major functions of the respiratory system supplies the blood with oxygen which is then delivered to...

Major Functions of the Major Functions of the Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

supplies the blood with supplies the blood with oxygen which is then oxygen which is then delivered to all of the delivered to all of the bodies trillions of cellsbodies trillions of cells

Removes Carbon Dioxide Removes Carbon Dioxide from the blood and expels from the blood and expels it from the bodyit from the body

Why do we need Oxygen?Why do we need Oxygen?

Oxygen (Oxygen (OO22) is an essential gas ) is an essential gas

in in cellular respirationcellular respiration. This . This process generates ATP (energy process generates ATP (energy molecules) in the mitochondria molecules) in the mitochondria of all cells.of all cells.

The primary waste product The primary waste product generated by cellular respiration generated by cellular respiration is carbon dioxide (is carbon dioxide (COCO22))

The air we breatheThe air we breathe

Divisions of the Respiratory Tract

• Upper Respiratory Tract• Lower Respiratory Tract

Upper Respiratory Tract

• Nose• Pharynx• Larynx

Nose Functions

• Nasal vibrissae (hairs) filter the air of impurities

• 3 turbinates warm and moisten air and serve as mucus trap for remaining particulates.

• Special epithelium in nose makes olfaction (smell) possible.

Respiratory System Organs: Respiratory System Organs: Mouth, Nose, and LarynxMouth, Nose, and Larynx

When air enters your When air enters your mouth/nose, mucus aids in mouth/nose, mucus aids in humidifying and warming humidifying and warming the air before it enters your the air before it enters your lungs.lungs.

It passes over your It passes over your larynxlarynx, , or voice box, which has or voice box, which has vocal folds able to generate vocal folds able to generate sound. The larynx also sound. The larynx also protects the protects the tracheatrachea..

Larynx

• Voice box• Also shape of the nose, mouth, pharynx, and

bony sinuses help determine the quality of the voice.

• Protects airway from entrance of solids and liquids during swallowing.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XGds2GAvGQ&NR=1&feature=endscreen

Challenge Question!Challenge Question!

When you sneeze particles fly from your When you sneeze particles fly from your nose and mouth at nearly 100 mph!nose and mouth at nearly 100 mph!

What is the physiologic reason why one would need to sneeze?

Respiratory System Organs: Respiratory System Organs: Pharynx and the EpiglottisPharynx and the Epiglottis

In the back of the throat, the In the back of the throat, the place where the nasal cavity place where the nasal cavity and the oral cavity meet is and the oral cavity meet is called the called the pharynxpharynx..

When you eat, a flap of When you eat, a flap of connective tissue called the connective tissue called the epiglottisepiglottis prevents food prevents food from entering the trachea.from entering the trachea.

Pharynx Functions

• Also called the throat• Common pathway for food and air• Functions in producing vowel sounds for

speech

Lower Respiratory Tract

• Trachea• Bronchi• Alveoli

Respiratory System Respiratory System Organs: The TracheaOrgans: The Trachea

The The tracheatrachea, or , or windpipe, is a tube windpipe, is a tube made of cartilage rings made of cartilage rings that branches into 2 that branches into 2 bronchi. It is lined with bronchi. It is lined with ciliacilia and and mucus mucus designed to filter designed to filter harmful particles from harmful particles from the air we breathe.the air we breathe.

Trachea Functions

• Carries air from outside the body to the lungs, and from the lungs to outside the body.

• Contains c-shaped rings of cartilage to prevent collapse of the airway.

Respiratory System Organs: Respiratory System Organs: Bronchi and BronchiolesBronchi and Bronchioles

The trachea opens The trachea opens into 2 into 2 bronchibronchi and and then continues to then continues to branch into smaller branch into smaller and smaller tubes and smaller tubes called called bronchiolesbronchioles. . Gas exchange does Gas exchange does NOT take place NOT take place here…here…

Bronchial HistologyBronchial Histology

Common Feature

• Almost the entire respiratory tract is covered in a mucus layer called respiratory mucus.

• Associated with the mucus is ciliated pseudostratified epithelium.

Bronchi and Alveoli Functions

• Primary bronchi enter lungs on each side– Secondary bronchi– Tertiary bronchi– Bronchioles continue to branch into smaller tubes

(alveolar ducts) that dead end into the alveoli

• Bronchi are responsible for carrying air through lungs to alveoli

Bronchi and Alveoli Function

• Alveolar sac resemble grapes on a stem– Stem – alveolar duct– Grape- alveolus

Bronchial EpitheliumBronchial Epithelium

Clumps of hair-like Clumps of hair-like ciliacilia protrude from the tops of protrude from the tops of specialized specialized columnar columnar epithelial cells. epithelial cells. Rhythmic Rhythmic movements of the cilia serve movements of the cilia serve to move bacteria and other to move bacteria and other particles away from alveoli particles away from alveoli and towards the throat, where and towards the throat, where they are expelled or they are expelled or swallowed. swallowed.

scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of bronchial epithelium (the mucus membrane lining the major airways of the lung).

Lung Tissue HistologyLung Tissue Histology

The alveoli are composed of a The alveoli are composed of a single layer of single layer of squamous squamous epitheliumepithelium. Between the alveoli . Between the alveoli you may see a thin layer of you may see a thin layer of areolar connective tissue areolar connective tissue and and numerous capillaries also lined numerous capillaries also lined with simple squamous with simple squamous epithelium.epithelium.

Respiratory System Respiratory System Organs: AlveoliOrgans: Alveoli

The bronchioles terminate in tiny sac-The bronchioles terminate in tiny sac-like structures called “like structures called “alveolialveoli,” ,” OO2 2 and and

COCO2 2 are exchanged here in microscopic are exchanged here in microscopic

blood vessels called blood vessels called capillariescapillaries..

Inside and AlveoliInside and Alveoli

Capillary

Red Blood Cell

Oxygen is picked up

Carbon Dioxide is dropped off

Wall of the air sac

MB

The average individual has approximately 700 million functional alveoli.

Bronchi and Alveoli Function

• Alveoli wall (respiratory membrane) is simple squamous epithelium and is direct contact with blood vessel capillaries.

• This is where gas exchange occurs.• The fluid inside each alveolus contains

surfactant which keeps alveolus from sticking shut as moves in and out.

Inside and Alveoli Inside and Alveoli (cont)(cont)

Can you Identify these structures?

A

C

B

Inside and Alveoli Inside and Alveoli (cont)(cont)

What tissue has been removed in this image? What do the black lines represent?

AC

B

Cool picturesCool pictures

JH

In Summary…

The surface area of the lungs is roughly the same size as a tennis court!

Did you Know?...Did you Know?...

Did You Know?...Did You Know?...

A “A “YawnYawn” occurs when a ” occurs when a person’s blood contains person’s blood contains elevated levels of carbon elevated levels of carbon dioxide. the influx of dioxide. the influx of oxygen provided by the oxygen provided by the yawn helps re-establish yawn helps re-establish homeostasis.homeostasis.

Respiratory System Respiratory System Organs: The PleuraOrgans: The Pleura

The The pleurapleura, or , or pleural pleural cavitycavity, is a fluid filled , is a fluid filled double membrane that double membrane that surrounds the lungs. It surrounds the lungs. It effectively creates a effectively creates a closed space (like a closed space (like a balloon) for the lungs to balloon) for the lungs to operate.operate.

The Lobes of the LungsThe Lobes of the Lungs

Did you know?Did you know?

Chemicals in cigarette smoke damage Chemicals in cigarette smoke damage alveoli.alveoli.

Smokers lung

Normal lung

The Circulatory System and The Circulatory System and the Respiratory Systemthe Respiratory System

The primary vehicle The primary vehicle for gas exchange is for gas exchange is the the red blood cellred blood cell. . These cells have a These cells have a protein called protein called hemoglobinhemoglobin, which , which attach to and release attach to and release respiratory gases.respiratory gases.

Hemoglobin: A Closer LookHemoglobin: A Closer Look

The Circulatory System and The Circulatory System and the Respiratory Systemthe Respiratory System

Blood is delivered to the Blood is delivered to the lungs via the heart in a lungs via the heart in a process called process called ““pulmonary circulationpulmonary circulation.” .” Oxygenated blood is then Oxygenated blood is then transported back to the transported back to the heart, and pumped to all heart, and pumped to all of the bodies tissues.of the bodies tissues.

Respiratory System Respiratory System Organs: The DiaphragmOrgans: The Diaphragm

The The diaphragmdiaphragm is a large is a large muscle that separates the muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic abdominal and thoracic cavities. When you inhale, cavities. When you inhale, it moves downward and it moves downward and your ribcage expands. your ribcage expands. When you exhale it returns When you exhale it returns to its normal position and to its normal position and air is expelled from the air is expelled from the lungs.lungs.

Using a Using a Spirometer:Spirometer:

Larger volumes Smaller volumes

males females

taller people shorter people

non-smokers smokers

athletes non-athletes

people living at high altitudes

people living at low altitudes

Factors affecting volumesSeveral factors affect lung volumes; some can be controlled and some cannot. Lung volumes can be measured using the following terms:

Average forced lung capacity:

Male: 4.6 LitersFemale 3.5 Liters

Chronic Obstructive Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseasePulmonary Disease

EmphysemaEmphysema is a lung is a lung disease involving disease involving damage to the air sacs damage to the air sacs (alveoli).There is (alveoli).There is progressive destruction progressive destruction of alveoli and the of alveoli and the surrounding tissue that surrounding tissue that supports the alveoli.supports the alveoli.

Non-Respiratory Non-Respiratory FunctionsFunctions

Exhalation provides a route Exhalation provides a route for water loss and heat for water loss and heat elimination.elimination.

Helps regulate blood pHHelps regulate blood pH Enables speechEnables speech Defends against inhaled Defends against inhaled

foreign material/pathogens.foreign material/pathogens. SmellSmell

Bronchitis Bronchitis

Asthma

Fun Facts!Fun Facts! At rest, the body takes in and breathes out about 10 At rest, the body takes in and breathes out about 10

liters of air each minute.liters of air each minute.

The right lung is slightly larger than the left.The right lung is slightly larger than the left.

The capillaries in the lungs would extend 1,600 The capillaries in the lungs would extend 1,600 kilometers if placed end to end.kilometers if placed end to end.

We lose half a liter of water a day through breathing. We lose half a liter of water a day through breathing. This is the water vapor we see when we breathe onto This is the water vapor we see when we breathe onto glass.glass.

A person at rest usually breathes between 12 and 15 A person at rest usually breathes between 12 and 15 times a minute.times a minute.

The breathing rate is faster in children and women than The breathing rate is faster in children and women than in men.in men.

Did you know….Did you know….

David Blaine set a new David Blaine set a new world record for breath-world record for breath-holding on April 30, 2008, holding on April 30, 2008, at at 17 minutes, 4.4 17 minutes, 4.4 secondsseconds, during a live , during a live telecast of telecast of The Oprah The Oprah Winfrey Show.Winfrey Show.

Pop Quiz!Pop Quiz!

Can you identify Can you identify structures 1-6?structures 1-6?

Pop Quiz #2 Pop Quiz #2 (easy)(easy)

Fill in the BlankFill in the Blank

1.1. Burning fuel (food) requires __________Burning fuel (food) requires __________

2.2. All living things carry out _________.All living things carry out _________.

3.3. 2 waste products generated by cellular respiration include water 2 waste products generated by cellular respiration include water and _______.and _______.

4.4. Small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs: ________Small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs: ________

5.5. Cilia and mucus help moisten and _______ the air we breathe.Cilia and mucus help moisten and _______ the air we breathe.

6.6. Another word for “windpipe” __________Another word for “windpipe” __________

7.7. Another word for “voice box” _________Another word for “voice box” _________

8.8. Air sacs in your lung where gas exchange takes place: _________Air sacs in your lung where gas exchange takes place: _________

9.9. The respiratory system works most closely with this body system: The respiratory system works most closely with this body system: __________ ___________.__________ ___________.

10.10. This tiny structure prevents choking when you eat. __________This tiny structure prevents choking when you eat. __________

Pop Quiz #3 Pop Quiz #3 (harder)(harder)

Fill in the BlankFill in the Blank

1.1. The formula for cellular respiration is: ___________________________________The formula for cellular respiration is: ___________________________________

2.2. ________ protrude from the tops of specialized columnar epithelial cells in ________ protrude from the tops of specialized columnar epithelial cells in bronchioles.bronchioles.

3.3. _______ is the functional component within hemoglobin protein molecules._______ is the functional component within hemoglobin protein molecules.

4.4. Expansion of the ribcage generates _________ __________, forcing air into the Expansion of the ribcage generates _________ __________, forcing air into the lungs.lungs.

5.5. The alveoli are composed of a single layer of The alveoli are composed of a single layer of __________ _________.__________ _________.

6.6. Mast cells generate __________.Mast cells generate __________.

7.7. ___________ __________ protects the larynx.___________ __________ protects the larynx.

8.8. ___________ __________ delivers blood to and from the lungs from the heart.___________ __________ delivers blood to and from the lungs from the heart.

9.9. Smoking can cause Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or ____________.Smoking can cause Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or ____________.

10.10. The atmosphere is composed of 79% diatomic __________ and 20% diatomic The atmosphere is composed of 79% diatomic __________ and 20% diatomic __________.__________.

11.11. The The _________ _________ _________ _________ is a fluid filled double membrane that surrounds the is a fluid filled double membrane that surrounds the lungs.lungs.

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory

system 50

Lung capacity and volume

Total lung capacity Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve Expiratory reserve Residual air

Sample

#11 DISORDERS of the Respiratory System

Boy, what an important set of organs for your survival. No wonderyou can hold your breath only so long before your body says, “enough,you’re being foolish” and forces you to breathe despite your efforts.

So, take care of your respiratory system. Seriously. Let’s see what canhappen if it doesn’t function properly or if you abuse what you were given.

I don’t like how this sounds…what are

you gonna do to me?

Let’s say that Joe has been a chain-smoker for many years…

#12 Disorders, contd.

Smoking kills little hairs inyour respiratory tract thatmove mucus around. Thiscauses that annoying “smoker’s cough” that youoften hear. It causes anextreme shortness of breathcalled emphysema, whichwould affect your daily life. And of course, it often leads to…


Man, I’m tired. I’ve gotta take a

break.

Smoking is probably the mostharmful way in which you candamage your respiratory systemon purpose. Avoiding its problemsis easy…just don’t start. It might’ve seemed cool &rebellious 20 years ago, but nowmost people realize it’s just dumb.Let’s give Joe a break—he kicks the habit.


system 54

Respiratory disorders Bronchitis: inflammation of

mucous membrane of trachea and bronchial tubes that causes excess mucus

What is bronchitis? Acute: spreading inflammation

from nasopharynx or inhalation of irritants (cough, fever, substernal pain and rales—raspy sound)

Chronic: mid-old age (severe and persistent cough with large mounts of discolored sputum)


system 55

Respiratory disorders Asthma

What is asthma? Airway becomes obstructed because of an inflammatory response to a stimuli

Who most likely has it? Allergen or psychological stress

Symptoms: exhaling, wheezing, dyspnea & tightness in chest


2. Asthma – there are lots of causes of asthma, and some pretty easy-

to-use treatments. Asthma occurs when your bronchial passages

inflame, causing them to shrink up and make breathing difficult.

#16 Disorders, contd.One condition that genetic researchers are still trying to cure is called:

3. Cystic Fibrosis – This is a build-up of thick mucus in the lungs…thismucus must be loosened and coughed up very often. Cystic Fibrosisis genetic, and appears almost instantly in newborns. The problems thismucus causes the lungs and digestive system usually results in prettyserious health concerns as the people enter their 20s and 30s.


system 58

Respiratory disorders Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder Chronic Bronchitis, emphysema, and

asthmatic bronchitis Obstruction of airflow

SMOKING!!!!!


system 59

Respiratory disorders COMMON COLD

What is it? Runny nose, cough, sneezing, stuffy head, sore throat

What causes it? Hundreds of different strains of viruses

Hand-washing – best preventative measure


system 60

Respiratory disorders EmphysemaWhat is emphysema?Alveoli become overdilated,

loses elasticity, and cannot rebound—alveoli rupture, air becomes trapped there and is difficult to exhale, reduce exchange of O2 and CO2

Who is most likely to have it?SmokersHow is it treated? Alleviate

symptoms (supplemental O2)


system 61

Respiratory disorders InfluenzaDiscuss the

symptoms of influenza.

FEVER, muscle pain/fatigue, and mucus discharge from nose and cough


system 62

Respiratory disorders Pneumonia

• Viral or bacteria• Alveoli filled with thick

fluid that has pus and RBC’s

• Symptoms: chest pain, fever, chills, and dyspnea


system 63

Respiratory disorders Pneumothorax: air in the chest cavity


system 64

Respiratory disorders

Sinusitis: infection in the sinus cavity

Many cavities may be infected Pain and nasal discharge are

main symptoms Use a humidifier, drink plenty of

fluids, warm moist cloth to face several times a day


system 65

Respiratory disorders Tuberculosis

• Causes lesions in lungs• Cases had been steadily

decreasing until recent years due to increase homeless, AIDS & illegal immigrants

• Treat with INH

That’s All

Folks!

major functions of the respiratory system supplies the blood with oxygen which is then delivered to...

Documents