Agricultural Wastes 13 (1985) 149 154

Short Communication

Major Mineral Components and Calorific Value of Agro- industrial By-products and Tropical Wastes

I N T R O D U C T I O N

In the search for a formula that will provide balanced, complete rations for Indian farm animals, it is necessary to have information on the major mineral contents and the calorific value, as well as the nutritive value, of commonly used agroindustrial by-products and wastes. The present study was undertaken in order to analyse some commonly available agro- industrial by-products and wastes used in farm animal feeding in India for their contents of nitrogen, sulphur, calcium and phosphorus. Attempts were also made to determine the gross energy of these materials by bomb calorimetry, as well as using a published predictive equation, so as to determine the validity of this equation for general use in the tropics and sub-tropics.

METHODS

Commonly available agroindustrial by-products and wastes used in the feeding of farm animals in India were collected and divided into various categories. The samples were pulverised through a 100 mesh sieve, preserved in sealed containers and later analysed in triplicate. These samples were analysed for nitrogen (Krishna & Ranjhan (1981)) and their sulphur contents were determined by the AOAC (1965) procedure with the modification of Johnson et al. (1970). The calcium content was

149 Agricultural Wastes 0141-4607/85/$03.30 © Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd, 1985. Printed in Great Britain

TA

BL

E 1

N

itro

gen

, S

ulp

hu

r,

Cal

ciu

m

and

P

ho

sph

oru

s C

on

ten

ts

and

C

alo

rifi

c V

alu

e o

f A

gro

-in

du

stri

al

By

-pro

du

cts

and

W

aste

s

Loc

al n

ame

Bot

anic

al n

ame

1 2

3 4

5 6

1.

Cer

eal

and

puls

e by

-pro

duct

s B

arle

y b

ran

H

orde

um v

ulga

re

1.17

0

.29

6

0.4

20

0

.79

0

--

--

Bar

ley

hu

sk

Hor

deum

vul

gare

0.

47

0.0

64

0

.32

0

0.2

90

--

--

B

arle

y (

Dec

ort

icat

ed)

Hor

deum

vul

gare

1 '

57

0.1

47

0

.11

0

0"78

0 3'

675

4-5

50

H

om

iny

fee

d Z

ea m

ays

..

..

4-

738

4.6

62

M

aize

glu

ten

mea

l Z

ea m

ays

8.24

0

.67

0

0.0

80

0

.63

0

--

--

Mai

ze g

rit

Zea

may

s 2.

54

0.3

40

0

.22

0

0.1

80

3.

907

4.4

87

M

aize

hu

sk (

wet

) Z

ea m

ays

1.18

0.

215

0.1

70

0

.31

0

--

--

Ric

e b

ran

(oi

led)

O

ryza

sat

iva

1.93

0

.14

0

--

--

4.8

32

4

.64

0

Ric

e b

ran

(de

oile

d)

Ory

za s

ativ

a .

..

.

3.80

1 3-

789

Ric

e h

usk

O

ryza

sat

iva

--

--

0.0

70

0

.21

0

3.89

0 3.

687

Ric

e po

lish

O

ryza

sat

iva

1.34

0-

305

0.2

50

1.

310

--

--

Res

ult

ant

flou

r T

riti

cum

aes

tivu

m

1.81

0.

105

0.1

00

0

.58

0

3.87

4 4

.45

5

Wh

eat

bra

n

Tri

ticu

m a

esti

vum

2.

21

0-19

0 0

.17

0

1.53

0 4.

169

4.4

18

P

igeo

n p

ea c

hu

ni

Caj

anus

caj

an

2.99

0

.22

0

0.4

00

0

.64

0

4.37

7 4

.37

7

Ch

ick

pea

ch

un

i C

icer

ari

etin

um

2.00

0

.13

0

0.6

70

0

.32

0

4.24

5 4-

560

Clu

ster

bea

n m

eal

(No

n-t

oas

ted

) C

yam

opsi

s te

trag

onol

oba

6.40

0

.31

0

1.26

0 0

.46

0

4.9

16

5-

040

Clu

ster

bea

n m

eal

(toa

sted

) --

--

--

0

.71

0

0.5

30

--

L

enti

l ch

un

i L

es e

scul

enta

3.

46

0.2

96

0

.51

0

0.22

0 --

G

reen

gra

m c

hu

ni

Pha

seol

us a

ureu

s 4.

25

0"28

5 0-

670

0.8

30

F

ield

pea

ch

un

i P

isum

sat

ivum

4.

48

0.33

5 0-

360

0.6

20

4.

105

4.6

15

F

ield

pea

hu

sk

Pis

um s

ativ

um

0.75

0

.08

0

0-54

0 0

.22

0

--

--

Bla

ck g

ram

ch

un

i P

hase

olus

mun

go L

. 4.

17

0.2

40

0

.62

0

0.3

30

--

--

2.

Dis

till

ery

by-p

rodu

cts

Bre

wer

's g

rain

H

orde

um v

ulga

re

3.36

0

.31

0

0.3

30

0

.55

0

4.4

24

4

.60

4

Mal

t H

orde

um v

ulga

re

1.68

0.

131

0"37

0 0

'32

0

4"08

7 4

.55

5

Mal

t sp

rou

ts w

ith

hul

ls

Hor

deum

vul

gate

3.

65

0-57

0 0

.31

0

1.22

0 4

.14

0

4.3

13

3.

Oil

see

d by

-pro

duct

s G

ing

elly

cak

e Se

sam

um i

ndic

um

--

--

2.5

00

2

.33

0

--

Gro

un

dn

ut

cak

e A

rach

is h

ypog

aea

6.08

1.

287

0.3

30

0

.59

0

4.58

9 4

.70

8

Mah

ua

cak

e M

adhu

ca l

atif

olia

--

--

0

.21

0

0.8

10

4.

185

4.2

39

M

ust

ard

cak

e (G

hani

) B

rass

ica

com

pest

ris

--

--

0.6

60

1.

200

--

--

Mar

go

sa c

ake

(sol

vent

ex

trac

ted

) A

zadi

rach

ta i

ndic

a 2.

09

0.2

40

0

.67

0

0.4

00

--

--

M

aize

oil

cak

e Z

ea m

ays

..

..

4-

696

4-63

8

4. S

ugar

ind

ustr

y by

-pro

duct

s S

ugar

cane

bag

asse

Sa

ccha

rum

off

icin

arum

0.

63

0.13

0 0"

08

0.29

3.

627

4.19

1 P

ress

mu

d

Sacc

haru

m o

ffic

inar

um

--

--

25"4

3 0.

44

--

--

Sug

arbe

et p

ulp

Bet

a vu

lgar

is

1.94

0"

230

1.10

0'

25

4"31

5 4.

351

5.

Tex

tile

ind

ustr

y w

aste

s C

ott

on

hu

sk

Gos

sypi

um s

p.

1.05

0.

165

0.21

0.

45

Co

tto

n g

inni

ng t

rash

G

ossy

pium

sp.

2.

04

0.43

3 1.

67

0.26

C

ott

on

gin

ning

du

st

Gos

sypi

um s

p.

2-58

0.

136

--

--

m m

6.

Veg

etab

le a

nd fr

uit

indu

stry

by-

prod

ucts

C

arro

t w

aste

D

aucu

s ca

rota

0.

93

0.33

0 0'

40

0'44

3.

778

4.15

3 D

ehy

dra

ted

cul

led

pea

Pis

um s

ativ

urn

3.96

0"

365

0"56

0'

33

4.11

9 4.

693

Gra

pe

resi

due

(Win

ery

pom

ace)

V

itis

vin

ifer

a 2.

43

0.21

0 0.

66

0.65

4.

466

5.16

4 O

nio

n p

ow

der

was

te

AIl

ium

cep

a 1-

34

0.35

0 0.

33

0.63

--

--

P

ota

to w

aste

So

lanu

m t

uber

osum

1.

54

0.17

0 0.

10

0.81

--

--

T

om

ato

p

om

ace

Lyc

oper

sico

n es

cule

ntum

3.

14

0.31

5 --

--

5.

283

5.01

9

7.

Veg

etab

le c

rop

resi

dues

B

itte

r go

urd

leav

es

Mom

ordi

ca c

hara

ntia

3-

06

0.54

4 4.

44

0.76

4.

093

3.91

4 C

arro

t to

ps

Dau

cus

caro

ta

1-82

0.

539

2.61

0'

47

--

--

Bri

njal

lea

ves

Sola

num

mel

onge

na

2.64

0.

152

5.71

0.

58

4.03

9 4.

166

Hy

acin

th b

ean

leav

es

Dol

icho

s la

blab

2-

35

0"38

0 4.

48

0'20

--

--

O

kra

pla

nt r

esid

ue

Hib

iscu

s es

cule

ntus

1.

12

0.40

4 1.

34

0.43

--

--

P

ota

to h

aulm

So

lanu

rn t

uber

osum

2.

41

0.14

8 2.

18

0.20

3-

440

3.46

0 S

pina

ch l

eave

s Sp

inac

eae

oler

acea

3.

74

0.35

5 1.

95

0.74

--

--

T

om

ato

lea

ves

Lyc

oper

sico

n es

cule

ntum

1-

14

0.44

8 4.

25

0.21

2.

457

2.46

7

8.

Mis

cell

aneo

us

Pou

ltry

fae

ces

(dri

ed)

4-38

0.

829

7.12

1.

31

--

--

Pou

ltry

lit

ter

2.66

0.

210

2.37

1.

95

3.41

5 3.

737

N.B

.:

1. N

itro

gen,

g (

~o d

ry m

atte

r).

2. S

ulp

hu

r, g

(~o

dry

mat

ter)

. 3.

Cal

ciu

m,

g (~

o d

ry m

atte

r).

4. P

ho

sph

oru

s, g

(~o

dry

mat

ter)

. 5.

Gro

ss e

nerg

y, b

om

b

calo

rim

etry

(M

cal

kg

- 1

dry

mat

ter)

. 6.

Gro

ss e

nerg

y, R

ost

ock

eq

uat

ion

(M

cal

kg

i

dry

mat

ter)

.

152 GopaIKr&hna

determined according to methods recommended by the Indian Standards Institution (IS: 7874, 1975). The phosphorus content was determined by the standard photometric procedure of Park & Dunn (1963). Gross energy was determined using a Toshniwal Bomb Calorimeter with a cooling correction by Dickinson's formula using a l-g pulverised sample. Benzoic acid was used as a standard (Krishna & Ranjhan, 1981). The gross energies were also calculated using the Rostock equation published by Schiemann et al. (1971).

The proximate nutrient composition data of these materials (Paliwal et al. , 1981) were used in the Rostock equation. The statistical analysis of data was carried out according to the methods of Snedecor & Cochran (1968).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the analyses for nitrogen, sulphur, calcium and phosphorus contents and the calorific value of the materials are shown in Table 1. By- products of cereals and pulses, as well as distillery by-products, were found to have a nitrogen: sulphur ratio of approximately 10:1. This ratio gives efficient utilisation of nitrogen as urea (Moir et al. , 1968). However, the National Research Council (1978) recommendations suggest a nitrogen to sulphur ratio of 12: 1 in the rations of lactating cows, mature bulls and growing heifers. In general, it was observed that oilseed by-products, sugar industry by-products, textile industry waste and vegetable crop residues could not provide this nitrogen:sulphur ratio. One may supplement sulphur with ammonium sulphate to meet livestock requirements where sulphur-deficient ingredients are included in a balanced, compounded feed. Under the tropical conditions of India, Arora & Ahuja (1981) and Ahuja & Arora (1982) have reported that growing calves require 0.16 ~o sulphur in order to gain weight at the rate of 600 g day- 1 and, in the case of lactating cows, 4.434 g of sulphur were required for every gram of sulphur secreted in their milk.

Of the cereal and pulse by-products, raw guar meal (Cluster bean meal) contained the maximum concentration of calcium (1-263 ~o) and wheat bran was found to contain the maximum concentration of phosphorus (1.53 ~o). The figure for calcium in guar meal was in the range reported by Sen et al. (1978). The value of phosphorus in wheat bran was in accordance with the figure reported in the United States-Canadian Tables of Feed Composition (1969). Of the distillery by-products, malt

Major minerals and gross energy of by-products and wastes 153

sprouts with hulls were found to be quite rich in phosphorus (1.220 ~o) compared with the 0.78 ~o reported in the United Sta tes~anadian Tables of Feed Composition (1969). Therefore, it would be advisable to use both wheat bran and malt sprouts with hulls in the rations of ruminants reared in phosphorus-deficient areas. Of the oilseed by-products, Til cake (Gingelly cake) was found to be a very rich source of calcium (2.50 ~o) as has also been reported by Sen et al. (1978) (3 %o). A sugar industry by- product (press mud) was quite a rich source of calcium (25.43 ~) and this might be used safely in mineral mixtures as a cheap source of the mineral. The data presented in Table 1 indicate that most of the vegetable crop residues were rich in calcium and poor in phosphorus. It is interesting to note that poultry faeces (dried) is a rich source of calcium (7.12 ~o)-

The coefficient of variation in the values of gross energy, estimated by bon~b calorimetry and by the Rostock equation (Schiemann et al., 1971), was negligible. On the basis of data of the present study, the Rostock equation developed by Schiemann et al. (1971) could be used to calculate the gross energy of by-products and wastes found in the tropics. This information will be of great use in the linear programming technique used for least cost formulation.

REFERENCES

Ahuja, A. K. & Arora, S. P. (1982). Influence of sulphur supplementation with N PN-containing diets on rumen microbial activity and their urea fermentation potential (UFP). Indian J. Anim. Sci., 52, 855-8.

A OAC (1965). Official methods of analysis (10th edn). Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, DC.

Arora, S. P. & Ahuja, A. K. (1981). Dietary sulphur requirements of livestock. Dairy Guide, 3, 21.

Indian Standards Institution (1975). 'Minerals and trace element: Part II'. IS: 7874, ISI, Manak Bhawan, New Delhi.

Johnson, W. H., Goodrich, R. D. & Meiske, J. C. (1970). Appearance in the plasma and excretion of 35S from three chemical forms of sulphur by lambs. J. Anim. Sci., 31, 1003 9.

Krishna, G. & Ranjhan, S. K. (1981). Laboratory manual for nutrition research (lst edn). Vikas Publishing House (P) Ltd, New Delhi, 36-52.

Moir, R. J., Somers, M. & Bray, A. C. (1968). Utilization of dietary sulphur and nitrogen by ruminants. The Sulphur Institution, 3, 15-18.

National Research Council (1978). Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. No. 3- Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (Fifth revised edition). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.

154 Gopal Krishna

Paliwal, V. K., Yadav, K. R. & Krishna, G. (1981). Note on proximate nutrients of agroindustrial byproducts and wastes of Haryana State. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 51, 1173-6.

Park, P. F. & Dunn, D. E. (1963). Evaluation of molybdovanadate photometric determination of phosphorus in mixed feeds and mineral supplements. J. Assoc. of Official Analytical Chemists, 46, 836.

Schiemann, R., Nehring, K., Hoffmann, L., Jentsch, W. & Chudy, A. (1971). Energetische Fiitterbewertung und Energinormen. VEB, Deutsch Lantwirtschafts Verlag, Berlin.

Sen, K. C., Ray, S. N. & Ranjhan, S. K. (1978). Nutritive value of Indian cattle feeds and feeding of animals (6th edn). Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.

Snedecor, G. W. & Cochran, W. G. (1968). Statistical methods (6th edn). Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Calcutta.

United States~2anadian Tables of Feed Composition (1969). Nutritional data Jor United States and Canadian feeds (2nd edn). Publication No. 1684, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.

Gopai Krishna,* Department o f Animal Nutrition, Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar (125004), Haryana, India

* Present address: Weende Experiment Station, Institut fiir Tierphysiologie und Tierernfi.hrung, Der Universitfit G6ttingen, Oscar Kellner Weg. 6, 3400-G6ttingen- Weende, West Germany.