making the most of fair use: how volunteer lawyers for the arts (vla) can use best practices
DESCRIPTION
A description of how lawyers can serve their arts clients with codes of best practices in fair use.TRANSCRIPT
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Pat Aufderheide Center for Social Media American University
FAIR USE AND COPYRIGHT:MAKING THE BEST USE OF BEST PRACTICES
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THIS COMES FROM• The Fair Use Project
• Five years of work with Washington College of Law
• Funded by MacArthur, Rockefeller, and Ford Foundations
• Co-principal investigator: Prof. Peter Jaszi ([email protected])
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OVERVIEW
• Copyright policy basics
• Imbalance in copyright policy
• Interpreting fair use
• Best practices codes
• Implications for VLA
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THE PURPOSE OF
COPYRIGHT
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ONE PURPOSE :
TO PROMOTE THE CREATION OF CULTURE
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By:
• Rewarding creators with limited monopoly
• Encouraging new makers to use existing culture
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WHY BALANCE?
• All culture created on existing culture (we used to know that)
• The First Amendment (no censorship)
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BIGGEST BALANCING FEATURE:
FAIR USE legal, unauthorized use of
copyrighted material--under
some circumstances
FAIR USE legal, unauthorized use of
copyrighted material--under
some circumstances
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THE RISE OF
TIGHT COPYRIGHT
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HOW WE GOT IMBALANCE• Copyright term extension
• Default copyright
• Punishing penalties (statutory damages)
• DMCA
• Treaties
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FORCES IMBALANCING THE LAW
• Post WWII media conglomeration (archives=assets)
• The Feds’ free-trade push
• Digitization + Internet
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DARK DAYSOF FAIR USE
• In ’80s, “fourth factor” balloons in importance
•Law-and-economics
•Koons decision 1992
• “Noncommerciality” (Betamax) an economic analysis
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TURNING ON THE LIGHT: JUDGE LEVAL
• 1990 Harvard L.R.article
• 1992 Texaco decision
• 1994 Campbell v. Acuff Rose
• And many many more, e.g. Bill Graham
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FAIR USE MOVES TO THE CENTER
• Judges love balancing features
• Supreme Court hangs term extension on fair use
•Eldred
•Golan
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FAIR USE:A Core First Amendment Right
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INTERPRETING
FAIR USE
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THE “FOUR FACTORS”
• Reason for the use
• Kind of work used
• Amount used
• Effect on the market
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AND, IN THE LAST 15 YEARS…
• Transformation
• Amount related to transformative purpose
Judges focus on
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JUDGES ASK:
• Did you transform the use?
• Did you use the appropriate amount to satisfy the transformative use?
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PLUS…
Custom and practice of individual creative communities…
...especially when well-documented*
*thanx Michael Madison
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FEAR…• Will I get it wrong?
• Will I get sued?
• Will my boss/general counsel client get angry?
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RUNAWAY RISK ASSESSMENTFirst Amendment rights all have risk
Risk assessments routine
No info? Assess at high risk
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BEST PRACTICES
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FROM PERMISSIONS TO AGENCY
• The client makes the call
• The lawyer enables good decisions
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COMMUNITIES INTERPRET FAIR USE:
• Documentary filmmakers
• Scholars
• Media literacy teachers
• Online video
• Dance collections
• OpenCourseWare
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PROCESS
• Research current practices and problems
• Expose community to consequences of confusion
• Work with community’s organizations to build code
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DOCUMENTARY
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RESULTS
• TV programmers air films
• New kinds of films made
• All insurers of errors and omission accept fair use claims
• Every H’wood studio employs fair use openly
• Lawyers use the Statement to build and grow their practices
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MEDIA LITERACY
TEACHERS
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RESULTS
• New curriculum in several states
• School district import the code into standards
• National video competitions use the Code
• New media literacy publications
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OPEN COURSEWARE
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RESULTS
• University GCs supportive
• MIT: 31 new courses in one year
•Previously rejected for OCW
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NEW!
• Association of Research Libraries’ Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Academic and Research Libraries
• Visual Resources Association’s Statement on the Fair Use of Images for Teaching, Research and Study
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WHAT HASN’THAPPENED• No loss to lawyers’
business (rather, increase)
• No legal challenges to Codes
• No lawsuits • *(two injunctions
summarily dismissed)
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FAIR USE:Practice Makes Practice (not only judges)
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MORE INFO, CHEAP
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MORE INFO, FREE
Centerforsocialmedia.org/fair-use
Codes!FAQs!Videos!
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Find this on Slideshare. Please feel free to share thispresentation in its entirety.For excerpting, kindly employthe principles of fair use.
Find this on Slideshare. Please feel free to share thispresentation in its entirety.For excerpting, kindly employthe principles of fair use.
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THANK YOU!
Peter JasziVLAMacArthur, Rockefeller, Ford, Mellon and McCormick Foundations
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CONTACT INFO
Pat Aufderheide Center for Social MediaSchool of Communication American University Washington, DC [email protected]