major inventions: industrial revolution

7/27/2019 Major Inventions: Industrial Revolution

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Major Inventions


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Invented in 1793 by ELI WHITNEY.

increased the sale of cotton for farmers and aided theeconomy tremendously.

Amount of cotton produced doubled after this invention.

It created a large place for cotton in the U.S. economy.

The nation started growing 3 quarters of the worlds supplyof cotton.


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Was not beneficial.

There was unemployment.

Lead to slaved labor in southern U.S.

By the middle of 19th century 1/3rd southernerswere slave.


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It was patented in 1733 by JOHN KAY.

It was one of the key developments in weaving.

It greatly accelerated the process of weaving.

The demand for yarn went up.


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Increase in production

Transformed textile industries

Changed from manual labor industries to machanized

industries

Many weavers became unemployment


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It was designed in 1784 by EDMUND CARTWRIGNT

It was built in 1784

Power loom was a steam powered mechanically operated

version of a regular loom

It took 40yrs for his idea to be modified into a reliableautomatic loom


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It made cloth more affordable and increased the demandand stimulated export.

It opened up opportunities for women mill workers.

The darker side of power looms impact was growth ofemployment of children in power loom mills.

There was loss of unemployment as the power loom wassteam powered.


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TEXTILE INDUSTRY


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Necessity Is the Mother of

Invention

Spinning machine

Need to speed upweaving

Power loom created


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JAMES HARGREAVES AND THE

SPINNING JENNY-1765


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In 1764, a British carpenter and weaver named JamesHargreaves invented an improved spinning jenny, a hand-powered multiple spinning machine that was the first machine

to improve upon the spinning wheel. The original spinning jenny used eight spindles instead of the

one found on the spinning wheel. A single wheel on the spinningjenny controlled eight spindles which created a weave using eightthreads spun from a corresponding set of roving's. Later modelshad up to one-hundred and twenty spindles.

Hargreaves patented a sixteen spindle spinning jenny on July 12,1770. The courts rejected his patent application for his firstspinning jenny because he had made and sold several too longbefore he filed for a patent. The labour saving devices threatened

workers and in 1768 a group of spinners broke into Hargreaves'house and destroyed his spinning jenny machines, fearing thatthe machines would take work away from them.

James Hargreaves' invention did in fact decrease the need forlabour. The only drawback was that his machine producedthread that was too coarse to be used for warp threads (weavingterm for the series of yarns that extended lengthways in a loom)

and could only produce weft threads (weaving term for thecrossways yarn).
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Richard Arkwright:Pioneer of the Factory System

The Water Frame


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Richard Arkwright a barber of little education but greatimagination , invented another kind of spinning machine.

He made a spinning machine in which the loosely twistedstrands of wool or cotton were dawn out between pairs of rollersand then twisted tight by spindles, which were also a part of themachine.

His first machine was run by horse power , but later he usedwaterpower and accordingly his invention became known as the water frame.

Since the installation and operation of a water frame wereexpensive , Arkwright , who was a shrewd businessman, formed

partnerships in which wealthy men provided capital to equip andmaintain factories until production might become profitable.

Arkwrights inventions threw men and women out of their jobsas handworkers, but he was one of the first millionaires made by

machinery.


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Samuel Crompton (1753-1827)

Cotton Mule


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Samuel Crompton was a mill worker who had learnt to spinusing a Spinning Jenny. He noted that one of the problems

with the Spinning Jenny was that the thread was not strongenough and it kept breaking.

In 1779, Crompton designed a new machine which hecalled the Spinning Mule.

His machine combined the best features of both theSpinning Jenny and Arkwright's Water Frame.

The Spinning Mule produced a very fine and even threadwhich was suitable to spin yarns for making muslin.

It was the only machine that would spin a cotton yarn thin ,smooth, and strong enough to be used in weaving finecotton cloth.

Advantage of spinning mule : With this machine strongerand finer thread could be spun than by hand , and spun

very much more rapidly and cheaply.


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Textile FactoryWorkers in England

1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers


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IMPACT OF INVENTIONS IN

TEXTILE INDUSTRY


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THE PRODUCTION OF MORE THREAD

MEANT MORE AND CHEAPER CLOTH


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INVENTIONS BROUGHT ABOUT AN ENORMOUS

EXPANSION IN THE COTTON TRADE


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ANCIENT METHODS OF SPINNING, WEAVING,

AND CLEANING COTTON FIBERS WERE

BANISHED


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CREATED A MONOPOLY OF THE CLOTH BUSINESS FOR

ENGLISH MERCHANTS


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CREATED NEW SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND PRODUCED

FORTUNES


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The Birth and Growth of the Textile

Industry

Richard Arkwright (English)

Water frame, 1769Water-powered spinning machine that was too large for use in a

home led to the creation of factories

James Hargreaves (English)

Spinning jenny,1765

Home-based machine that spun thread 8 times faster than whenspun by hand

John Kay (English)

Flying shuttle,1733 Hand-operated machine which increased the speed of weaving


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The Birth and Growth of the Textile

Industry

Elias Howe (American)

Sewing machine, 1846 Speed of sewing greatly increased

Eli Whitney (American)

Cotton gin, 1793 Device separated raw cotton from cotton seeds, increasing the cotton supplywhile lowering the cost of raw cotton

Edward Cartwright (English)Power loom, 1785 Water-powered device that automatically and quickly wove thread into cloth

Samuel Crompton (English)

Spinning mule, 1779Combined the spinning jenny and the water frame into a single device,

increasing the production of fine thread


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Abraham

Darby I

Coke 1709


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Darby's grandson

Abraham Darby III(1750 - 1791) constructed

the world's first ironbridge, over the Severn

river at Coalbrookdale,Shropshire in 1779.


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The Puddlingfurnace 1784

Henry Cort


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major inventions: industrial revolution

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