maintaining feed quality 45% - virginia tech feed quality joseph s. moritz, ... (80% of...

2/22/2012

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Maintaining Feed Quality

Joseph S. Moritz, PhD

Associate Professor and State Extension Specialist

West Virginia University

Morgantown, WV

West Virginia University Appointment

Research45%

Teaching30%

Extension25%

-Applied Nutrition

-Poultry Production

-Companion Animal Science

-Poultry Judging (Fall and Spring)

-Guest lecture in approximately 9 additional courses

-Feed Manufacture

-Enzyme efficacy

-Antibiotic alternatives

- Organic production

-FFA and 4H poultry events -Small conference presentations -VPGC research

WVU Graduate Students

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Maintaining feed quality

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Independent mills - perceptions

Integrated mills - economics

Pellet formation

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Heat, moisture, and pressure

Causes starch to gelatinize and proteins to gel

Techniques exist to improve pellet quality

• These techniques are well documented in the literature

• However, legitimate concerns exist with past pelleting research

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Concerns with past pelleting research

• Few studies adequately describe pelleting techniques

• Past pelleting / feeding research does utilize current genotypes

• Few studies differentiate between effects on feed form and nutrient availability (negative or positive)

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Moritz’s opinion on pelleting

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Various techniques used to pellet feed affect ingredient / nutrient conformation

Nutrient availability Feed form (pellet quality)

Bird Performance

Strategy 1. Slow down production rate

– Buchanan, N. P., and J. S. Moritz. "The effects

of altering diet formulation and manufacturing technique on pellet quality." The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2010 19: 112-120.

– Buchanan, N. P., and J. S. Moritz. "The effects of diet formulation, manufacturing technique, and antibiotic inclusion on broiler performance and intestinal morphology." The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2010 19: 121-131.

– Lilly, K.G.S., C. K. Gehring, K. R. Beaman, and J. S. Moritz. "Examining the relationship between pellet quality, broiler performance, and bird sex." The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2011 20: 231-239.

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Strategy 2. Use a thicker pellet die

– Buchanan, N. P., and J. S. Moritz. "The effects of

altering diet formulation and manufacturing technique on pellet quality." The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2010 19:112-120.


– Hott, J.M., N. P. Buchanan, S. E. Cutlip, and J. S. Moritz. “The Effect of Moisture Addition with a Mold Inhibitor on Pellet Quality, Feed Manufacture, and Broiler Performance.” The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2008 17: 262-271.

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Strategy 3. Increase steam conditioning temperature

– Cutlip, S. E., J. M. Hott, N. P. Buchanan, A. L. Rack,

J. D. Latshaw, and J. S. Moritz. "The effect of steam conditioning practices on pellet quality and growing broiler nutritional value." The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2008 17: 241-69.

– Lilly, K.G.S., C. K. Gehring, K. R. Beaman, and J. S. Moritz. "Examining the relationship between pellet quality, broiler performance, and bird sex." The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2011 20: 231-239.

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Strategy 3. Increase steam conditioning temperature

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Every 30OF increase in temperature 1% moisture is added

Mash is 13% moisture

Mash temperature is 40oF

Choke point of the die is 18% moisture

I should stay below 190oF

If

Then

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Strategy 4. Use a pellet binder

– Fairchild, F. and D. Greer. Pelleting with precise mixer

moisture control. Feed Int. (1999) 20(8):32-36.

– Hott, J.M., N. P. Buchanan, S. E. Cutlip, and J. S. Moritz. “The Effect of Moisture Addition with a Mold Inhibitor on Pellet Quality, Feed Manufacture, and Broiler Performance.” The Journal of Applied Poultry Research (2008) 17: 262-271.

– N. P. Buchanan and J. S. Moritz. Main effects and interactions of varying formulation protein, fiber, and moisture on feed manufacture and pellet quality. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research (2009) 18: 274-283.

– Gehring, C. K., J. Jaczynski, and J. S. Moritz. "Improvement of pellet quality with proteins recovered from whole fish using isoelectric solubilization-precipitation." The Journal of Applied Poultry Research (2009) 18: 418-431.

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Strategy 5. Decrease corn particle size

– Reece, F. N., B. D. Lott, and J. W. Deaton. "Effects of environmental temperature and corn particle size on response of broilers to pelleted feed." Poultry Science 65 (1986): 636-41.

– Wondra, K. J., J. D. Hancock, K. C. Behnke, R. H. Hines, and C. R. Stark. "Effects of particle size and pelleting on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and stomach morphology in finishing pigs." Journal of Animal Science 73 (1995): 757-63.

Corn ground to 600 microns or less has been suggested to maximize pellet quality

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Strategy 6. Manipulate diet formulation

– Briggs, J.L., DE Maier, BA Watkins, and KC Behnke. Effect of ingredients and processing parameters on pellet quality. Poultry Science. (1999) 78: 1464-1471.

– Buchanan, N.P. and J. S. Moritz. Main effects and interactions of varying formulation protein, fiber, and moisture on feed manufacture and pellet quality. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research (2009) 18: 274-283.

– Buchanan, N. P., and J. S. Moritz. "The effects of altering diet formulation and manufacturing technique on pellet quality." The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2010 19:112-120.


– Gehring, C. K., K.G.S. Lilly, L.K. Worley, K.R. Beaman, S.A. Loop, and J.S. Moritz. "Increasing mixer-added fat improves exogenous enzyme efficacy and broiler performance." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2011 20:75-89.

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http://www.foodprocessing-technology.com/projects/sealord-fish/

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Bird Performance

Feed Form Study (broilers)

• Pellets were produced using 200oF conditioning temperature, 1.77x 3/16 in die, 80 psig steam, and a slow production rate

• Fines were produced by grinding pellets with a roller mill

• 0:100 pellets to fines




17 3x4 factorial study

Feed Conversion Ratio (D21-38)

1.68

1.7

1.72

1.74

1.76

1.78

1.8

1.82

1.84

1.86

1.88

HPQ MPQ LPQ Ground Pellets

Male

Straight run

Female

Feed Form P=0.0001 Sex P=0.0001

Fee

d C

on

vers

ion

Rat

io

Feed Form

e

c

ab b

dc

de

c

ab

e

b

c

a

y y y x

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Carcass Weight (D 39)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

HPQ MPQ LPQ Ground Pellets

Male

Straight run

Female

Feed Form P=0.0001 Sex P=0.0001

Car

cass

Wei

ght

(kg)

Feed Form

a

d ef

b cd

fg

bcd

ef g

bc

e efg

x y yz z

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Economic analysis using grower period feed intake and carcass gain

Feed form

treatments (pellet : fine)

21d chick weight (lb)

38d carcass weight (lb)

21-38d feed intake/bird

(lb)

$/lb of carcass weight

Relative difference

between GP and pelleted treatments

($/lb)

GP (0:100) 1.71 3.11 5.26 0.371 00

LPQ (30:70) 1.63 3.17 5.33 0.365 -0.006

MPQ (60:40) 1.64 3.23 5.49 0.366 -0.005

HPQ (90:10) 1.64 3.32 5.45 0.350 -0.021

$300 feed intake $/lb of carcass weight = x 2000 lbs feed [carcass weight- (60% x 21d chick weight)]1

160% of 21d chick weight is an estimated carcass weight of 21d chicks 20


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Bird Performance

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Feed manufacture and lysine availability study (broilers)

• 2 x 2 x 2 Factorial Design • 2 Production Rate (0.6 or 0.9 ton/hr)

• 2 Die Thickness (1.5 or 1.77 in)

• 2 MAF level (0.5 or 3%)

• Three additional treatments • Lower lysine (80% of Cobb-Vantress recommendation)

• Unprocessed Mash

• Double-pelleted

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Main Effects: Pellet Mill Energy Usage Rate P<0.0001 Die P=0.0001 MAF P<0.0001

Kilo

wa

tt •

Ho

ur/

To

nn

e

Main Effect

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Slow Fast Thick Thin 0.5% 3% Double Pelleted

a b b a a

b

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Production Rate Die Thickness MAF

Main Effects: Pellet Durability Index Rate P<0.0001 Die P=0.0001 MAF P<0.0001

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

Slow Fast Thick Thin 0.5% 3% Double Pelleted

a

b

a

b

a

b

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Main Effect

Pelle

t D

ura

bili

ty In

dex

(%

)

Production Rate Die Thickness MAF

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1.85

1.9

1.95

2

2.05

2.1

2.15

Feed Conversion Ratio (D23-42) ANOVA: P=0.0006

Feed

Co

nve

rsio

n R

atio

Treatment 25

a

b

b a

Factorial Trts : Unprocessed Mash P=0.0106

Factorial Trts : Double Pelleted P=0.0059

cd cd c bc

cd bc

cd cd

a

d

ab

Manufacture Considerations

• Create the best pellet possible; however, consider…

– Feed Enzymes (if added at the mixer)

• Enzyme companies can provide post pellet enzyme activity data

– Amino acids

• Universities can provide digestible amino acid data

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Distillers Dried Grains w/ Solubles (DDGS)

• Broiler Finisher Diet Formulations

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No DDGS Low DDGS High DDGS

% Corn 75 68 60

% DDGS 0 10 20

% Fat 1.6 2 2.4

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55

60

65

70

75

0 10% 20%

Pellet Durability Index (%)

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

0 10% 20%

Production Rate (ton/hr)

Wamsley et. al., 2012


• Broiler Grower Diet Formulations

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No DDGS High DDGS

% Corn 64 39

% DDGS 0 30

% Fat 1.9 3.9

% Tri Cal Phos 1.4 0.7


30

55

60

65

70

75

0 15% 30% 30% + sand

Pellet Durability Index (%)

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

0 15% 30% 30% + sand

Production Rate (ton/hr)

Loar et. al., 2010

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• If high pellet quality is not obtainable, then pellet quality considerations become less important

• If throughput is a greater economical issue then remember all sand is not created equal and feed phosphate addition may be necessary

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Inorganic Feed Phosphates

• Monocalcium Phosphate

– 21 P, 16 Ca

• Dicalcium Phosphate

– 18.5 P, 20 Ca

• Tricalcium Phosphate (Defluorinated Phosphate)

– 18 P, 28 Ca

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Diets were formulated to Cobb 500 specifications

Ingredients Monocal P diet

(%)

Dical P diet (%) Trical P diet (%)

Corn 57.89 58.00 59.08

Soybean meal (48%) 36.06 36.04 35.84

Soybean oil 1.89 1.86 1.57

Feed phosphate 1.66 1.89 1.94

Limestone 1.37 1.09 0.66

Salt 0.47 0.47 0.24

Vitamin mineral

premix

0.25 0.25 0.25

DL – methionine 0.23 0.23 0.23

Coban 60

(coccidiostat)

0.08 0.08 0.08

BMD (antibiotic) 0.05 0.05 0.05

Lysine 0.04 0.04 0.05

Threonine 0.003 0.003 0.004

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Treatment Effect on Relative Electrical

Energy Usage of the Pellet Mill

c

b

aa

4.5

4.75

5

5.25

5.5

5.75

6

Monocal N Monocal Rc Dical Trical

RE

E o

f P

elle

t M

ill

(KW

H/t

on

ne)

Feed Phosphate Source 1tonne = 1.1ton

Inorganic Feed Phosphates

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MonoCal P TriCal P DiCal P

“Die scouring” may be associated with the smaller size, higher density, and rough shape of TriCal P

Take-home message

• Pellet quality has economic importance as long as nutrition is not compromised

• High DDGS inclusion can decrease pellet quality as well as throughput and these problems may be difficult to simultaneously alleviate through changes in manufacture strategy

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Thank you

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