making inclusive growth happen in cities and regions · 2016-06-22 · final report october 2016 ....
TRANSCRIPT
MAKING INCLUSIVE GROWTH
HAPPEN IN CITIES AND REGIONS
Sofia, 16 June 2016
Paolo Veneri Regional Development Policy, OECD
•Provide a set of internationally comparable indicators to advance in the measurement of well-being (focus on people) and inclusiveness in OECD metropolitan areas.
•Assess the patterns of inclusive growth across OECD cities and regions. •Analyse how cities are co-ordinating policies and engaging citizens and private stakeholders to foster inclusive growth.
Data
Evidence
Decision making
Project on Making IG happen in cities and regions
OECD horizontal initiative on Inclusive Growth
Rationale and context
Final Report October 2016
HOW DO CITIES CONTRIBUTE TO HIGHER PROSPERITY AND
PEOPLE’S WELL-BEING?
Incomes of MA residents are on average 17% higher than the rest of
the population, but this difference varies across countries
4
Metropolitan vs. non metropolitan household disposable income ratio by country
per equivalent household; 2014 or latest available year
Note: The graph plots the ratio between household disposable income per equivalent household in metropolitan
areas over that in the rest of the national territory. Countries are ordered by increasing value of that ratio.
Metropolitan areas concentrate highly skilled people
5
Share of working-age population with tertiary education, 2012
Different patterns of economic growth and inclusion in MAs 2008-14
(Europe)
6
Vienna
Graz
Linz
Brussels Antwerp
Ghent
Liege
Zurich
Geneva
Basel
Prague
Brno
Ostrava
Berlin
Hamburg
Munich
Cologne
Frankfurt
Essen
Stuttgart
Leipzig Dresden
Dortmund
Düsseldorf Bremen
Hanover
Nuremberg Bochum
Freiburg im Breisgau Augsburg
Bonn
Karlsruhe
Saarbrücken
Duisburg
Mannheim Münster
Aachen
Copenhagen
Tallinn
Madrid
Barcelona
Valencia
Seville
Zaragoza
Málaga
Las Palmas
Bilbao Helsinki
Paris
Lyon
Toulouse
Strasbourg
Bordeaux
Nantes
Lille Montpellier
Saint-Étienne
Rennes
Grenoble
Toulon
Marseille
Nice
Rouen
Athens
Thessalonica
Budapest
Rome
Milan Naples
Turin
Palermo
Genova
Florence
Bari
Bologna
Catania
Venice
The Hague Amsterdam
Rotterdam
Utrecht
Eindhoven
Oslo
Warsaw
Lódz
Kraków
Wroclaw
Poznan
Gdansk
Lublin
Katowice
Lisbon Porto
Stockholm
Gothenburg
Malmö
Ljubljana
Bratislava
London
Birmingham (UK)
Leeds
Bradford
Liverpool
Manchester
Cardiff
Sheffield
Bristol
Newcastle
Leicester
Portsmouth
Nottingham
Glasgow
Edinburgh
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
-8% -6% -4% -2% 0% 2% 4% 6%
An
nu
al c
han
ge
in p
arti
cip
atio
n r
ate
in t
he
lab
ou
r m
arke
t (p
p)
Average annual growth of GDP per capita
Growing income, growing labour participation
Change in GDP pc and labour participation rates (Europe)
HOW DO INEQUALITIES PLAY OUT WITHIN CITIES?
Large difference in inequality are observed across OECD cities
8
Gini coefficients for household income in metropolitan areas, circa 2014
Metropolitan areas with minimum and maximum Gini coefficients, by country
Income inequalities are large within metropolitan areas and bigger
cities are on average more unequal
9
Metropolitan population and income inequality, circa 2014 (controlled for income levels and country effect)
Calera
San Fernando
Linares
Quillota
Ovalle
Melipilla
San Antonio
Punta Arenas
Calama
Curicó
Osorno
Valdivia
Copiapó
IquiqueLos Angeles
AricaChillán
Puerto Montt
Talca
AalborgOdenseRancagua
Antofagasta
Temuco
Coquimbo-La Serena
Aarhus
Toledo
Akron
Saint-Etienne
Irapuato
Venezia
Pachuca de Soto
Toulon
Bari
Gent
Durango
HarrisburgMadison
Wichita
Celaya
Linz
Little Rock
Graz
Des MoinesCharleston
Catania
Columbia
Montpellier
Richmond
Colorado Springs
Baton RougeGrenoble
Malmö
Benito JuárezRennesRouen
Albany
Providence
Genova
Grand RapidsSaltillo
Firenze
Reynosa
Oaxaca de Juárez
XalapaLiège
Tuxtla Gutiérrez
Bologna
Strasbourg
Dayton
Tampico
VeracruzHermosillo
McAllen
Acapulco de Juárez
Chihuahua
El Paso
NiceMorelia
Culiacán
Omaha
Nantes
Centro
Cuernavaca
Göteborg
Albuquerque
Concepción
Tulsa
Mexicali
Palermo
Birmingham
Aguascalientes
Valparaíso
Tucson
Buffalo
FresnoFort Worth
AntwerpenRaleigh
Norfolk-Portsmouth-Chesapeake-Virginia beach
Querétaro
Bordeaux
New Orleans
Clearwater/Saint Petersburg
San Luis Potosí
Luisville
Toulouse
JacksonvilleOklahoma city
Salt Lake City
Nashville
Memphis
Torreón
Mérida
Juárez
Lille
Pittsburgh
Tampa
Charlotte
Tijuana
León
Milwaukee
Indianapolis
Marseille
AustinCleveland
Torino
Columbus
Lyon
Toluca
Kansas CityCincinnati
StockholmLas Vegas
Copenhagen
BaltimoreSacramento/Roseville
San AntonioOrlando
Puebla
Portland
Bruxelles / Brussel
Denver
Saint Louis
WienSeattleSan DiegoBoston
Minneapolis
Philadelphia
DetroitNapoli
Roma
Phoenix
Milano
Monterrey
Atlanta
Guadalajara
Dallas
Washington
MiamiHouston
Santiago
San FranciscoChicago
Los AngelesNew York
Mexico City
.05
.1.1
5.2
.25
Gin
i coe
ffic
ien
t (c
om
pon
en
t plu
s r
esid
uals
)
10 12 14 16 18Ln of total metropolitan population
Top income households tend to segregate the most in
neighbourhoods, in Canada, France and US; while bottom income
households in the Netherlands
10
Spatial segregation by income, neighbourhood scale (entropy index)
Higher administrative fragmentation is associated with higher
segregation of people in different municipalities
11
Hypothesis: Fragmented metropolitan governance can facilitate segregation at the level of local units.
-.05
0
.05
.1.1
5
Ine
qu
alit
y b
etw
een
loca
l ju
risd
ictio
ns,
(C
om
po
ne
nt p
lus
resi
dua
l)
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1
Administrative fragmentation
Controlling for country
fixed effects and other
city characteristics
(i.e. income ,
population, spatial
structure), higher
administrative
fragmentation is
associated to higher
spatial segregation by
income in different
municipalities
POLICY APPROACHES FOR PROSPEROUS AND INCLUSIVE CITIES
Exploiting physical & environmental capital
in cities & regions
Growth Inclusion
Healthy communities
Connecting low-income communities to job opportunities
(e.g. public transport)
Affordable/quality housing
Green infrastructure
Transport investment
Land development
Achieve balance across
policy decisions that help
expand people’s life choices
& opportunities
Valorising human & social capital
in cities & regions
Bring all segments of the
skills spectrum…
High-skilled
Medium-skilled
Low-skilled
… into different entry points to
urban & regional labour markets
Education
Employment (in existing
firms)
Entrepreneurship
Informal employment
• Gather a solid evidence base of outcome indicators on the different aspects of people’s lives
• Build partnerships among stakeholders around common strategic projects
• Target policy interventions on the right geographical scale (which can range from neighbourhood scale to the metropolitan scale)
• Combine short-term & long-term interventions
• Support participatory decision making and peer learning
• Tap innovative sources of financing
• Establish policy monitoring mechanisms
Key steps for promoting inclusive growth
in cities & regions