major and minor changes in cigarette design in

Major and Minor Changes in Cigarette Design Over the Past

Decade

Jonathan Duhon

How Does Cigarette Design Relate To Cancer?

• 1Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death and disease in USA

• 1480,000 die each year from smoking related deaths in USA (1 in 5 deaths in USA)

• 1Smoking cigarettes has been linked to multiple types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory ailments, and infections.

Start of Cigarette Policy

• 3Health Concerns about cigarettes arose in 1950’s– First medical study conclusively linked cigarette

smoking to lung cancer– Filtered tips introduced to diminish this concern– (Image of reduced harm)

Anatomy

Policy Continued

• 3Ventilated filters introduced in 1964– Used to reduce Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Dioxide intake

(TNCO)– To reduce TNCO, cigarette companies must alter

characteristics and design of cigarettes

• 2Regulators in different countries have TNCO limits– Ex.) Chinese regulation: 17 mg tar → 2001

15 mg tar → 200412 mg tar → 2011

Policy Continued

• 3Ventilated filters lowers machine measure per-puff concentration of TNCO– TNCO emissions are reduced by ventilated filters by

allowing smoke to leave cigarette before being inhaled– Inexpensive and profitable

• 3Humans do not smoke like the smoking machine, and machine yields are not predictive of human exposures.– Blocked vents (fingers and lips)

Policy Continued

• 4In 2009 the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA) banned descriptors like “mild”, “low”, and “light” unless companies could accurately demonstrate these in their products, so they are not misleading to consumers

• 4Cigarette companies respond by using colors to describe their packs (brand imagery)– Ex.) Blue, Gold, Red

Policy Finale

• 286% of respondents from The Global Adult Tobacco Survey in 2010 believed that light/low tar/mild cigarettes were better for one’s health than regular cigarettes

• 2From 2009-2012:– Tar decreased by 7.9%– Nicotine decreased by 4.5%– CO decreased by 5.7%

–VENTILATION LEVELS INCREASED BY 31.7%

Changes In Cigarette Marketing


Cigarette Packaging in Australia


Cigarette Packaging in Singapore


Cigarettes in Brazil

Methods And Materials• Cigarette packs were conditioned for a minimum of 48 hours at 22 ± 2.0°C

and 60 ± 2.0% relative humidity• Cigarette measurements:

– Cigarette length (Calipers)– Filter and rod diameter (Calipers)– Tipping paper length (Calipers)– Filter length and weight (Calipers and Scale)– Cigarette band length (Calipers)– Row distance from mouth end (Calipers)– Width of bands (Calipers)– % moisture (HR83)– Wet and dry tobacco weight (HR83)– Pressure drop and ventilation (KC3)

Methods And Materials


HR83 Moisture Analyzer Horizontal Humidity

Conditioner

KC3 Pressure Drop and Ventilation Apparatus


• Statistical analysis was done using SPSS V.21 to compare data from 2006 to 2016 to:

Derive Descriptive Statistics

Paired T-test

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

Results

2006 2016112114116118120122124126128130132

130.7115

118.8805

Figure 1A: Filter Density

Year

gcm

3

**

Filter density decreased by 9.05123% in USA brands from 2006 to 2016, meaning that the filter will trap less particles

*Design characteristics differed significantly in 2016 from 2006 brands at p < 0.05 ** Design characteristics differed significantly in 2016 from 2006 brands at p ≤ 0.0001

Results

2006 201650515253545556575859

57.7385

53.1792

Figure 1B: Tobacco Length

Year

mm

**

Tobacco length decreased by 7.89646% in USA brands from 2006 to 2016, meaning that length of tobacco filler is shortening.


Results

2006 201623.2

23.3

23.4

23.5

23.6

23.7

23.8

23.9

23.4115

23.8217

Figure 1C: Filter Length

Year

mm

*

Filter length increased by 1.75213% in USA brands from 2006 to 2016, meaning that cigarette filter length is increasing.


Results

2006 2016245

250

255

260

265

270

275

256.0346

272.7488

Figure 1D: Rod Diameter

Year

mm

**

Rod diameter increased by 6.528102%, meaning that cigarettes are getting thicker among brands researched


Results

2006 2016102104106108110112114116118

106.7846

115.7408

Figure 1E: Pressure Drop

Year

mm

Wg

**

Pressure Drop increased by 8.387164%, meaning that cigarettes are harder to draw from among brands researched.


Results

• Insignificant Parameters Measured:– Ventilation– Overwrap– Wet tobacco weight– Tipping paper length– Cigarette length

Conclusion

• Governments should consider mandatory disclosure of cigarette design parameters as a part of comprehensive tobacco product regulations in the role cigarette design plays concerning health behavior in regards to cancer health.3

References

• 1.) - Understanding how perceptions of tobacco constituents and the FDA relate to effective and credible tobacco risk messaging: A national phone survey of U.S. adults, 2014–2015– M Boynton, Agans, J Ming, N Brewer, E Sutfin, A Goldstein, S Noar, K

Ribisl

• 2.) - Changes in tar yields and cigarette design in samples of Chinese cigarettes, 2009 and 2012– L Schneller, B Zwierzchowski, R Caruso, Q Li, J Yuan, G Fong, R J O’Connor

References

• 3.) - How do different cigarette design features influence the standard tar yields of popular cigarette brands sold in different countries?– R J O’Connor, D Hammond, A MCNeil, B King, L T Kozlowski, G A Giovino, K M Cummings

• 4.) - US smokers’ beliefs, experiences and perceptions of different cigarette variants before and after the FSPTCA ban on misleading descriptors such as ‘light’, ‘mild’, or ‘low’– H Yong, R Borland, K. Michael Cummings, E Lindblom, L Li, M Travers, R J O’Connor, T

Marshall, J Thrasher, D Hammond, M Thompson, T Partos

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