maintenance of living things. remember, to be “alive” you need to carry out the eight life...
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Maintenance of Living Things
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Remember, to be “alive” you need to carry out the eight life processes!
1. Respiration2. Regulation3. Repair/ Growth4. Reproduction5.Transport6. Excretion7. Nutrition8. Synthesis
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Is the internal stability, maintaining your body
Three main ways your body maintains homeostasis: Temperature regulation Waste disposal and water regulation Hormones
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Defined as thermoregulation (home thermostat)
Negative feedback- change in the condition triggers the response in the body
Example- when your body temperature rises above a set point- your brain will stimulate an activity to lower it
- Sweating: cools your body through evaporation
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Regulates the chemical makeup of body fluids- blood and interstitial fluid.
Removes waste products and balances intake and loss of water
Kidneys play a major role in excretion removing urea and regulate the water and salt balance
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Chemical messengers called hormones can triggers responses to maintain homeostasis
Hormones can regulate blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, water and salt balance
Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and reach target cells- hormone will trigger the action within the cell
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Pancreas
Pancreas
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• How does the immune system help to maintain homeostasis?
• Why do some people tend to get sick more often then others?
• How does your body respond to infection?
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Immunity- the ability to resist disease due to the presence of antibodies
Our immune system fights against: Pathogens: an antigen that causes
disease, infection
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Pathogen
Antibodies and Antigens
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Antigen- a large molecule which provokes an immune response
Antibodies- proteins found on the surface of WBC’s which attach to specific antigens.
•anything the body sees as foreign (bacteria, virus or harmless pollen)
•protein made by lymphocytes to attract phagocytes; alerts phagocytes to destroy antigen (like Paul Revere!)
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your body produces antibodies against the infection; usually permanent
Occurs when you come in contact with or get the disease
Or when you get a vaccine (a dose of a pathogen or part of the pathogen that has been disabled or destroyed so it is no longer harmful)
How does this work????-are made from the antigens of the pathogen . Your body is fooled into “thinking” it is fighting against the pathogen.
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Usually temporary; immunity given to you
Your body receives antibodies from another source. Mother to Fetus during pregnancy;
breast feeding Injected with antibodies
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Occurs when certain “harmless (dust pollen, insect bites)” substances are seen as harmful antigens
A specific type of WBC called Mast Cells produce antibodies which produce
histamines (chemicals that cause sneezing, itching, watery eyes)
Receptors! Allergy medicines contain “anti-
histamines”
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Actions that May Cause Disease
Why?
1 Airborne pathogens are inhaled
Flu, Common Cold
2 Physical Contact/ Sexual Contact
•Handshake, Touch nose, mouth can transfer virus to mucous membranes – cause virus to multiply. •STD’s
3 Contamination of Food and Water
E coli, Hepatitis A
4 Transmission through an animal
Deer Ticks Lyme Disease
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IR- non specific defense – redness, heat, swelling and pain
Histamine: mast cells release a “chemical alarm” which cause blood vessels to dilate
Interferons: a family of proteins produced by cells in response to becoming infected by a virus
What does a inflammatory response activate?-removing pathogens and cleans injured tissue
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First Line of Defense: “Barriers”
Second Line of Defense- Internal Non Specific
Third Line- “Targeted”
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Skin- Constantly growing and
shedding hard to embed bacteria
Mouth, eyes, nostrils
Mucous Membranes-Inside trachea, stomach
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White Blood Cells- will identify what to attack and which “cell” to use
Inflammatory Response – site of the invasion( redness, swelling) . Removes the pathogen and cleans injured tissue
Proteins- can attack invaders or halt their reproduction
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The Immune system –the system recognizes specific pathogens and defends against them.
Pathogens, cancer, chemicals
Specific Response!
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2nd Line of Defense :Types of WBC’s
Type Found? Role/ Job?
Macrophages(large WBC)
Interstitial Fluid Destroy organism through “eating them” (phagocytosis) - Engulfs
Neutrophiles Smaller and more numerous then macrophages
Interstitial Fluid
Also destroy by “eating them” release a chemical (like bleach) to destroy them – but this will also kill the neutrophile
Natural Killer Cells
Bloodstream -Recognize body cells which have been infected and target them -Play a key role in defending against cancer
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Type Found? Role/ Job?
B Cells Interstitial fluid and blood
-A protein that helps to bind to the antigen-Specific to attacking bacteria and viruses -has the ability to clone themselves
Plasma Cells Lymphatic system
-Secretes large amounts of antibodies-need to be activated by helper T cells in immune response
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3rd Line of Defense – WBC’s
Type Found? Role/Job?
Helper T Cells Bloodstream -Secrete chemical to activate other WBC-Bind to infected cell
Cytotoxic T Cells
Bloodstream -Bind to infected cell- poke holes thus causing the cell to leak and die-Attack cells that are damaged
Memory Cells Bloodstream 1st response produces antibodies 2nd response , remember and recognize pathogen -Long lasting lymphocytes
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Self Attack: body fails to recognize its own molecules
Rejection: Associated with
Common with heart, lung, and digestive organs
Skin grafts- “use their own skin”
transplants
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A disease which specifically attacks the
It targets the Deactivates other WBC’s This is a type of autoimmune diseaseThe immune system turns against its
own moleculesOther examples are Lupus ,Multiple
Sclerosis, and Lou Gehrig's disease
Helper T cells
Immune system
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