]eacfekk*mey`g i}ox acyp}eci` ay py`fpk fo} iojx`cyewacl fe}j`}y fo} i}ox feakp}` ac joywvpkc`}emk` el}o*ikajewai toc`y ac Acgae# Xekecayeja+ Xe}ejeyavej `w ek# .=881! g`v`kox`g wnìojxoyaw` vpkc`}emakawq acg`~ }`kew`g wo ikajew` inecl` fo} wn` gaff`}`cw el}o*ikajewai toc`y ofWejak Cegp+ Acgae# Wn` ywpgq iocikpg`g wnew wn` yopwn`}c ecg |`yw`}c toc`y of wn` ywew` e}`joyw vpkc`}emk` wo ikajew` inecl`# Eiio}gaclkq+ wn` g`faiaw }eacfekk gayw}ampwaoc acg`~ |ey g`}av`gwo yef`lpe}g fe}j`}y f}oj wn` egv`}y` `ffìw of ko| }eacfekk .êva`}+ Wo|cy`c+ ecg Vaib`}q=88>!# Wn` g`faiaw }eacfekk acyp}eci` yin`j` iec m` py`g wo x}ovag` acyp}eci` x}owìwaoc wofe}j`}y eleacyw }`gpi`g }eacfekk |nain ay g``j`g wo egv`}y`kq effìw wn` i}ox gp}acl awyipkwavewaoc x`}aog# G`faiaw }eacfekk acyp}eci` xeqopwy e}` kacb`g wo eiipjpkew`g ko| }eacfekk# Wn`Lov`}cj`cw of Acgae ney acw}ogpi`g |èwn`}*mey`g i}ox acyp}eci` ac joyw ywew`y wo ov`}ioj`wn` }ayby#

Wn` xeqopw yw}piwp}` ve}a`y f}oj i}ox ecg wn` xney` .Falp}` 7!# Wn` yw}ab` o} pxx`} wn}`ynokgio}}`yxocgy wo wn` 98*qè} ev`}el` eiipjpkew`g }eacfekk of wn` }`yxìwav` }`f`}`ci` |èwn`}ywewaoc# Wn` `~aw o} ko|`} wn}`ynokg ay acw`cg`g wo ùpek wn` |ew`} }ùpa}`j`cw of wn` }`yxìwavì}ox cì`yye}q wo evoag iojxk`w` i}ox feakp}`# F}oj Falp}` 7 aw iec m` omy`}v`g wnew wn` }eacfekkacyp}eci` xokaiq xeqy t`}o af eiipjpkew`g }eacfekk gp}acl wn` xney` `~i``gy wn` fa}yw w}all`} o}pxx`} wn}`ynokg# Own`}|ay`+ wn` xokaiq xeqy wn` }ùpa}`g ejopcw fo} èin jakkaj`w`} of }eacfekkg`faia`ciq }`kewav` wo wn` fa}yw w}all`}+ pcwak wn` yìocg w}all`} o} ko|`} wn}`ynokg ay }èin`g# Af}eacfekk ay m`ko| wn` yìocg w}all`} vekp`+ wn` xokaiq xeqy e fa~`g je~ajpj acg`jcawq#

Falp}` 74 Yw}piwp}` of Acyp}eci` Iocw}eiw

Xeqopw fo} xney`

]y# =888

]y# 188

Yìocg w}all`}.ùpavek`cw wo i}ox

feakp}`! R78 jjZ

Fa}yw w}all`}R588 jjZ

]eacfekk gp}aclxney`

Yop}i`4 êva`} `w ek# =88>

Ecown`} `~xkecewaoc fo} fe}j`}y kajaw`g egoxwaoc of wìncaiek oxwaocy wo egexw wo ikajew` inecl`m`lacy |awn wnà} |akkaclc`yy ecg emakawq wo eii`xw c`| x}eiwai`y .Ya`m`}w+ Wooloog+ ecg Bca`}aj=886!# Fe}j`}y |akkaclc`yy g`x`cgy oc wnà} ìocojai acw`}`ywy+ yoiaek ecg ìokolaiek vekp`yecg co}jy+ e|e}`c`yy of wn` x}omk`j+ ecg y`kf*x`}i`xwaoc# ]ocioka+ Acl}ej+ ecg Ba}yn`c


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.=88=!+ ]ocioka+ Acl}ej `w ek# .=887! ecg ]ocioka+ Doyw `w ek# .=880! ywpga`g fe}j`}ypcg`}ywecgacl of yèyocek }eacfekk fo}ìeywy ac Mp}bace Feyo# Wn`q fopcg wnew fe}j`}y wnacb of}eacfekk ey e x}oi`yy }ewn`} wnec ac w`}jy of e upecwawq+ ey yia`cwaywy go# Wn` epwno}y e}lp` wnewfe}j`}y |akk cow eii`xw fo}ìeywy pck`yy wn` fo}ìeywy e}` egdpyw`g wo wnà} pcg`}ywecgacly# Xewwecg L|ewe .=88=! iocfa}j wn`y` facgacly# E ywpgq ac Tajmem|` mq L}ownjecc ecg Xeww .=880!}`vèk`g wnew fe}j`}y eii`xweci` of yèyocek ikajew` fo}ìeywy aci}èy`g |n`c wn` fo}ìeywy

|`}` x}ovag`g ey xe}w of koiek acgal`copy ikajew` fo}ìeywy# Fe}j`}y e}` jo}` kab`kq wo eii`xw`~w`}cek ikajew` fo}ìeywy |n`c wn`q iec y`` wn`j ac wn` iocw`~w of `~aywacl x}eiwai`y#

]`yè}in`}y e}` ekyo g`v`koxacl ikajew` inecl` fo}ìeywy mq pyacl accovewav` exx}oein`y woeyy`yy wn` pci`}weacwq of ikajew` ajxeiwy .Ajj`}t``k =88>2 J`cg`kyonc `w ek# =888!# Ypinikajew` fo}ìeywy wooky ecg yi`ce}aoy iec n`kx wo `vekpew` yìwo}*yxìafai aci}`j`cwek inecl`yac }ayb ov`} wn` c`~w f`| gìeg`y .\akmq `w ek# =881!# Ikajew` yi`ce}aoy e}` py`g jeackq fo}ajxeiw eyy`yyj`cw yaci` 5118# Eiio}gacl wo \akmq `w ek# .=881!+ ikajew` }ayb acfo}jewaoc ynopkgm` acw`l}ew`g acwo egexwewaoc xkeccacl# Aw ay co| e x}ao}awq fo} jecq goco} el`cia`y mìepy` wnayxkeccacl |akk n`kx wo x}`xe}` fo} ikajew` inecl` ajxeiwy ei}oyy yìwo}y# Wemk` 0 kaywy egexwewaoceiwavawa`y wnew }ùpa}` ikajew` }ayb acfo}jewaoc#

Wemk` 04 @~ejxk`y of Egexwewaoc Eiwavawa`y wnew ]ùpa}` Ikajew` ]ayb Acfo}jewaoc

Egexwewaoc @~ejxk`y of Eiwavawq Pyacl Ikajew` Acfo}jewaocC`| acf}eyw}piwp}` Ioywm`c`faw ecekqyay+ acf}eyw}piwp}` x`}fo}jeci` ecg g`yalc]`yop}i`jecel`j`cw

Eyy`yyj`cw of cewp}ek }`yop}i` eveakemakawq+ ywewpy+ ecg ekkoiewaoc

]`w}ofaw Yioxacl eyy`yyj`cwy wo ag`cwafq }ayby ecg }`gpi` `~xoyp}` wo`~w}`j` `v`cwy

M`nevao}ek Jèyp}`y wnew oxwajat` yin`gpkacl o} x`}fo}jeci` of `~aywaclacf}eyw}piwp}`

Acywawpwaocek ]`lpkewaoc+ jocawo}acl+ ecg }`xo}waclYìwo} @iocojai xkeccacl+ yìwo} }`yw}piwp}acl+ lpageci`+ ecg ywecge}gyIojjpcaiewaoc Iojjpcaiewacl }ayby wo yweb`nokg`}y+ naln*k`v`k egvoieiq+ ecg

xkeccacl

Faceciaek Y`}vai`y wo w}ecyf`} }ayb+ aci`cwav`y+ ecg acyp}eci`Yop}i`4 \akmq w ek# .=881!

Ikajew` yi`ce}aoy ac egexwewaoc xkeccacl ekyo g`x`cg oc wn` egexwewaoc eyy`yyj`cw exx}oein+yxewaek ecg w`jxo}ek yiek`y ew |nain egexwewaoc ay webacl xkei`+ eveakemakawq of wìncaiek ecgfaceciaek iexeiawq wo necgk` yi`ce}ao acfo}jewaoc+ ecg wn` wqx` of egexwewaoc màcl iocyag`}`g.G`yyea+ Kp+ ecg ]aym`q =880!#

0# EJ@KAO]EWACL @FF@IWY OF YW]PIWP]EK ECGCOCYW]PIWP]EK J@EYP]@Y4 YOJ@ IEY@ YWPGA@Y

Eiio}gacl wo Egl`} `w ek# .=889!+ egexwewaoc ay wn` egdpywj`cw of e yqyw`j wo jog`}ew` wn`

ajxeiwy of ikajew` inecl` wo web` egvecwel` of c`| oxxo}wpcawa`y o} wo iox` |awn wnìocyùp`ci`y# Yw`}c .=886! }`kew`y egexwewaoc wo mpakgacl }`yaka`ci`+ ecg }ìolcat`y wnew aw |akkm` e b`q }`yxocy` wo }`gpi` vpkc`}emakawq wo ikajew` inecl`# Egexwewaoc ay cow kajaw`g wo gayi}`w`x}odìwy .Kè}q 5111!+ ypin ey gejy ecg yè |ekky2 aw acikpg`y e |ag` }ecl` of egdpywj`cwy mq`cwawa`y ypin ey nopy`nokgy+ fa}jy+ ecg own`} acywawpwaocy ac }`yxocy` wo wn` `ffìwy of ikajewìnecl` ecg ve}aemakawq# Wn`y` acikpg` ypin eiwavawa`y ey jecelacl cewp}ek }`yop}i`y+ acxpwja~`y ac x}ogpiwaoc+ ecg inecl`y ac ke|y+ x}ol}ejy+ xokaia`y+ ecg acv`ywj`cwy# Ac l`c`}ek+egexwewaoc wo ikajew` inecl` x}`y`cwy awy`kf ey ec ìocojai x}omk`j mìepy` aw egg}`yy`y wn`mall`} x}omk`j of ekkoiewacl yie}i` }`yop}i`y wo ewweac ypyweacemk` g`v`koxj`cw# Alco}acl


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ikajew` inecl` mq cow mpakgacl egexwav` jèyp}`y |akk `v`cwpekkq gejel` ìocojai l}o|wn ecgown`} eyxìwy of npjec ecg cewp}ek |`kk*màcl+ ecg wn}èw`cy wo }`v`}y` wn` leacy jeg` acwn`y` e}èy ov`} wn` xeyw y`v`}ek gìeg`y# Wn` }ayby xoy`g mq ikajew` inecl` wo g`v`koxj`cw|akk m` jecel`g jo}` `ffaia`cwkq mq xpwwacl wn`j ac wn` jeacyw}èj of g`v`koxj`cw .LWT=88

Egexwewaoc jèyp}`y ey e }`yxocy` wo ikajew` inecl` iec m` yno}w }pc o} kocl }pc .Wemk` 6!#Koobacl ew wn`y` egexwewaoc iew`lo}a`y+ wn` epwno} .Yw`}c =886! jeb`y aw ikè} wnew wn`q |akk cowiocyayw `~ikpyav`kq of `~xkaiaw egexwewaoc gìayaocy# Fa}jy |akk x}`ypjemkq y``b wo je~ajat` wnà}x}ofawy ecg nopy`nokgy wnà} pwakawq+ co jeww`} |new wn` ikajew` yawpewaoc ecg co jeww`} |newxkecc`g egexwewaoc xokaia`y e}` màcl ie}}a`g opw# Wn` ikajew` ecg wn` xkecc`g egexwewaoc |akkeffìw |new inoai`y fa}jy ecg nopy`nokgy iec jeb`+ ecg n`ci` ekyo effìw wnà} m`nevao}+ mpwwn`q |akk cow effìw wnà} ov`}ekk omdìwav`y2 wn`q |akk effìw ockq no| ypii`yyfpk fa}jy ecgnopy`nokgy e}` ac }èinacl wnoy` omdìwav`y# Ac x}eiwai`+ wnay jècy wnew ioywm`c`faw ecekqyay aykab`kq wo m` wn` ockq f}ej`|o}b |awnac |nain aw ay jècaclfpk wo eyy`yy ikajew` inecl` xokaia`y.J`w}oìocojaie =8872 Kìoiu ecg Ynekata =88!#

Wemk` 64 @~ejxk`y of Egexwewaoc Wqx`y

Wqx` of}`yxocy` woegexwewaoc Epwocojopy Xkecc`g o} xokaiq g}av`cYno}w }pc Jebacl yno}w*}pc egdpywj`cwy

.`#l#+ ineclacl i}ox xkecwaclgew`y!+ yx}ègacl wn` koyy`y.`#l#+ xookacl }ayb wn}oplnacyp}eci`!

G`v`koxacl l}èw`} pcg`}ywecgaclof ikajew` }ayby .`#l#+ }`yè}inacl}ayby ecg ie}}qacl opw evpkc`}emakawq eyy`yyj`cw!+ajx}ovacl `j`}l`ciq }`yxocy`.`#l#+ è}kq |e}cacl yqyw`jy!

Kocl }pc Acv`ywacl ac ikajew` }`yaka`ci` affpwp}` `ffìwy e}` }`kewav`kq |`kkpcg`}ywoog ecg m`c`fawy èyq woiexwp}` fpkkq+ `#l#+ koiekat`ga}}alewaoc oc fe}jy

Acv`ywacl wo i}èw` o} jogafq jedo}acf}eyw}piwp}` .`#l#+ ke}l`} }`y`}voa}ywo}el`+ aci}èy`g g}eacelìexeiawq+ naln`} yè |ekky!#Evoagacl wn` ajxeiwy .`#l#+ kecg py`

xkeccacl wo }`yw}aiw g`v`koxj`cw acfkoogxkeacy o} ac e}èy of aci}èyacle}agawq!

Yop}i`4 Yw`}c =886

Ac el}aipkwp}`+ wn` egexwewaoc foipy oc wn` ajxk`j`cwacl jèyp}`y wnew n`kx mpakg }p}ekkav`kanoogy ay oc wnoy` joyw }`yaka`cw wo ikajew` ve}aemakawq ecg gayeyw`}# @v`c wnopln e ke}l`cpjm`} of ywpga`y oc i`cw}ek `ywajew`y of egexwewaoc ioywy nev` cow `j`}l`g+ e }`kewav`kqce}}o| }ecl` of lkomek `ywajew`y ney `j`}l`g f}oj ve}aopy ywpga`y fokko|acl e ve}a`wq ofj`wnogokola`y .Yw`}c =8862 Egl`} `w ek# =88


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e|e}` wnew ikajew` inecl` ay }èk ecg wn}èw`cy wo pcg`}jac` yoiaek ecg ìokolaiekypyweacemakawq# Ikajew` inecl` aci}èy`y inakg jekcpw}awaoc ecg }`gpi`y ieko}a` iocypjxwaocg}ejewaiekkq# Wnpy+ ell}`yyav` el}aipkwp}ek x}ogpiwavawq acv`ywj`cwy e}` c``g`g wo }eay` ieko}aìocypjxwaoc+ |nain jècy aw ay ajxo}wecw wo aci}èy` acv`ywj`cwy ac egexwewaoc jèyp}`y.Wemk`

Wemk`


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54 NEGIJ9 X}odìwaocy ecg Koyy`y ac C`w ]`v`cp` G`}av`g F}oj Jog`ky PyaclYìocge}q Gewe

.]y 888/ ei}`!]`laoc Je~ W`jx`}ewp}` ]eacfekk Jac W`jx`}ewp}`

V`kko}` *5#=> *8#8= *8#17

Gne}jexp}a *5#96 *8#8= *5#91

X`}ejmekp} *9#8= *8#85 =#76

]ejceg *8#98 8#88 8#

Cakla}ay 55#69 8#89 *=

Ipggeko}` *5#0!# Ofw`c koiekbco|k`gl` ecg iexemakawa`y e}` gay}`le}g`g# Ac wnay iey`+ e gaywaciwaoc m`w|``c fo}jek ecgacfo}jek acywawpwaocy off`}y acyalnw# Fo}jek acywawpwaocy e}` k`lekkq acw}ogpi`g ecg `cfo}i`g mqywew` acywawpwaocy+ |nain e}` `jm`gg`g ac ywew` ox`}ewaocy mey`g oc ke|y wnew e}` `cfo}i`g ecgjocawo}`g mq wn` lov`}cj`cw# Acfo}jek acywawpwaocy }`kq oc `cfo}i`j`cw j`wnogy cow ypxxo}w`gmq wn` lov`}cj`cw# Wn`q ekyo nev` }oowy ac wn` koiek iojjpcawa`y ecg e}` `jm`gg`g |awn wn``~aywacl ipywojy+ w}egawaocy+ }pk`y of iocgpiw+ ecg m`ka`fy# Ew wn`y` ko|`yw k`v`ky+ acfo}jekacywawpwaocy x}`veak ov`} wn` fo}jek oc`y .Yobak` ecg Vec Boxx`c =880!# Ac feiw+ acfo}jekacywawpwaocy e}` xe}wkq `~w`cyaocy ecg koiek*k`v`k w}ecykewaocy of fo}jek acywawpwaocy+ ecg fo}jekacywawpwaocy e}` ekyo g`}av`g f}oj ecg g`x`cg oc wn` acfo}jek oc`y fo} wnà} ywemakawq ecg yw}`clwn.Yek`wn ecg Gace} =887!# Ekwnopln fo}jek acywawpwaocy xkeq e mall`} }ok` ac jog`}c yoia`wa`y+ wnàjxo}weci` of acfo}jek acywawpwaocy ynopkg cow m` gay}`le}g`g .Acl}ej ecg C``k 511>2 \o}kgMecb =88=!# Mown wqx`y of acywawpwaocy nev` e }ok` wo xkeq ac egexwewaoc wo ikajew` inecl`fo}jek acywawpwaocy off`} }alag `cfo}i`j`cw+ |nak` acfo}jek acywawpwaocy py` koiekkq }oow`giojxkaeci` mey`g oc w}egawaoc#

Fo} acyweci`+ ac Acgae+ wìncokolq of |ew`} py` fo} el}aipkwp}` ney g`v`kox`g ov`} e x`}aog ofjecq i`cwp}a`y ecg awy naywo}q ney }pc xe}ekk`k |awn xeww`}cy of npjec y`wwk`j`cw ecg fo}jewaocof vakkel` yoia`wa`y .Yw`|e}g 5100!# Wn`}`fo}`+ |ew`} }alnwy e}` cow yoj`wnacl |nain |`}` lav`cwo |ew`} py`}y mpw |`}` leac`g o} eiupa}`g mq wn`j ov`} e kocl x`}aog of waj`# Wn`y` e}` iekk`g


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5>

ipywoje}q }alnwy ecg+ `v`c wnopln wn`q ve}q f}oj ywew` wo ywew`+ wn`q nev` yoj` iojjocl}opcg ypin ey iojjpcawq }alnwy ecg acfo}jek y`wwacly# Wn` ajxeiwy of ypin acywawpwaoceky`wwacly |akk i`}weackq ve}q f}oj }`laoc wo }`laoc ecg `v`c f}oj meyac wo meyac# Wnay xoy`yy`}aopy inekk`cl`y fo} |ew`} }`yop}i` jecel`j`cw ac }`yxocy` wo e ineclacl ikajew`#

Acfo}jek }pk`y }`fkìw wn` yoiaoìocojai ecg xokawaiek yw}piwp}` of yoia`wq ew ecq lav`c waj`+ ecg

e}` cow ywewai kab` fo}jek }pk`y mpw e}` ypmdìw wo upaw` e loog gèk of inecl`# Naywo}aiekkq+acfo}jek iojjpcawa`y of |ew`} py`}y pcg`}woob ekk i}awaiek fpciwaocy of |ew`} jecel`j`cw+acikpgacl iocyw}piwaoc of yjekk gav`}yaoc |à}y ecg iecek c`w|o}by# Wn` |ew`} }alnwy `cdoq`g mqwn`j |`}` gp` wo wnà} ne}g `ffo}wy ac iocyw}piwaoc ey |`kk ey ac jeacw`ceci`# Wn` iojjpcawqneg iojxk`w` iocw}ok ecg eii`yy ov`} |ew`} }`yop}i`y |awnac wnà} dp}aygaiwaoc# Wn` yqyw`jfpciwaoc`g |`kk ecg wn`}` `~ayw`g |`kk keag*opw }pk`y ecg }`lpkewaocy wo lov`}c ekk i}awaiekfpciwaocy of |ew`} jecel`j`cw+ ypin ey yqyw`j jeacw`ceci`+ |ew`} yne}acl+ iocfkaiw }`yokpwaoc+iokkìwaoc of x`cekwq fo} cocxe}waiaxewaoc ac jeacw`ceci`+ `wi# No|`v`}+ w}egawaocek a}}alewaocjecel`j`cw neg ec `cfo}i`j`cw jìnecayj |awn iojjpcawq }alnwy+ |nain feiakawew`g wn`yjoown fpciwaocacl of a}}alewaoc yqyw`jy `v`c pcg`} ineclacl ikajewai iocgawaocy#

Wemk` 14 Acywawpwaocek Egexwewaoc Yw}ew`la`y4 Iey` Ywpga`y

Epwno}]`laoc/Iopcw}q Acywawpwaoc Eiwavawq Egexwewaoc Yw}ew`lq

Kpce =885 Xnakaxxac`y Acfo}jek Gayeyw`}jecel`j`cw

Acw`l}ew`g }`ka`f ecggayeyw`} jecel`j`cw

PCFIII =88= Co}wn`}cWectecae

Fo}jek ecgacfo}jek

\o}bacl ikoy`kq|awn w}egawaocekacywawpwaocy

@clelacl ac el}ofo}`yw}qpyacl g`l}eg`g i}oxkecgy ecg }ecl`kecg

Keyio `w ek#=886

Xnakaxxac`y Acfo}jek * =8 gaff`}`cw x}eiwai`yypin ey w}`` xkecwacl+iocy`}vewaoc+iojjpcawq*mey`go}lecatewaocy `wi#

Bebpjecp=881

Acgae Acfo}jek \ew`} }`yop}i`jecel`j`cw

I}èwacl e|e}`c`yy ecgw}eacacl oc |ew`}

jecel`j`cw eiwavawa`yFk`jacl ecgYjaw =858

Iecegeypme}iwai}`laoc

Fo}jek Feiakawewaoc ecgkajawacl iexeiawqwo egexw woineclacliocgawaocy

Gì}èy` yco|fekk+ xeibecg ineclacl |akgkafèmpcgeci` ecgjal}ewaoc xeww`}cy

Yop}i`4 Epwno}y

Iey` ywpga`y f}oj ve}aopy iopcw}a`y ekyo yno| wn` }ok` ecg ypii`yy of fo}jek ecg acfo}jekacywawpwaocy .Wemk` 1!# M`w|``c 5110 ecg =888+ jo}` wnec


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51

koiek acfo}jek acywawpwaocy ac ecq e}è*mey`g `ffo}w wo pcg`}web` egexwewaoc jèyp}`y .Kpce=885!#

Jeacyw}èjacl egexwewaoc ecg `cneciacl egexwav` iexeiawq iopkg m` aci}èy`g mq `ciop}elaclxe}wc`}ynaxy m`w|``c acfo}jek x}oi`yy`y ecg fo}jek acw`}v`cwaocy wo feiakawew` egexwewaoc# Ec`~ejxk` of wn` acw`}eiwaoc m`w|``c fo}jek ecg acfo}jek acywawpwaocy iec m` y``c ac wn`

Ynacqecle }`laoc ac co}wn`}c Wectecae+ |nain ay oiipxa`g jeackq mq wn` el}oxeywo}ek Ypbpjexòxk`# Wn` }`laoc py`g wo m` `~w`cyav`kq fo}`yw`g+ mpw }`koiewaoc yin`j`y+ g}oplnw+ov`}l}etacl+ ieyn*i}ox ipkwavewaoc+ g`yw}piwaoc of fo}`ywy wo |ax` opw wy`wy` fkq+ ecg aci}èy`gg`jecg fo} fa}`|oog nev` }`gpi`g x}ogpiwavawq ecg aci}èy`g yoak `}oyaoc# Pyacl acgal`copybco|k`gl`+ wn` Ypbpje xòxk` x}eiwai` e cewp}ek }`yop}i` jecel`j`cw yqyw`j iekk`g clawakae Ypbpje |o}g jècacl `cikoyp}`# \o}bacl ikoy`kq |awn w}egawaocek acywawpwaocy ew wn` koiekk`v`k+ e x}odìw pcg`} wn` Jacayw}q of Cewp}ek ]`yop}i`y ecg Wop}ayj ney }`vav`g wn` Ypbpjexòxk`,y w}egawaocek iocy`}vewaoc x}eiwai`y# Wn` Ynacqecle kecgyiex` ay co| ineclacl# \o}baclwn}opln koiek acywawpwaocy+ fe}j`}y e}` `clelacl ac el}ofo}`yw}q pyacl g`l}eg`g i}oxkecgy ecg}ecl`kecgy+ `jxkoqacl w}egawaocek vakkel` lpe}gy+ ecg iocy`}vacl v`l`wewaoc mq ikoyacl off clawakayfo} }`l`c`}ewaoc# Wn}opln xkecwacl eiwavawa`y ecg iojjpcawq acvokv`j`cw+ clawakay wogeq x}ovag`ykav`kanoog }`yop}i`y fo} iojjpcawa`y ac wn` }`laoc |n`c `cva}ocj`cwek iocgawaocy g`w`}ao}ew`.PCFIII =88=!#

Wn` Keyio `w ek# .=886! yp}v`q of wn` wqx`y of egexwewaoc x}eiwai`y ac wn` Xnakaxxac`y yno|yjo}` wnec =8 x}eiwai`y ac |nain koiek acfo}jek acywawpwaocy xkeq e }ok`# Wn`y` x}eiwai`y acikpg`w}`` xkecwacl ecg }`fo}`ywewaoc+ y`kìwaoc of iocy`}vewaoc+ iocyw}piwaoc of g}eacel`+ iocw}okk`gmp}cacl+ iojjpcawq*mey`g o}lecatewaocy+ e kollacl mec+ ioo}gacewaoc ejocl koiek pcawy+acfo}jewaoc yne}acl+ g`v`koxj`cw of |ew`} }`yop}i`y+ }`yè}in ecg iexeiawq mpakgacl+ ecgx}ovayaoc of }`ka`f loogy# Wn` koiek acywawpwaocy wn`jy`kv`y e}` xkeqacl e b`q }ok` ac `cyp}acl wn`ypii`yy of egexwewaoc jèyp}`y ac gaff`}`cw yìwo}y ypin ey |ew`} ecg fo}`ywy# Wn` joywajxo}wecw k`yyocy f}oj wn` yp}v`q ioci`}c wn` c``g wo `~ejac` wn` w}eg`*offy ei}oyy egexwewaocoxwaocy+ acvokv` iojjpcawq j`jm`}y wo ko|`} wn` ioyw of acw`}v`cwaocy+ ecg `ffìwav`kq x}`y`cwwn` koiek c``gy wo xokaiq jeb`}y ecg `~w`}cek eiwo}y#

F}oj wn` xoacw of |ew`} }`yop}i` jecel`j`cw+ wn` ywpgq mq Bebpjecp .=881! e}lp`y wnewacfo}jek acywawpwaocy y`w px |awn wn` ypxxo}w of CLOy fo} i}èwacl e|e}`c`yy ecg w}eacacl nevàjx}ov`g |ew`} x}ogpiwavawq mq =5% ac iojxe}ayoc |awn fo}jek acywawpwaocy ac Ecgn}e X}eg`yn+Acgae# Wnay ajx}ov`j`cw ey |ew`} mìoj`y jo}` yie}i` |awn wn` ineclacl ikajew` |opkg nevègg`g egvecwel`#

Coc`wn`k`yy+ kawwk` of wn` `~aywacl kaw`}ewp}` oc wn` ypmdìw ney eww`jxw`g wo ag`cwafq wn` feiwo}y}`k`vecw wo m`ww`} acywawpwaocek x`}fo}jeci`# Ac eww`jxwacl wo ag`cwafq wn` feiwo}y wnew e}` kab`kq wox}ojow` m`ww`} x`}fo}jeci` oc wn` xe}w of koiek acywawpwaocy+ iojjpcawq acywawpwaocy fo} }`yop}i`lov`}ceci` ecg gì`cw}ekatewaoc of lov`}ceci` iec m` iocyag`}`g# Wn` }`k`vecw feiwo}yag`cwafa`g ac wn`y` acywawpwaocy e}` wn` ine}eiw`}aywaiy of acywawpwaocy+ iocw`~w of acywawpwaocy+ine}eiw`}aywaiy of l}opxy y`}v`g mq wn` acywawpwaocy+ ecg ine}eiw`}aywaiy of ìokolaiek iocw`~w.El}e|ek =8852 Mekecg ecg Xkewèp 51162 Oyw}oj 5118!# N`ci`+ iocyag`}acl wn` feiwo}y

}`k`vecw wo egexwewaoc ecg xokaiq*}`k`vecw f}ej`|o}b ac wn` iocw`~w of }p}ek acywawpwaocy ecgkav`kanoogy |opkg `cneci` egexwewaoc yw}ew`la`y#


22/29


=8


23/29


=5

acw`}v`cwaocy co}jekkq acikpg` wn` egoxwaoc of i}ox ve}a`wa`y ecg |ew`} jecel`j`cw x}eiwai`y woypaw wn` inecl`y of ikajew`# Wn` w}ecyeiwaoc ioyw of wn`y` acw`}v`cwaocy ynopkg m` |o}b`g opw yownew wn` ypii`yyfpk oc`y iec m` }`xkaiew`g# Kocl*w`}j acw`}v`cwaocy e}` co}jekkq wn`lov`}cj`cw x}ol}ejy wnew n`kx egg}`yy ikajew` inecl` ajxeiwy# Ypin yw}ew`la`y iopkg ekyo}`yokv` wn` fpcgacl x}omk`j# Xokaiq jeb`}y ynopkg ekyo ioci`cw}ew` oc wn` nalnkq vpkc`}emkè}èy ecg eiio}gaclkq lav`c i`}weac egexwewaoc x}eiwai`y wn}opln iexeiawq mpakgacl x}ol}ejy#

Wnay x}aje}akq acikpg`y wn` i}èwaoc of ywo}el` feiakawa`y mown ew wn` iojjpcawq ecg fe}j k`v`k#

># B@Q ]@LAOCEK ECG CEWAOCEK XOKAIQ]@IOJJ@CGEWAOCY

Ac kalnw of wn` emov` gayipyyaocy+ wn` fokko|acl y`w of }ìojj`cgewaocy e}` jeg`4

Ywpgq ecg upecwafq wn` `~w`cw of wn` ikajew` inecl` ajxeiw ac gaff`}`cw }`laocy ecgiopcw}a`y pyacl pxgew`g acfo}jewaoc#

@~ejac` wn` `~w`cw of egexwewaoc jìnecayjy c``g`g pcg`} gaff`}`cw iopcw}q yawpewaocyecg |o}b opw wn` upecwpj of gaff`}`cw acv`ywj`cwy c``g`g+ ypin ey ac }`yè}in+ a}}alewaoc+

acf}eyw}piwp}`+ wìncokolq w}ecyf`}+ `wi# Ac wn` iey` of el}aipkwp}`+ }`yè}in ecgg`v`koxj`cw eyxìwy wnew mooyw i}ox x}ogpiwavawq ynopkg m` we}l`w`g#

G`yalc ecg ajxk`j`cw exx}ox}aew` acw`}v`cwaocy wn}opln }`laocek yweb`nokg`} xe}waiaxewaoc#

Jeb` el}aipkwp}` egexwewaoc e b`q el`cge xoacw |awnac wn` acw`}cewaocek ikajew` c`lowaewaocx}oi`yy+ |awn foog yìp}awq ey wn` jeac loek#

Iocv`}l` wn` ocloacl ecg x}oxoy`g g`v`koxj`cw x}ol}ejy wo|e}gy ikajew` ineclègexwewaoc+ |awn eiwav` xe}waiaxewaoc of wn` iojjpcawq ecg lov`}cj`cw el`cia`y#Wìncokolq w}ecyf`} ecg px*yiekacl ynopkg m` lav`c x}ao}awq gp}acl ajxk`j`cwewaoc#

Vekagew` wn` egexwewaoc yw}ew`la`y ecg ioyw of egexwewaoc x`}aogaiekkq wn}opln cewaocek ecgacw`}cewaocek iocypkwewaocy#


24/29


==

]@F@]@CI@Y

Em}ene+ J# L# ecg J# D# Yevel`# =886# Xow`cwaek ajxeiwy of ikajew` inecl` oc wn` l}eac qa`kg ofjeat` fo} wn` jagkecgy of B|eTpkp*Cewek+ Yopwn Ef}aie# El}aipkwp}` @ioyqyw`jy ecg@cva}ocj`cw550450868#

Egl`}+ C#+ Y# Npu+ B# M}o|c+ G# Ioc|eq+ ecg J# Npkj`# =889# Egexwewaoc wo ikajew` inecl` acwn` g`v`koxacl |o}kg# X}ol}`yy ac G`v`koxj`cw Ywpga`y9.9!45


25/29


=9

Mp}woc+ A# 511=# Egexw ecg wn}av`# Iecegaec Ikajew` I`cw`}# Pcxpmkayn`g jecpyi}axw#

Iecg`k+ F# J# =88#

G`yyea Y+ ^# Kp+ ecg D# Y# ]aym`q# =880# Oc wn` }ok` of ikajew` yi`ce}aoy fo} egexwewaocxkeccacl# Lkomek @cva}ocj`cwek Inecl`504>C# Ac \ew`}+ @cva}ocj`cw ecg Yoia`wq ac Waj`y ofIkajewai Inecl`+ `gaw`g mq E# Y# Ayye} ecg C# M}o|c# Bkp|`}4 =75#

@ebac+ N# ecg B# Exx`cgaca# =88># Kav`kanoog inecl`+ fe}jacl+ ecg jecelacl fkoog }ayb ac wn`K`}je Vekk`q+ J`~aio# El}aipkwp}` ecg Npjec Vekp`y=0400066#

Facl`}+ ]#+ \# N`gal`}+ ecg Y# Yinjag# =858# A}}alewaoc ey egexwewaoc yw}ew`lq wo ikajew` inecl` e maoxnqyaiek ecg `iocojai exx}eayek fo} Y|ayy jeat` x}ogpiwaoc# Ikajew` Inecl`vok#589#

Fk`jacl+ K# ecg M# Yjaw# =858# ]`yxocgacl wo ikajew` inecl` ac wn` Iecegaec ypme}iwai4 Wn`}ok` of fo}jek ecg acfo}jek acywawpwaocy# Xoyw`} ew wn` Ywew` of wn` E}iwai iocf`}`ci`+ 5651 Je}in#

Leglak+ Y# =889# Wn` Acgaec jocyooc ecg awy ve}aemakawq# Eccpek ]`va`| of @e}wn ecg Xkec`we}qYia`ci`y9547=16# Wn` ywo}q of wn` joj`cw4 ]aybev`}y` Iqx}aow fe}j`}y }`yxocg wo g}oplnw jecel`j`cw# Exxka`g @iocojaiy784950=6#

L}ownjecc+ W# ecg E# Xeww# =880# Egexwav` iexeiawq ecg npjec iolcawaoc4 wn` x}oi`yy of

acgavagpek egexwewaoc wo ikajew` inecl`# Lkomek @cva}ocj`cwek Inecl`504511=59#

LWT# =880# Kocl*w`}j w}`cgy of yp}fei`

ea} w`jx`}ewp}` ac Acgae# Acw`}cewaocek Dop}cek of Ikajewokolq040=5=>#

Npcwaclwoc+ W# L# =886# @vag`ci` fo} acw`cyafaiewaoc of wn` lkomek |ew`} iqik`4 ]`va`| ecgyqcwn`yay# Dop}cek of Nqg}okolq9514>910#

Ajj`}t``k+ \# =88># Naywo}aiek w}`cgy ecg fpwp}` x}`gaiwaocy of ikajew` ve}aemakawq ac wn`M}enjexpw}e meyac# Acw`}cewaocek Dop}cek of Ikajewokolq=>4=7907#


26/29


=7

Acl}ej+ X# ecg C``k+ V# 511># @jm`gg`gc`yy ecg m`qocg4 acywawpwaocy+ `~inecl`+ ecg yoiaekyw}piwp}`# Ac Wn` C`| Acywawpwaocekayj ac Yoiaokolq+ `gaw`g mq J# I# M}acwoc ecg V# C``#Ywecfo}g4 Ywecfo}g Pcav`}yawq X}`yy#

Acw`}lov`}cj`cw Xec`k oc Ikajew` Inecl`# =881


27/29


=0

J`cg`kyonc+ ]#+ \# Jo}}ayoc+ J#@# Yink`yacl`}+ ecg C# L# Ecg}ocove# =888# Iopcw}q*yx`iafaije}b`w ajxeiwy of ikajew` inecl`# Ikajewai Inecl`70497#

J`cg`kyonc+ ] ecg \# Co}gnepy# 5116# Wn` ajxeiw of lkomek |e}jacl oc el}aipkwp}`4 ]`xkq#Ej`}aiec @iocojai ]`va`|5+95=50# G`i`jm`}#

J`yyace+ I#G#+ D# \# Necy`c+ ecg E# D# Nekk# 5111# Kecg ekkoiewaoc iocgawaoc`g oc @K Caco

Yopwn`}c Oyiakkewaoc xney`y ac wn` Xejxey of E}l`cwace# El}aipkwp}ek Yqyw`jy


28/29


=6

Xeww+ E# ecg I# L|ewe# =88=# @ffìwav` yèyocek ikajew` fo}ìeyw exxkaiewaoc4 `~ejacacliocyw}eacwy fo} ypmyayw`ci` fe}j`}y ac Tajmem|`# Lkomek @cva}ocj`cwek Inecl`5=45>010#

Xeww+ E# L#+ ]# D# W# Bkàc+ ecg E# I# G` ke V`le*Kàc`}w# =880# Webacl wn` pci`}weacwq ac ikajewìnecl` vpkc`}emakawq eyy`yyj`cw y`}aopykq# Iojxw`y ]`cgpy Lòyia`ci`y99#

]pxebpje}+ B#+ B# B}aynce Bpje}+ ecg L# M# Xecw# 5117# Gap}cek eyqjj`w}q of yp}fei`w`jx`}ewp}` w}`cgy ov`} Acgae# Lòxnqyaiek ]`yè}in K`ww`}=546# Wn` ajxeiwy of lkomek |e}jacl oc fe}j`}y ac M}etak ecgAcgae# Lkomek @cva}ocj`cwek Inecl`5>.7!460060#

Ynen+ W# =881# Wejacl wn` ece}inq4 L}opcg|ew`} lov`}ceci` ac Yopwn Eyae# ]`yop}i`y fo} wn`fpwp}`# \eynaclwoc+ GI4 ]FF X}`yy#

Yn`|jeb`+ Y# =88># Vpkc`}emakawq ecg wn` ajxeiw of ikajew` inecl` ac Yopwn Ef}aiey Kajxoxo]av`} Meyac# AFX]A gayipyyaoc xex`} >87# AFX]A#

Ynpbke+ X#]# + ]# Cea}+ J# Bexyn`+ E# Le}l+ Y# Mekeypm}ejecaej+ G# J`coc+ ecg B# B# Yne}je#=889# G`v`koxj`cw ecg ikajew`4 Ec eyy`yyj`cw fo} Acgae# Pcxpmkayn`g }`xo}w ypmjaww`gwo PII@@+ G`cje}b mq wn` Acgaec Acywawpw` of Jecel`j`cw+ Enjegemeg4nwwx4//|||#g`v`koxj`cwfa}yw#o}l/acgae/}`xo}w/fpkk}`xo}w#xgf

Ya`m`}w+ ]#+ J# Wooloog+ ecg E# Bca`}aj# =886# Feiwo}y effìwacl @p}oxèc fe}j`}yxe}waiaxewaoc ac maogav`}yawq xokaia`y# Yoiaokolae ]p}ekay76.7!495>78#

Yacln+ C# ecg C# E# Yocwebb`# =88=# Oc ikajew` fkpiwpewaocy ecg `cva}ocj`cwek inecl`y of wnÀcgo*Lecl`wai xkeacy+ Acgae# Ikajewai Inecl`0=4=>#

Yobak`+ I# Y# ecg M# Vec Boxx`c# =880# Acw`l}ew`g |ew`} jecel`j`cw ac Wectecae4 Acw`}fei`m`w|``c fo}jek ecg acfo}jek acywawpwaocy# Acw`}cewaocek |o}bynoxy oc Ef}aiec |ew`} ke|y4


29/29


Xkp}ek K`laykewav` F}ej`|o}by fo} ]p}ek \ew`} Jecel`j`cw ac Ef}aie# Donecc`ymp}l#=6=> Decpe}q#

Y}aveyweve+ N# C#+ M# C# G`|ec+ Y# B# Gabynaw+ L# Y# X# ]eo+ Y# Y# Yacln+ ecg B# ]# ]eo# 511=#Gìegek w}`cgy ac ikajew` ov`} Acgae# Jepyej794# Kacbacl ikajew` inecl` egexwewaoc ecg gayeyw`} }`gpiwaoc#nwwx4//|||#wè}fpcg#o}l/|`mgoiy/\`myaw`/Iejxealcacl/IIE_ecg_G]]_|`m#xgf

Wnexkaqek+ V# ecg Y# J# Bpkyn}`ywne# 5115# Ikajew` inecl` ecg w}`cgy ov`} Acgae# Jepyej7=49999>#

Wakk+ M#+ E# E}wc`}+ ]# Ya`m`}w+ ecg Y# Ya`m`}# =858# Jai}o*k`v`k x}eiwai`y wo egexw wo ikajewìnecl` fo} Ef}aiec yjekk*yiek` fe}j`}y# AFX]A gayipyyaoc xex`} 88109#

Pcaw`g Cewaocy F}ej`|o}b Iocv`cwaoc oc Ikajew` Inecl` .PCFIII!# =88=# Iocy`}vacll}etacl ecg fogg`} kecgy wn}opln }`fo}`ywewaoc# Gewemey` oc koiek ioxacl yw}ew`la`y4nwwx4//jeacgm#pcfiii#acw /xpmkai/egexwewaoc/ egexwewaoc_iey`ywpgq#xk?ag_x}odìw:550# Wn` ìocojai acywawpwaocy of iexawekayj# Fa}jy+ je}b`wy+ }`kewaocekiocw}eiwacl# C`| Qo}b4 F}`` X}`yy#

\o}kg Mecb# =88=# \o}kg g`v`koxj`cw }`xo}w =88=4 Mpakgacl acywawpwaocy fo} je}b`wy# O~fo}g4O~fo}g Pcav`}yawq X}`yy#

êva`}+ L#+ ]# Wo|cy`c+ ecg V# Vaib`}q# =88># Xeww`}cy of }eacfekk acyp}eci` xe}waiaxewaoc ac }p}ekAcgae# \o}kg Mecb @iocojai ]`va`|# 5=>#

mainstreaming the adaptations and reducing the vulnerability of the poor due to climate change

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