malaria in sudan

7/27/2019 Malaria in Sudan

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Malaria In Sudan

Abbas El Subai

Medical University Of Lodz



What’s Malaria & Where’s The Sudan



The Sudan

Northeast africa

About one-fourth the size of the USA.

The Red Sea washes about 500 mi of the easterncoast.

Transversed from south to north by the RiverNile.



Neighboring Countries



The Sudanese Flag



Khartoum



Khartoum @ Night



Government



Sudan Demography Profile 2013

Population: 25,946,220

Population growth rate: 1.88% (2012 est.)

Infant mortality rate:55.6 deaths/1,000 livebirths.



Males National Dress



Who Is He?



Females National Dress



Sudan Beauty



Food Sudanese people are very hospitable. Meals areeaten around a large, communal tray on whichvarious meat, vegetable, salad, and sauce dishes

are placed. Soup is very important. These areeaten with the right hand, using flat bread or astiff millet porridge known as asida or kisra.

Sometime spoons are used when bread isreplaced with rice.



Food Cont…

Egyptian peans, known as Ful-Mussri is themajor dish in either breakfast or dinner.

Peanuts, known as Ful-Sudani, are a popularsnack, and can be made into deliciousmacaroons.



Take It Easy Bro…



Drinks

The strong Sudanese coffee is served from aspecial tin ‘jug’ with a long spout, known as a

jebena. The coffee is sweet and often spiced with

ginger or cinnamon, and is drunk from tiny cupsor glasses.

Fruit teas and herbal teas such as karkaday

(hibiscus tea) are also popular.



Ethnicity

Sudanese Ethnic groups: Sudanese Arab(approximately 70%), Fur, Beja, Nuba, Fallata.

Religions: Sunni Muslim, small Christianminority.

Languages: Arabic (official), English, Nubian, TaBedawie, Fur.



Major Infectious Diseases

degree of risk: very high:

Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoaldiarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever.

Vector borne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, Africantrypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)

Water contact disease: schistosomiasis.

Respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis . animal contact disease: rabies.



What’s Malaria?

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a type of unicellular

microorganism) of the genus Plasmodium.Commonly, the disease is transmitted via a bitefrom an infected female Anopheles mosquito,which introduces the organisms from its saliva

into the person's circulatory system. In the blood,the protists travel to the liver to mature andreproduce.



Types Of Plasmodium

Five species of Plasmodium can infect and betransmitted by humans. The vast majority of deaths are caused by P. falciparum and P. vivax,

while P. ovale, and P. malariae cause a generally milder form of malaria that is rarely fatal.The zoonotic species P. knowlesi, prevalent in

Southeast Asia, causes malaria in macaques butcan also cause severe infections in humans.



Data From 2002

Malaria incident in sudan was est about 9million episodes.

Death due to malaria was about 44,000



Strategies for Preventing Malaria

Use of insecticide-treatment mosquito nets (ITN).

Indor residual sprays (IRS)



Romantic Bed Nets



Symptoms & Signs

flulikE illness with fever Chills Malagia Headache nausea vomiting cough Diarrhea Jaundice of the skin and whites of the eyes due to destruction of red blood cells and liver cells. People with severe P. falciparum malaria can develop bleeding problems, shock, liver

or kidney failure, central nervous system problems, coma, and can die from the

infection or its complications. Cerebral malaria can occur with severe P.falciparum infection. It is lethal if not treated quickly; even with treatment, about 15%-20% die.



Diagnosis

Travel history

Blood smear on a microscope slide.

Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTS).

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests.



Treatment Of Malaria

Three main factors determine treatments: theinfecting species of Plasmodium parasite, theclinical situation of the patient (for example,

adult, child, or pregnant female with eithermild or severe malaria), and the drugsusceptibility of the infecting parasites.



Treatment Cont…

Drug treatment of malaria is not alwayseasy. Chloroquine phosphate is the drug of choice for all malarial parasites except for

chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium strains.Multiple drug-treatment protocols for

treatment of drug-resistant Plasmodium strains(for example, quinine sulfate + doxycycline

or tetracycline, or clindamycin or atovaquone-proguan.



Thank You ….

malaria in sudan

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