makalah komputer
DESCRIPTION
Humans have two functions of the position in this life that is as individual beings and social beings. As social beings, humans need to communicate among each other and is an essential requirement in order to be able to interact properly. On the basis that humans create systems and tools to be able to interact, starting from the image (picture form), gesture (hand, smoke and noise), letters, words, words, writings, letters, through phone and internet.TRANSCRIPT
Computer
CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
A. Problem Background
Humans have two functions of the position in this life that is as individual
beings and social beings. As social beings, humans need to communicate among each
other and is an essential requirement in order to be able to interact properly. On the basis
that humans create systems and tools to be able to interact, starting from the image
(picture form), gesture (hand, smoke and noise), letters, words, words, writings, letters,
through phone and internet.
The development of information systems in human life as human civilization
itself until finally the term Information Technology (IT). Starting from the form of
meaningless pictures on the walls, inscriptions, until the information became known to
the internet. The information is managed and delivered and continue to be developed,
from simple information such as just described a situation, until the strategic information
warfare tactics. Current information and communication technology is developing very
rapidly and thus be utilized in a variety of activities as may facilitate our work, for
example, searching for information via computer.
The computer is a modern tool that can’t be separated from everyday life.
Ranging from office work, multimedia, and even entertainment. Today the development
of the computer is still growing and will continue to grow without limit. We as humans
would not want to keep abreast of technological advances, especially the field of
computing that we are not consumed by the tools of our own making. On that basis we
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try to discuss it in the form of papers in the hope it can be useful for others, especially
for us. Lots of discussion about computers, but we try to write a paper with the title of
the Computer System described in general outline only, or, if we discuss the overall time
it takes quite a bit and a lot of references. The paper is structured very simple so that
readers easily digest it and not get bored reading it, as the author of We apologize if
there is a lack of proper discussion and distorted, because we are still in the learning
process.
B. The focus of discussion
This paper will discuss the development of computers as information and
communication technology
C. Writing objectives
Preparation of this paper is aimed to complete the Applied Physics course and
add insight for writers and readers as well.
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CHAPTER IIDISCUSSION
1.Komputer
Nearly all aspects of human life can’t be separated from the technology,
especially computer technology. Now people tend to select information using a
computer and they can sort out which information they like. Computers are not only
used to find this information even when the computer is used everywhere such as
hospitals, supermarkets, offices, etc.
1.1 Definition of Computer
The term computer has a broad meaning and is different for everyone. The term
computer comes from the Latin meaning Computare count (to compute or to rckon).
According Blissmer (1985), the computer is an electronic device capable of performing
several tasks, which receives input, processes the input according to the instructions,
keep the command-processing orders and results, and provides output in the form of
information.
Meanwhile, according to Sanders (1985), the computer is an electronic system to
manipulate data quickly and accurately as well as designed and organized in order to
automatically receive and store input data, process it, and produce output based on the
instructions that have been stored in the memory. And many more experts who try to
define it differently on your computer. However, in essence it can be concluded that the
computer is an electronic device that can accept input, process input, provide
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information, using a program stored in computer memory, can store the program and
processing the results, and works automatically.
From the definition, there are three important terms, namely the input (data), data
processing, and information (output). Data processing using a computer known as
electronic data processing (EDP) or electronic data processing (EDP). Data is a
collection of events that removed from reality (facts), can be numbers, letters, special
symbols, or combination of all three. Data still can’t tell you much that needs to be
further processed.
Data processing is a process of manipulation of data into a form that is more
useful and more means, namely in the form of information. Thus, information is the
result of a data processing activities that provide a more meaningful form of a fact.
Therefore, the electronic data processing is the manipulation of data into a more
meaningful form of an information by using an electronic device, namely a computer.
1.2 The Development of Computer
Based on the development of computers can be made into four generations as
follows:
1. Generation I (1951 - 1958): characterized by a hollow tube (vacuum tubes),
Richard punched a user input device, as well as machine language or assembly
language as a base it program.
2. Generation II (1959 - 1963): The transistor is a hallmark of second-generation
computers. The raw material consists of three layers, namely: "basic", "collector"
and "emiter". Transistor stands for Transfer Resistor, which means to influence
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the resistance between two of the three layers, then the power (resistor) which is
in the next layer can also be affected. Thus, the transistor functions as a signal
amplifier. As a solid component, transistor has many advantages such as: not
easily broken, do not distribute the heat. and thus, there are computers become
smaller and cheaper.
3. Generation III (1964 - 1963): The concept of the smaller and more affordable
than transistors, eventually spurring people to continue to conduct various
studies. Thousands of transistors finally combined in a form that is very small.
Yag silicium piece the size of several millimeters have been made, and this is
called as Integrated Circuit or IC-chip that is the hallmark of the computer.
4. Generation IV (1979 - present): In this generation is characterized by the
emergence of: LSI (Large Scale Integration) which is the solidification of
thousands into an IC chip. The term chip is used to indicate a rectangular plate
containing integrated circuits. LSI then be developed in VLSI (Very Large Scale
Integration).
1.3 Computer System
Computer systems are the elements related to running an activity using the
computer. Elements of a computer system composed of human (brainware), software,
set of instructions (instruction set), hardware and hardware). Thus the component is an
element that is involved in a computer system. Of course, the hardware does not mean
anything if no one from the other two (software and brainware). A simple example, who
would turn on the computer if there are no humans. Or what the computer will execute
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the command if there is no software. Von Neumann architecture describes a computer
with four main sections: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), control unit, memory, and
input and output devices (collectively termed I / O). This section is connected by a wire
beam, "bus".
1.4 Components of Computers
A. Hardware (Hardware)
Devices that can take a look and we can physically touch, such as device
input devices, processing devices, as well as the output device. Physically, the
computer consists of a couple of system components. If one component does not
work, will result in a computer is not functioning properly. Included in the
category Computer hardware elements.
The hardwere devices include:
1. Input Device
Input equipment serves as a medium for loading data from external systems
into a memory and a processor for processing to produce the required
information.
a. Keyboard
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Figure A.1.a. Keyboard input is the most important equipment in a data
processing with computers. The keyboard works include letters, numbers,
special characters as well as a medium for the users to perform other
commands are required, such as saving a file and open the file.
b. Mouse
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Figure A.1.b Mouse image input device is one that serves to move the
pointer or cursor quickly. In addition, orders can be as practical and faster
than the keyboard.
c. Toucpad
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Figure A.1c is used instead of a touchpad mouse on a laptop or notebook.
d. Microphon
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Figure 1.1d Microphon serves to insert a voice recording or to be stored in
computer memory and to talk when you're chatting
e. Webcame
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Figure A.1e Function to take pictures or video to be transferred to the
internet.
f. Scanner
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Figure A.1f Scanner used to copy or take pictures outside of the computer
file of the results will be displayed on the comput er.
2. Processing Equipment (Process Device)
Process equipment is the main and most important unit processes in a
computer that controls the entire process of processing data from the read
data from input devices, processing or process until the release of
information to the output device.
a. Motherboard
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Figure A.2a The motherboard is one of the devices in a computer used
as a place to put up or put some other equipment such as: processor,
memory, the data cables (connecting) the hard disk, floppy disk, Card a
crate: VGA Card, NIC (network card) and so forth.
b. Processor
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Figure A.2b Processor is a chip that is the brain processing and
central control various other devices so that the computer can work
with each other.
c. Ram
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Figure A.2c RAM stands for Random Access Memory, a computer
component that serves to store data from a program which we run and
the data can be accessed randomly or random.
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d. Video Card
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Figture A.2d Video card is a computer component that serves to
generate the output image to be displayed on the monitor.
e. Sound Card
Figure A.2e Sound Card has a function as a data processor in the form of
audio or a sound and a connector device input or output sound to the
computer.
3. Equipment Output (Output Device)
Output equipment is equipment which is used to display data, instructions
and information in the form of text and graphics or pictures.
a. Monitor
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Figure A.3a Monitor function to display the data, instructions and
information in the form of text and graphics or pictures on the screen.
b. Speaker
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Figure A.3b Speaker has a function to generate or remove the sound
effects of a computer.
c. Printer
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Figur A.3c Printer output is the equipment used to print the data or
information from the computer to paper.
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B. Software
The series of procedures and documentation program that serves the
desired resolve. Electronic data is stored as such by the computer itself, the data
stored may include programs or instructions to be executed by the command, and
the records required by the computer to run the executable commands. The
software, namely:
• Operating System
• Application Program
• Language Program
C. Brainware
Brainware is a person who operates a computer
1.5 Principles of Computer
A computer can work with the involvement of three important elements. In
everyday computer use, these elements consist of:
1. Hardware, is the physical equipment of the computer that can be seen
and felt.
2. Software, a computer program that allows you to perform a job
according to the desired.
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3. Brainware (people who operate the computer), personnel directly
involved in the use of computer, operator, user, and others.
1.6 How to Work Computer
Each time the computer in turn, will experience the process of booting. At initial
boot, the BIOS will take over to initiate the beginning of all the components onto the
motherboard. There are three stages of the process of work boots, the CPU reset, Power-
On-Self-Test (POST), and the boot disk.
1.7 Making Up a Series of Computers in Physics
a. Capacitor (condenser)
Capacitors can store electric charge, may continue the alternating voltage
(AC) but hold DC voltage, power sizing is expressed in farads (F). In radio, a
capacitor is used for: A. Storing electric charge 2. Set the frequency 3. as the
filter 4. As a means of coupling (linking)
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Figure 1.7a Syimbol of Capasitor
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b. Diodes
Diodes are the simplest semiconductor components, it consists of two (2)
the cathode and anode electrodes. End of the body diode is usually given the
undersigned, a bracelet or a point, which indicates the location of the cathode.
Diodes can only be energized in the direction DC, the DC current in the opposite
direction will not flow. If the silicon diode is energized AC currents of
electricity, so that flow only in one direction only so that the flow of DC current
output diode. When given the potential positive anode and negative cathode, said
diode is forward biased and when given the other hand, is said to be reverse
biased diode. At forward bias, the difference between the cathode and the anode
voltage is called threshold voltage or knee voltage. Large voltage depends on the
type of diode, can be 0.2V, 0.6V, and so forth.
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Figure 1.7b Syimbol of Diode
c. Transistor
Transistor, this component includes a component that virtually simple
composition when compared with the Integrated Circuit. In principle, a transistor
diode consists of two pieces joined together. Transistor in order to work, to the
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foot of his legs have given voltage, this voltage is called the bias voltage. Given
base emitter forward voltage, while the base collector reverse voltage is given.
Nature of the transistor is that between the collector and emitter will be no
current (transistor will deliver) when the base current. The bigger the base the
greater the flow of delivery. Various forms of transistors that were sold in the
market, the packaging casing material also exists a wide range of metal sheath
for example, there is a sheathed ceramic and polyester. Transistors generally
have three legs, feet first is called the base, called the collector and the next leg
of the third leg is called the emitter.
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Figure 1.7c Syimbol transistor NPN and PNP
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CHAPTER IIICONCLUSION
The computer is an electronic device that can accept input, process input, and can
provide information, using a program stored in computer memory, can store the program
of the processing. And works automatically.
Computer systems are the elements related to running an activity using the
computer. Elements of computer system consisting of human (brainware), software
(software), set of instructions (instruction set) and hardware (hardware). Component -
component in the computer system is divided into three, which are not inherent bias that
is:
1. Hardware (Hardware) • Processing Device • Input Device • Output Device •
Storage Device
2. Software (Software) • Operating System • Application Program • Language
Program
3. Brainware (People Who Operate the Computer) The existence of multiple
hardware can cause synchronization problems. Therefore, the operation of
computer systems to prevent a memory controller is added to the synchronization
of memory access. To improve performance, use multiple buses. Each bus is a
data path between several different devices. If the computer is turned on
Bootstrap program will check the hardware main-main hardware. On modern
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computers are usually characterized by the emergence of software or hardware
interrupt, so the operating system is called Interrupt-driven.
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