Malarial parasiteMalarial parasite

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION 1. Devastating disease.1. Devastating disease. 2. More or less 2.5 million people die 2. More or less 2.5 million people die every year of malaria.every year of malaria. 3. In 1827 the word malaria was first used 3. In 1827 the word malaria was first used by Macculoch.by Macculoch. 4. In 1880 Charles Lavern reported that 4. In 1880 Charles Lavern reported that malarial parasites are present in the blood of malarial parasites are present in the blood of a malarial patient.a malarial patient. 5. In 1894 Patrick Manson told that mosquitoes 5. In 1894 Patrick Manson told that mosquitoes are the carrier of malarial parasite.are the carrier of malarial parasite. 6. In 1887 Dr. Ronald Ross proved that malarial 6. In 1887 Dr. Ronald Ross proved that malarial

parasites are sucked by female Anopheles parasites are sucked by female Anopheles mosquitoes.mosquitoes.

SPECIES OF MALARIAL SPECIES OF MALARIAL PARASITEPARASITE

1. P. vivax. B. T. Disease. 48 hrs 1. P. vivax. B. T. Disease. 48 hrs 2. P. ovale. M. T. “ 48 hrs2. P. ovale. M. T. “ 48 hrs 3. P. falciparum. Mg. T “ 36—48 hrs.3. P. falciparum. Mg. T “ 36—48 hrs. 4. P. malariae. Q. malaria. 72 hrs.4. P. malariae. Q. malaria. 72 hrs. HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION.HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. 1. It lives in the R. B. C. of man.1. It lives in the R. B. C. of man. 2. It is widely distributed in tropical2. It is widely distributed in tropical and temperate countries.and temperate countries.

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION P.—Apicomplexa.P.—Apicomplexa. C---Sporozoa.C---Sporozoa. O---Haemosporidia.O---Haemosporidia. F ---PlasmodidaeF ---Plasmodidae G ---PlasmodiumG ---Plasmodium Sp ---P. vivax.Sp ---P. vivax. P. ovale.P. ovale. p. falciparum.p. falciparum. p. malariep. malarie

HOSTSHOSTS1.Man . 2. Anopheles mosquito1.Man . 2. Anopheles mosquito

STRUCTURESTRUCTURE 1. It is called trophozoite.1. It is called trophozoite. 2. Amoeboid, Uninucleated, Vacuolated 2. Amoeboid, Uninucleated, Vacuolated granular cytoplasm.granular cytoplasm. 3. Ribonucleoproteins, E. 3. Ribonucleoproteins, E.

R. ,Mitochondria,Golgi bodies, Pinocytic R. ,Mitochondria,Golgi bodies, Pinocytic vacuoles +vacuoles +

4. Length 11—12 micron and width .05-1 4. Length 11—12 micron and width .05-1 micronmicron

5. It is sickle-shaped.5. It is sickle-shaped.

STRUCTURE OF STRUCTURE OF SPOROZOITESPOROZOITE

1. It is very small.1. It is very small. 2. Length 10—14 m micron.2. Length 10—14 m micron. 3. Width 0.05—1mm.3. Width 0.05—1mm. 4. It is bended and both ends pointed.4. It is bended and both ends pointed. 5. Body is covered by tough elastic cuticle.5. Body is covered by tough elastic cuticle. 6. Cuticle is composed of 11 fibres.6. Cuticle is composed of 11 fibres. 7. Concave apical cap is formed by 3 rings.7. Concave apical cap is formed by 3 rings. 8. Rhoptry opens into apical cap.8. Rhoptry opens into apical cap. 9. Micropyle is situated behind rhoptry.9. Micropyle is situated behind rhoptry. 10. Haploid nucleus, Many mitochondria, 10. Haploid nucleus, Many mitochondria,

Many microtubules are present.Many microtubules are present.

STRUCTURE OF STRUCTURE OF TROPHOZOITETROPHOZOITE

1. It ingests foods.1. It ingests foods. 2. It is covered by two membranes.2. It is covered by two membranes. 3. Many proteinaceous particles are 3. Many proteinaceous particles are

seen.seen. 4. Nucleus is bigger.4. Nucleus is bigger. 5. E. R. ,Mitochondria, and Golgi 5. E. R. ,Mitochondria, and Golgi

bodies are +bodies are + 6. Vacuole many.6. Vacuole many.

LIFE CYCLELIFE CYCLE Life cycle has two stages. Yhey are Life cycle has two stages. Yhey are

as follows :as follows : 1. Schyzogony1. Schyzogony 2. Sporogony2. Sporogony SCHYZOGONY.SCHYZOGONY.

1. It is divided in to two stages :1. It is divided in to two stages :

a) Hepatic schyzogony.a) Hepatic schyzogony.

b) Erythrocytic schyzogony.b) Erythrocytic schyzogony.

HEPATIC SCHYZOGONYHEPATIC SCHYZOGONY

1. This stage is divided in to two phases :1. This stage is divided in to two phases : a) Pre-Erythrocytic Schyzogony.a) Pre-Erythrocytic Schyzogony. 1. Sporozoite is spindle shaped.1. Sporozoite is spindle shaped. 2. Nucleus one.2. Nucleus one. 3. Sporozoites become round by taking3. Sporozoites become round by taking foods.foods. 4. CRYPTOZOITE is formed.4. CRYPTOZOITE is formed. 5. Next SCHIZONT is formed.5. Next SCHIZONT is formed. 6. Next CRYPTOMEROZOITES formed.6. Next CRYPTOMEROZOITES formed. 7. Some attacks hepatic cells.7. Some attacks hepatic cells. 8. Some attacks R. B. C.8. Some attacks R. B. C.

b) EXO-ERYTHROCYTIC STAGEb) EXO-ERYTHROCYTIC STAGE 1. Cryptomerozoites enters in to hepatic cells.1. Cryptomerozoites enters in to hepatic cells. 2. They grow in size by taking foods.2. They grow in size by taking foods. 3. Converts into SCHIZONT.3. Converts into SCHIZONT. 4. Then PHANEROZOITES./ meta-4. Then PHANEROZOITES./ meta-

cryptomerozoites.cryptomerozoites. 5. Then SCHIZONT.5. Then SCHIZONT. 6. It converts into two : 1. Macro-, 2. Micro-6. It converts into two : 1. Macro-, 2. Micro- 7. Micro-metacryptomerozoites entering R, B,. 7. Micro-metacryptomerozoites entering R, B,.

C.C.

ERYTHROCYTIC ERYTHROCYTIC SCHIZOGONYSCHIZOGONY

This stage has the following stages :This stage has the following stages : 1. Trophozoite : Round disc like shape.1. Trophozoite : Round disc like shape. Single large nucleus +.Single large nucleus +. 2. Signet ring : Vacuoles appear. Nucleus 2. Signet ring : Vacuoles appear. Nucleus is placed one side. It is ringlikeis placed one side. It is ringlike 3. Amoeboid Trophozoite : It looks like 3. Amoeboid Trophozoite : It looks like Amoeba. It ingest haemoglobin. Amoeba. It ingest haemoglobin. Haemoglobin decomposed in to Haemoglobin decomposed in to Amino acid and Haematin . R. B. C. Amino acid and Haematin . R. B. C. become larger.Schuffners dots +become larger.Schuffners dots +

4. Schizont.4. Schizont. a) Round shape.a) Round shape. b) Nucleus divides.b) Nucleus divides. c) 12-24 daughter nuclei formed.c) 12-24 daughter nuclei formed. d) Nuclei lie on the periphery.d) Nuclei lie on the periphery. 5. Merozoite.5. Merozoite. 6. Formation of Gametocyte.6. Formation of Gametocyte.

a) Male gamete.a) Male gamete.

1. Smaller size.1. Smaller size.

2. 9-10 m. micron diameter.2. 9-10 m. micron diameter.

3. Nucleus large.3. Nucleus large.

4. Cytoplasm stain blue.4. Cytoplasm stain blue.

b) Female gamete.b) Female gamete.

1. Larger in size.1. Larger in size.

2. 10-12 m. micron diameter.2. 10-12 m. micron diameter.

SPOROGONYSPOROGONY

SPOROGONY : It has two phases :SPOROGONY : It has two phases : 1. Gametogony.1. Gametogony. 2. Sporogony.2. Sporogony. GAMETOGONY : In this stage GAMETOGONY : In this stage

gametes are formed. It has two gametes are formed. It has two stages . These are as follows :stages . These are as follows :

a) Formation of male gamete.a) Formation of male gamete. b) formation of female gamete.b) formation of female gamete.

Fertilization : Male and female Fertilization : Male and female gamete fuse together to form zygoye gamete fuse together to form zygoye is known as fertilization.is known as fertilization.

Formation of Ookinite.Formation of Ookinite. Formation of oocyst.Formation of oocyst. Formation of Sporozoite.Formation of Sporozoite. Release of sporozoites.Release of sporozoites. Period of incubation.Period of incubation.

Haemozoin.Haemozoin. Symptoms of malaria.Symptoms of malaria. 1. High temp.1. High temp. 2. Violent shivering with convulsions and 2. Violent shivering with convulsions and

chills.chills. 3. Temp. comes ana down with the 3. Temp. comes ana down with the

interval of 6-10 hrs.interval of 6-10 hrs. 4. Vomiting, Apitizement, Sleeplessness,4. Vomiting, Apitizement, Sleeplessness, Severe headache, muscle pain etc.Severe headache, muscle pain etc.

5. Many R. B. C. destroyed and 5. Many R. B. C. destroyed and damaged.damaged.

6. Anaemia seen.6. Anaemia seen. 7. Liver increased.7. Liver increased. 8. Spleen and liver enlarged.8. Spleen and liver enlarged. 9. Lysolecithin realeased.9. Lysolecithin realeased. 10. Haemolysin is produced.10. Haemolysin is produced. 11. Patient become pale.11. Patient become pale.

Cause of rise of temp.Cause of rise of temp. Diagnosis of malaria.Diagnosis of malaria. Fate of R. B. C. infected by Fate of R. B. C. infected by

Plasmodium.Plasmodium. Importance of two hosts.Importance of two hosts. Mosquitoes are not attacked by Mosquitoes are not attacked by

malaria.malaria.

CONTROL OF MALARIACONTROL OF MALARIA 1.DESTRUCTION OF MOSQUITOES.1.DESTRUCTION OF MOSQUITOES. 1.Killing of mosquitoes.1.Killing of mosquitoes. a) By spraying D D T , B H C , Dieldrin, a) By spraying D D T , B H C , Dieldrin, Paris green etc.Paris green etc. b)By applying fumes of So2 .b)By applying fumes of So2 . 2. Preventing breeding.2. Preventing breeding. a) By filling up Ditches, Ponds, Swampy a) By filling up Ditches, Ponds, Swampy places.places. b) By spraying Kerosine ,Insecticides.b) By spraying Kerosine ,Insecticides. c) By introducing some fishes.c) By introducing some fishes. d) By applying Gamma ray.d) By applying Gamma ray.

3. Prevention of infection.3. Prevention of infection. a) Use of preventive drugs.a) Use of preventive drugs. b) Use of insect repellents, nets , b) Use of insect repellents, nets , c) Screning of windows.c) Screning of windows. d) Use of anti-malarial drugs like d) Use of anti-malarial drugs like

QuinineQuinine Paludrine, Chloroquine etc.Paludrine, Chloroquine etc.

4. Treatment of infected person.4. Treatment of infected person. a)Using the bark of Cinchona tree.a)Using the bark of Cinchona tree. b) Application of Quinine.b) Application of Quinine. c) Using of Chloroquine , c) Using of Chloroquine ,

Mephloquine , Mephloquine , Mepacrine , Paludrine etc.Mepacrine , Paludrine etc.

PARASITEPARASITE

Definition : The organism which lives on Definition : The organism which lives on other organism for the whole life or a part of other organism for the whole life or a part of their life, takes shelter and food from them , their life, takes shelter and food from them , and do harm to themis known as parasite.and do harm to themis known as parasite.

Type.Type. 1. Temporary parasite.1. Temporary parasite. 2. Permanent parasite.2. Permanent parasite. 3. Ectoparasite.3. Ectoparasite. 4. Endoparasite.4. Endoparasite.

a) Intracellular parasite.a) Intracellular parasite. b) Intercellular parasite.b) Intercellular parasite. 5. Phytoparasite.5. Phytoparasite. 6. Zooparasite.6. Zooparasite. 7. Facultative parasite.7. Facultative parasite. 8. Occasional /Accidental parasite.8. Occasional /Accidental parasite. 9. Hyperparasite.9. Hyperparasite. PARASITISM to be discussed.PARASITISM to be discussed.