MAKING MAKING CONNECTIONS CONNECTIONS

LABLAB

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Pulse rate Pulse rate per minute per minute (range of (range of averagesaverages

<51<51 51-6051-60 61-7061-70 71-8071-80 81-9081-90 >90>90

Number Number of of students students in this in this rangerange

Per 1Per 1

00 22 1212 1111 11 00

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Pulse rate Pulse rate per minute per minute (range of (range of averagesaverages

<51<51 51-6051-60 61-7061-70 71-8071-80 81-9081-90 >90>90

Number Number of of students students in this in this rangerange

Per 4Per 4

00 44 66 33 44 00

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TransportTransport

Involves the absorption and circulation of materials throughout an organism

Human Circulatory Human Circulatory SystemSystem

Closed circulatory system- blood is always in blood vessels.

Heart which pumps blood. Network of blood vessels which

carry blood to and from all cells of the body.

Human Circulatory SystemHuman Circulatory System

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Human HeartHuman Heart

(II) (II) HeartHeartComposed of cardiac muscleIt is a 4-chambered pump composed of 2

atria and 2 ventriclesThe ventricles have thicker walls than the

atriaThe heart pumps blood through the arteries

creating a PULSE & blood pressure

SeptumSeptumSeparates the heart into a left side

and a right sideLeft side contains oxygenated bloodRight side contains deoxygenated

blood

(I) (I) Three Kinds of Three Kinds of Blood VesselsBlood Vessels

1. Arteries

2. Veins

3. Capillaries

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Human RespirationHuman RespirationInvolves the process of cellular respiration

and gas exchange

a) cellular respiration:

glucose + O2 H2O + CO2 + 36 ATP’s

b) gas exchange:

exchange of gases between the internal and external environment with the use of

lungs

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(I) (I) Human Respiratory SystemHuman Respiratory System

Composed of a network of passageways which permits air to flow from the external

environment and into the lungs

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(II) (II) Breathing ProcessBreathing ProcessLungs are highly elastic (stretchable)Breathing is controlled by the medullaMovement of the diaphragm and ribcage causes

pressure change in the chest cavity which moves air into and out of the lungs

The breathing rate is controlled by the concentration of CO2 in the blood

Inhalation- breathe inExhalation- breathe out

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(II) (II) Breathing ProcessBreathing Process

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(IV) (IV) Gas ExchangeGas Exchange1. In the blood, hemoglobin binds with

oxygen from the alveoli to form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

2. Carbon dioxide is carried primarily in the plasma of the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3

-)

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(IV) (IV) Gas ExchangeGas Exchange

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System InteractionSystem Interaction As pulse rate increases the activities of many systems

also increases; including respiratory, endocrine, and excretory.

The digestive and urinary systems slow down as a result of increased physical activity associated with an increase in pulse.

An “oxygen debt” is when the muscles require more oxygen than the respiratory and circulatory systems can supply. Muscle cell in turn, operate using anaerobic respiration which produces lactic acid and the burning associated with strenuous activity.

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1. 1. Cellular RespirationCellular RespirationInvolves a series of enzyme-

controlled reactions in which energy in food is broken down into energy that the organism can use (ATP)

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a) When ATP is broken down, a) When ATP is broken down, energy is released and ADP is energy is released and ADP is

formedformed ADP = adenosine diphosphate H2O + ATP ADP + P + energy

This is the energy used by the body to carry out the functions of life.

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Types of Types of RespirationRespiration

1. Aerobic Respiration -involves the use of oxygen2. Anaerobic Respiration -oxygen is not used

http://www.jccc.net/~pdecell/cellresp/respoverview.html

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Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration

Also known as Fermentation.Does not require oxygen.Takes place in the cytoplasm of cell.Glucose is either broken down into

lactic acid or alcohol and CO2.

As a result of anaerobic respiration, there is a net gain of 2 ATP’s.

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Anaerobic Respiration & Anaerobic Respiration &

Muscle FatigueMuscle Fatigue

glucose 2 lactic acids + 2 ATP’s

In each equation, enzymes are used and a net gain of 2 ATP’s are produced.

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Anaerobic Respiration & Muscle FatigueAnaerobic Respiration & Muscle FatigueTrial # of squeezes in 30

seconds

1 32

2 29

3 28

4 27

5 26

6 25

7 23

8 21

9 19

10 17

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Muscle Cells & HomeostasisMuscle Cells & Homeostasis

An increase in pulse rate helps muscle cells maintain homeostasis by delivering more oxygen, water, and glucose to meet the demands of the muscle cells and their activity by means of the blood.

More oxygen is obtained by an increase in the activity of the Respiratory system.

More water is delivered by a decrease in the production of urine.

More glucose is made available by an increase in the activity of theEndocrine system (glycogen glucose by means of glucagon)

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Aerobic RespirationAerobic RespirationRequires oxygenTakes place in the mitochondriaWhen we say that glucose is

oxidized, we say that it is broken down with the help of oxygen molecules

http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~dcp/bio113a/ch910comp.html 

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Equation forEquation for Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration

glucose + Oglucose + O22 H H22O + COO + CO22 + 36 ATPs + 36 ATPs

Again, enzymes are used and a Again, enzymes are used and a net of 36 net of 36 ATPsATPs are produced. are produced.

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Scientific MethodScientific Method

1. Problem

2. Research

3.Hypothesis

4. Experiment

5. Interpret data

6. Conclusion

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ExperimentExperiment1.1. Control GroupControl Group

(normal (normal condition)condition)

2.Variable Group 2.Variable Group (changed based (changed based

upon what upon what you’re testing)you’re testing)

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TypicalTypical ExperimentExperimentDoes light affect the growth

of a plant?control = plant with normal

light 12/12variable = plant with 24

hours of lightvariable = plant with no light