MAKING GENDER TARGETS COUNT:

TIME FOR G20 LEADERS TO DELIVER

Gabriela Ramos

OECD Chief of Staff, Special Counsellor to the OECD Secretary-General, and Sherpa to the G20

The economic case for addressing the gender gap

22

Global GDP growth in 2016 is projected to be lower than 2015, with only a slight pick-up in 2017

World real GDP

Note: World GDP measured at purchasing power parity exchange rates. Source: OECD Economic Outlook database.

The economic case for addressing the gender gap

3 Source: OECD June 2016 Economic Outlook database; OECD calculations.

Contributions to potential output per capita growth in the OECD

Nowadays, young women are likely to be more highly educated than young men

Data for China and Indonesia refer to 2010, and for Brazil, France and South Africa to 2014OECD Education at a Glance 2016

4

Share (%) of the population that have attained tertiary education (ISCED2011 levels 5 to 8), 25-34 year olds, by gender, 2015 or latest available

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Women Men

Share (%) attained tertiary education

Gender gaps in labour force participation are very different across the G20

Gender gaps and female labour force participation rates (15-64 year olds), 2015 or latest available

Data for China refer to 2010 and for India to 2011-12OECD Employment Database and OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys for Argentina and Saudi Arabia.

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 800

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

24.8

11.5

21.1

7.6

14.0

11.6

8.0

9.1

52.9

33.0

20.3

18.220.8

35.2

10.9

58.4

13.0 10.8

42.0

10.3

11.5

Female labour force participation rate (15/16-64 year olds) (%)

Gender gap in the labour force participation rate

(15/16-16 year olds) (%)

5

Gender pay gaps are substantial across the G20

Note: Data for India and South Africa refer to 2012, and for Korea and Turkey to 2013. Data refer to hourly wage for full time employees (working more than 30 hour per week in the main job), except for India and South Africa for which they refer to monthly earnings of full-time employees.Sources: OECD estimates based on EU-SILC for EU countries, Encuesta Permanente de Hogares for Argentina, Household, Income and Labour Dynamics for Australia, Labour force Survey for Canada, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio for Brazil, National labour force survey for Korea, Labour Force Survey for Japan, National Sample Survey for India, National Labour Force Survey (Sakernas) for Indonesia, Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE) for Mexico, General Household Survey for South Africa, National Labour Force Survey for Turkey and the Current Population Survey, ASEC Supplement for the United States.

Gender pay gap in median hourly wages, full-time employees, 2014 or latest available

Mexico Ind

ia

South

Africa

Korea

Indon

esia

Japa

n

United

States

German

yBraz

il

United

Kingdo

m

OECD avera

ge

Austra

lia

Europe

an Unio

nFran

ceSpa

in

Argenti

na

Canad

aIta

lyTurk

ey-60%

-50%

-40%

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

6

Around the G20, women do more unpaid work

Gender gaps in paid and unpaid work (female minus male), in minutes per day, 15-64 year olds, latest years

Data for Australia are for the over 15 year-olds. Reference years vary from country to country: Australia, 2006; Canada, 2010; China, 2008; France, 2009; Germany, 2001 02; India, 1999; Italy, 2008 09; Japan, 2011; Korea, 2009; Mexico, 2009; South Africa, 2010; Turkey, 2006; the United Kingdom, 2005; and the United States, 2014.Source: OECD Gender Data Portal

7

France

United

States

Canad

a

German

y

United

Kingdo

m

OECD 26 av

erage

Austra

liaChin

a

South

Africa

Korea

Italy

Japa

nTurk

ey

Mexico Ind

ia-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

Paid work Unpaid work Total work

Minutes

Women do more

Men do more

The 2013 OECD Gender Recommendation

• Superseded the 1980 OECD Declaration on Policies for the Employment of Women

• Sets out policy measures that governments should consider:• Promote good quality education for boys and girls and

gender equality in educational choices;• Promote family-friendly policies and working conditions

and combat discrimination; • Reduce the gender gap in entrepreneurship activity.

• Countries are called to reinforce the production of gender-specific data and monitor progress

8

Women are less likely to study engineering, manufacturing and construction

Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2015

Female share (%) of graduates in engineering, manufacturing and construction, all tertiary levels (ISCED2011 levels 5 to 8), 2014 or latest available

9

Argenti

na

Indon

esia

Italy

Brazil

South

Africa

India

Mexico

Turkey

France

Korea

OECD avera

ge

Austra

lia

United

Kingdo

m

German

y

United

States

Russia

n Fed

.

Canad

aJa

pan

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Female share (%) of grad-uates in engineering, man-ufacturing and construction

Public policy needs to do much more for very young children…

Notes to Panel A: Data generally include children in centre-based services, organised day care and pre-school (both public and private) and those who are cared for by a professional childminder. Exact definitions may however differ slightly across countries. Data for Mexico do not include services provided by the private sector. Data for Japan refer to 2010, and for Australia, Mexico and the United States to 2011.Notes to Panel B: Data include children enrolled in early childhood (pre-primary) education (ISCED2011 level 02) and, in countries where the entry age to primary school is 5 or lower, primary education (ISCED2011 level 1). Data do not include children using services that are not classified as ISCED2011 level 02 or 1. Source: OECD Family Database.

Participation in early childhood education and care, 2013 or latest year

10

France

United Kingdom

Korea

Australia

OECD average

Germany

United States

Japan

Italy

Mexico *

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Panel A. Participation rates for 0-2 year olds in formal childcare and pre-school services

FranceItaly

United KingdomGermany

KoreaJapan

OECD averageMexicoRussia

AustraliaUnited States

BrazilTurkey

Indonesia

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Panel B. Enrollment rates for 3-5 year olds in pre-primary or primary education (ISCED2011 levels 02 and 1)

… and so do fathers.

Note: Information refers to entitlements to paternity leave, 'father quotas' or periods of parental leave that can be used only by the father and cannot be transferred to the mother, and any weeks of sharable leave that must be taken by the father or second parent in order for the family to qualify for 'bonus' weeks of parental leave. Information as of April 2015.Source: OECD Family Database.

Duration of paid leave reserved for fathers (paid paternity leave and/or father-specific parental leave) in weeks, 2015

11

Korea

Japa

nFran

ce

German

y

OECD avera

ge

Austra

lia

United

Kingdo

mMex

icoTurk

ey Italy

Canad

a

United

States

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Weeks

Gender gaps in entrepreneurship

The share of the employed who are employers is defined as the Number of self-employed who have employees as a proportion of total employed. Data for Brazil and South Africa refer to 2013.Source: OECD Gender Data Portal

Share (%) of employed who are employers, all ages, by gender, 2014 or latest available

Italy

Korea

Brazil

Canad

a

South

Africa

German

y

OECD avera

ge

Mexico

France

Austra

lia

United

Kingdo

mTurk

ey

United

States

Japa

n0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Women Men

Share (%) of employed who are employers

12

Promote gender quality in public and private leadership - e.g. women in parliament

Data refer to share of women parliamentarians recorded as of 1 June 2016, and 25 October 25 2002. Data for South Africa do not include the 36 special rotating delegates appointed on an ad hoc basis and refer to the 54 permanent seats only. Bars in light blue represent countries with lower or single house parliaments with legislated candidate quotas and/or reserved seat quotas. Italy, India and South Africa do not have lower or single house parliaments with legislated candidate quotas and/or reserved seat quotas but do have legislation requiring candidate quotas for sub-national elections. In Australia, Canada, Germany, Italy, South Africa, Turkey and the United Kingdom some political parties operate voluntary party quotas. Source: OECD Gender Review of Mexico (forthcoming) for OECD member countries; Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) PARLINE database and IDEA Quota Project for non-OECD countries (accessed 15-09-2016).

Female share (%) of seats in lower or single house legislative bodies, 2002 and 2016

13

Mexico

South

Africa

German

y

Argenti

na Italy

United

Kingdo

m

OECD avera

ge

Austra

liaFran

ce

Canad

aChin

a

Saudi

Arabia

United

States

Indon

esia

Korea

Turkey

Russia

n Fed

.Ind

iaBraz

ilJa

pan

05

101520253035404550

2016 2002

Female share (%) of seats

Making the case for gender equality

• The OECD suggested at the Sherpa level to address gender issues, including in labor market.

• OECD analysis was instrumental in defining the G20 commitment on gender.

• The strategy was pursued at the leaders/Sherpa level, and technical work was advanced in the G20 Task Force on Employment.

14

The “25% by 2025”target could have large effects on labour supply and, thus, growth

Note: The “25-by-2025 (target)” scenario: male participation rates are projected based on average entry and exit rates for each five-year age group over the period 2003-2012; female participation rates are projected so that the 2012 gap between male and female participation rates within each five-year age group falls by 25% by 2025. The “50-by-2025” scenario: male participation rates are projected based on average entry and exit rates for each five-year age group over the period 2003-2012; female participation rates are projected so that the 2012 gap between male and female participation rates within each five-year age group falls by 50% by 2025Source: OECD estimates based on the OECD Population and Demography Database and the OECD Employment Database

Projected total size of the labour force (15-74 year olds) under different scenarios for the gender gap in labour force participation, thousands, selected countries, 2012-2025

15

Baseline 25-by-2025 (target) 50-by-2025

57000

58000

59000

60000

61000

62000

63000

64000

65000

Japan

152000

154000

156000

158000

160000

162000

164000

166000

United States

The G20 Gender Target

• A major breakthrough In 2014, under the Australian G20 presidency: Leaders agreed to reduce the gender gap in labour market participation rates by 25% by 2025 and 11 policy principles to improve the quality of employment.

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• This objective could have a “double dividend”: A 100 million more women into the labour force. A positive impact on productivity.

• The OECD, with the ILO, were charged with implementing this commitment which will help achieve the growth targets.

Progress is being made in many G20 countries

Note: The actual decline refers to the actual change in the gender gap between 2012 and 2015. The expected decline is calculated assuming a linear decline between 2012 and 2025 in the gender gap. For Argentina, the data for 2015 data refer to Q2 2015. No recent data are available for India or China to calculate the actual decline in the gender gap. For China, the data for 2012 have been projected to calculate the expected decline in the gender gap.Source: OECD calculations based on national labour force surveys.

Actual versus expected decline in gender participation gap, 2012-2015

Saudi

Arabia

India

Turkey

Mexico

Indon

esia

Argenti

naKore

aJa

pan

Italy

Brazil

China

South

Africa EU

Austra

lia UKSpa

in

United

States

German

y

Russia

n Fed

.

France

Canad

a-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

%Actual decline Expected decline

17

From Brisbane to Hamburg: Keeping the momentum on gender equality in the G20 (and the G7)

18

Brisbane G20 Summit (2014) and the 25x25 target

G7 Dialogue for Women convened by Chancellor

Merkel, in Berlin, in September 2015

G7 Schloss Elmau Summit (June 2015) with a focus

on female entrepreneurship

• OECD will monitor the delivery of the gender target.• As part of our broader mission to promote better policies for

better lives, in 2017 we will publish a report monitoring progress on our Gender Recommendation.

• There are many other work: Recommendation of Gender Equality in Public Life; Gendernet (Development Cooperation Assistant; Index of Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI OECD Development Center)

• Country work; Mexico, Austria, Pacific Alliance

Concluding remarks

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Thank you - Further information

Contact: Gabriela.ramos@oecd.orgFollow me: @gabramospOECD Gender Data PortalOECD Closing the Gender Gap - Act Now

www.oecd.org/gender www.genderindex.orgwww.oecd.org/dac/genderdevelopment/aboutgendernet

www.oecd.org/inclusive-growth

OECD Better Life Initiativehttp://www.oecd.org/statistics/how-s-life-23089679.htm

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