maladaptive behaviors among athletes: part 2 chapter 20: doping in sports alcohol abuse among...
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Maladaptive Behaviors Among Athletes: Part 2
Chapter 20: Doping in SportsAlcohol Abuse Among Athletes
Psychology of SportNov 13-16, 2009Classes #33-34
Doping
The use of an expedient (substance) which is potentially harmful but can enhance an athletes performance International Olympic Committee (2005)
Why do they do it?
Faustian PhilosophyWin at all costs
14% said they would take a pill that would make them a world-class athlete but would also kill them in 10 years
3% would still take the pill if it would kill them in 5 years
PsychologicalStressors Unique to Athletes
Time ManagementHow to fit athletics with academics
and social activities. Performance Issues
The athlete’s opinion of their abilities/performance, as well as teammates and coaches opinions.
Self EsteemCan be driven to a large part by how
they perform as an athlete.
Today’s Student-Athlete
Who are they?
What do they believe?
What substances are they using?
How can we help them?
Today’s Student-Athlete:Who Are They?
They don’t know Len Bias.
They weren’t around when he died in 1986 of a cocaine overdose.
Today’s Student-Athlete:Who Are They?
They weren’t born when the NCAA membership passed drug testing legislation in 1986
They weren’t born when Brian Bosworth wore his “NCAA” t-shirt (National Communists Against Athletes) on national TV after failing a pre-bowl drug test that same year.
Today’s Student-Athlete:Who Are They?
This year’s freshman class wasn’t even born in 1988 – the year Ben Johnson tested positive for steroids at the Olympics in Seoul
Today’s Student-Athlete:Who Are They?
They more likely know the name of an athlete who died after using ephedra.
Ephedra
The National Football League banned players from using ephedra as a dietary supplement in 2001 after the death of Minnesota Vikings offensive tackle Korey Stringer
The substance is also banned by the National Basketball Association
Today’s Student-Athlete:Who Are They?
They are more likely to have used someone else’s Ritalin or Adderall or know someone who has.
Today’s Student-Athlete:Who Are They?
They might know this player used “andro” and that it was legal
But probably can’t name a pro football player who injected steroids and died from cancer Can you?
Today’s Student-Athlete:Who Are They?
A generation that we can’t assume fully understands the negative side effects of taking steroids: Acne and cysts Male pattern
baldness Facial hair Depression Suicidal thoughts
What Do They Believe?
Most college athletes support drug testing by their schools and the NCAA.
College athletes should be randomly tested by NCAA.
NCAA drug testing deters use.
What Substances Are Athletes Using?
Most athletes do not use drugs.
Drug and supplement use differs between sports.
Use began in high school or middle school.
Drug Use
Major problems facing sport today Growing attention Deaths of elite athletes Increasing attention of media
Contrary to the ethical principles of athletic competition
Wide spread among athletes
The BALCO Scandal
Scandal involving the use of banned substances by professional athletes
The Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative was a San Francisco Bay Area business accused of supplying steroids to Major League Baseball players
The incident surrounds a 2002 US Federal government investigation of the laboratory
The BALCO Scandal
Founded in 1984 by Victor Conte
Sport supplement company
Types of drugs included Erythropoietin, Human Growth Hormone, Modafinil, Testosterone cream, and Tetrahydrogestrinone
Bonds is still being investigated...
Supplement use among general adolescent population from 19 – 25%
Among HS athletes, between 23 – 58%
Supplement use increases as age, grade and number of sports increase
Girls cite – lose weight, lose fat and look good
Boys cite – gain weight, increase muscle size and lose body fat
6.8% of male HS seniors and 5.3% of female HS seniors have used steroids
38% started before age 16
Drug & Supplement Use Differs Between Sports
Men’s Lacrosse
7.0% amphetamines
2.2% steroids 5.5% ephedrine 47.9% marijuana 32.2% spit tobacco
Drug & Supplement Use Differs Between Sports
Women’s Soccer
4.6% amphetamines
0.5% steroids 6.7 % ephedrine 32.4% marijuana 3.5% spit tobacco
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
CNS StimulantsAmphetamines
Delay fatigue, increase alertness, enhance speed, power, endurance, concentration
Hypertension, angina, vomiting, abdominal pain, cerebral hemorrhage, dependence, death
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
CNS Stimulants Caffeine
Shortened reaction time, improved concentration, diuresis
Glycogen sparing leading to delayed fatigue
> 12 ug/mL is a positive urine per IOC Dyspepsia, cardiac damage, combination
with other stimulants (e.g. ephedrine) may be fatal
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
Systemic stimulantsAdrenalin
In local anestheticsEphedrine and pseudoephedrine
Cold and allergy remediesPhenylpropanolamine
Diet pills Similar effects to the amphetamines in high
doses
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) Derivatives of testosterone First use generally later than other drugs Drug and method sought for maximum
anabolic and minimum androgenic properties Sprinting, weight lifting, body building Acne, abnormal LFTs, feminization,
virilization, premature closure of the epiphysial plates, behavioral changes “roid rage”, CVAs, cardiomyopathy
Adonis Complex
AAS use prevalent among adolescents
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
Beta 2 agonists Isoproterenol, epinephrine, norepinephrine Sympathomimetic amines, anabolic
properties Cardiac arrhythmias in overdose,
headaches Peptide hormones: HCG
Increases testosterone Maintains testicular volume with anabolic
steroid use Ovarian cysts
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
Pituitary and synthetic gonadotropins Increases testosterone, anti-estrogenic Ovarian cysts
Corticotropins Increase testosterone Rare and related to excess corticosteroids-
pituitary suppression, immunity, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
Human Growth Hormones (HGH) Increase muscle mass & decrease fat
mass Gigantism, acromegaly,
hypothyroidism, cardiac disease, myopathies, arthritis, diabetes mellitus, impotence, osteoporosis
HGHHGH
OffersOffers……
StrengthStrength
Growth Growth
Bone strengthBone strength
Tissue repairTissue repair
Protein formationProtein formation
Problems…Problems…
Considered Considered cheatingcheating
Highly Highly counterfeitedcounterfeited
AcromegalyAcromegaly– excessive growth... excessive growth...
Hands/feet enlarge, and Hands/feet enlarge, and jaw protrudes jaw protrudes
© 2006 The National Center for Drug Free Sport
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
Erythropoietin (EPO) Stimulates RBC production Increases oxygen carrying capacity CVAs
Blood doping RBC transfusion, artificial oxygen
carriers Increases oxygen carrying capacity Allergic reactions, sludging of blood
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS
Diuretics and other masking agentsMisused in sports requiring precise
weight managementBoxing, gymnastics, and
wrestling are examples
Gene Doping
Non-therapeutic use of cells, genes, genetic elements, or the modulation of gene expression to enhance athletic performance is prohibited
FOOD SUPPLEMENTS
Viewed as legal means of gaining edge 76-100% of athletes use vs. 50%
general population May or may not contribute to enhanced
performance Creatine, colostrum, antioxidants, sodium
bicarbonate, vitamins, proteins, amino acids Adverse effects not investigated
Stop Giving Mixed Messages
• Alcohol sponsorships
• Dietary supplement sponsorships
This would be better...
NCAA Initiatives for Student-Athlete Well-Being
Health and Safety Alcohol and Other Drugs Nutrition and Performance Mental Health Promotion GLBT issues Hazing Prevention
College Students: Alcohol is Still #1
Use Within Last 30 days:
Alcohol 70% Tobacco 20% Marijuana 19% Other drugs 3%
Alcohol and Athletes
We expect athletes to avoid alcohol because their success depends on physical & mental health
However, athletes use at a higher rate than non-athletes
80% of athletes use alcohol
Higher rates of heavy drinking among athletes
Alcohol and AthletesAlcohol and Athletes
More athletes report experiencing More athletes report experiencing alcohol-relatedalcohol-related harms than non- harms than non-athletes. athletes.
These includeThese include… … Academic problemsAcademic problemsEmergency room visitsEmergency room visitsGetting into trouble with the policeGetting into trouble with the police
We’ll present the facts…you decide.We’ll present the facts…you decide.
AlcoholAlcohol
Interferes with the loading of Interferes with the loading of carbohydrates in muscles (carbohydrates in muscles (muscle muscle glycogen synthesisglycogen synthesis), ),
Lengthens the recoveryLengthens the recovery and and rehabilitation from injury. rehabilitation from injury. Alcohol and Athletic Performance
Jacqueline R. Berning, Ph.D., R.D.University of Colorado1996
Alcohol and AthletesAlcohol and Athletes
Moderate use (2-3 drinks)…Moderate use (2-3 drinks)…
Reduces motor coordination for Reduces motor coordination for up up to 12 to 18 hours after drinkingto 12 to 18 hours after drinking..
Results in Results in decreased aerobic capacitydecreased aerobic capacity and negative impact on endurance and negative impact on endurance for up to for up to 48 hours48 hours after the last after the last drink has been consumed.drink has been consumed.
Alcohol and AthletesAlcohol and Athletes
Moderate use (2-3 drinks)…Moderate use (2-3 drinks)…
Can Can cut supplies of vitaminscut supplies of vitamins to below to below normal levels. normal levels.
The body The body excretes calcium at twice excretes calcium at twice the normal ratethe normal rate
Sleep patterns are affectedSleep patterns are affected by even by even moderate alcohol intake moderate alcohol intake
Middlebury College - Middlebury, Vermont,
http://www.middlebury.edu/offices/healthed/
The days afterThe days after
Alcohol negatively effects Alcohol negatively effects performance performance 25 to 48 hours after the 25 to 48 hours after the last drinklast drink
The reduction in quality of The reduction in quality of trainingtraining and and sleepsleep in the period after its in the period after its consumption, may cause a reduction consumption, may cause a reduction in performance in performance over the days over the days following this periodfollowing this period..
Alcohol interferes with…Alcohol interferes with…
recoveryrecoveryprotein synthesisprotein synthesishydrationhydrationglycogen synthesisglycogen synthesismotivationmotivationmoodmoodnutrient intakenutrient intakesleepsleep
AlcoholAlcoholThe The liver treats alcohol like a poisonliver treats alcohol like a poison. .
Drinkers Drinkers throw upthrow up to prevent death to prevent death by alcohol toxicityby alcohol toxicity
Alcohol is a solvent that adversely Alcohol is a solvent that adversely affects every human cell affects every human cell except fatexcept fat
*sources-NCAA.org and ALAC.org*sources-NCAA.org and ALAC.org
AlcoholAlcohol Alcohol is a Alcohol is a depressantdepressant
(blocks acetylcholine = decreased serotonin)(blocks acetylcholine = decreased serotonin)
Alcohol leads to decreased GABA, leading Alcohol leads to decreased GABA, leading to to anxiety and depressionanxiety and depression symptoms symptoms long long after drinkingafter drinking
3 college students die each day3 college students die each day of alcohol of alcohol related problemsrelated problems
*sources-NCAA.org and ALAC.org*sources-NCAA.org and ALAC.org
Credits
Some slides in this presentation prepared by the following website: http://spinner.cofc.edu/Betterthingstodo/
Presentations/Athletes%20substance%20abuse%20and%20peak%20performance.ppt#267,2,Athletes, substance use, and peak performance