malaysia harrison lau lik nang recommendation and lessons learned on … · ·...

RECOMMENDATION AND LESSONS LEARNED ON THE

USE OF BIODIESEL FOR FUTURE PRACTICE

DATO’ DR. CHOO YUEN MAY DR. HARRISON LAU LIK NANG

MR. YUNG CHEE LIANG

APEC Workshop on Establishment of the Guidelines for the Development of Biodiesel Standards in the APEC Region. 16-17 July 2008, Chinese Taipei

Presentation Outline

Overview of Malaysian Palm Oil IndustryMalaysian Palm Biodiesel IndustryTechnical Evaluation of Palm Biodiesel as Diesel Substitute and Effects on Engine Lubricating Oil MPOB Winter-grade Palm Biodiesel TechnologyPME Standards and National Biofuel PolicyRecommendations and Conclusion

World Palm Oil ProductionWorld Palm Oil Production

About 20 tropical countries involved in oil palm About 20 tropical countries involved in oil palm cultivation.cultivation.

In 2007, palm Oil shares ~30% of world oils and fats In 2007, palm Oil shares ~30% of world oils and fats market.market.

Total world oils and fats production: 139.2 mil t.Total world oils and fats production: 139.2 mil t.

Malaysia, Indonesia and Nigeria are 3 major producers Malaysia, Indonesia and Nigeria are 3 major producers of palm oil and account for more than 80% of world of palm oil and account for more than 80% of world palm oil production. palm oil production.

In 2007, Malaysia produced 15.8 mil In 2007, Malaysia produced 15.8 mil tonnestonnes CPO and CPO and exported > 90% of palm oil products. exported > 90% of palm oil products.

Current CPO price is ~USD 1,095.00. Current CPO price is ~USD 1,095.00.

2007

Oil Palm Cultivation = 4.3 million hectaresCPO Production = 15.8 million tonnes

Harvesting of FFBHarvesting of FFBFresh Fruit Bunch Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB)(FFB)

Oil Palm PlantationOil Palm Plantation

Aerial View of a Palm Oil MillAerial View of a Palm Oil Mill

Palm FruitPalm FruitPalm KernelPalm Kernel

Palm Oil Refinery RBD: Refined, bleached and deodorised

Average RBDP Olein price in June 2008 is RM 3,859.00 (USD 1200.00)

Biodiesel Industry in MalaysiaBiodiesel Industry in Malaysia

To-date, 15 biodiesel plants have been constructed with total capacity of 1,274,000 TPA.

However in June 2008, 7/15 biodiesel plants are active in operation.

Progress of Approved Biodiesel Projects (June 2008)

0

2

4

6

8Mil. Tonnes

Biodiesel Capacity 642,000 260,000 372,000 453,000 1,306,500 7,160,130

Feedstock Requirement 660,750 260,000 374,000 456,000 1,315,895 7,335,276

In Operation Not In Operation ConstructionCompleted Construction Pre-Construction Planning

619657 3

Biodiesel Production (JanBiodiesel Production (Jan--June 2008)June 2008)

10,485

2,179 339 1,358

5,298

17,588

37,247

-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

January-08 February-08

March-08 April-08 May-08 June-08 Total(January -June 2008)

-

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

May-07

Jun -07

Jul-0

7Aug-0

7Se

p-07Oct-0

7Nov-0

7Dec-0

7Ja

n-08Feb-08Mar-

08Apr-0

8May

-08'000 Tonnes

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

RM/Tonne

Biodiesel Production (Tonnes) Biodiesel Export (Tonnes) CPO Prices (RM/Tonne)

Production and Export of Biodiesel (Tonnes) and CPO Prices (RM/Tonne)

Malaysian Biodiesel ExportDestination (Jan-Dec 2007)

U.S.A.(51,963 tonnes)

56%

Singapore(5,665 tonnes)

6%

Puerto Rico(6,001 tonnes)

6%EU

(24,696 tonnes)26%

Australia(6,065 tonnes)

6%

FLEET TESTS:FLEET TESTS:Effect of Diesel vs. Palm Effect of Diesel vs. Palm

Biodiesel on Engine Biodiesel on Engine Lubricating OilLubricating Oil

Collaboration between MPOB, Petronas and Mercedes-Benz

First CPO Methyl Esters First CPO Methyl Esters Properties / CharacteristicsProperties / Characteristics

19821982--1995, pilot plant scale (3,000 TPA) 1995, pilot plant scale (3,000 TPA) and exhaustive field trial with Mercedes and exhaustive field trial with Mercedes Benz diesel engine.Benz diesel engine.Promising technical results were obtained. Promising technical results were obtained. Engine durability comparable to dieselEngine durability comparable to diesel--fueled engine. fueled engine. Marked reduction in black smoke and soot. Marked reduction in black smoke and soot. Comparable CO emission but slightly higher Comparable CO emission but slightly higher NOxNOx. .

Properties of CPO Methyl Properties of CPO Methyl Esters Used in Field Trial Esters Used in Field Trial

TriglyceidesTriglyceides –– 0.450.45--1.11%1.11%DiglyceridesDiglycerides –– 0.270.27--0.51%0.51%MonoglyceridesMonoglycerides –– 0.750.75--1.25%1.25%CabonCabon residue residue –– 0.05% mass0.05% massAcid number Acid number –– 0.5 0.5 mgKOH/gmgKOH/g

Basis for Draft German Biodiesel Standard (DIN 51606), September 1997.

Engine SpecificationsEngine Specifications

MercedesMercedes--Benz DI CI commercial vehicle Benz DI CI commercial vehicle engine OM 352.engine OM 352.Cylinders Cylinders –– 6, in6, in--linelineBore Bore –– 97mm97mmStroke Stroke –– 128mm128mmDisplacement Displacement –– 5.715.71Compression ratio Compression ratio –– 17:117:1Power Output Power Output –– 96 kW at 2800 rpm96 kW at 2800 rpm

Test conditionsTest conditions

Fuel: (a) Pure POME (b) 50% POME Fuel: (a) Pure POME (b) 50% POME and 50% Diesel (c) Pure Dieseland 50% Diesel (c) Pure DieselLubricating oil: Shell Lubricating oil: Shell RimulaRimula X SAE 40.X SAE 40.30 engines were operated in OF 1313 30 engines were operated in OF 1313 buses, produced and measured in buses, produced and measured in Brazil, shipped and fitted in Malaysia Brazil, shipped and fitted in Malaysia by Cycle&Carriage by Cycle&Carriage BintangBintang, assisted by , assisted by DaimlerDaimler--Benz.Benz.

Test conditionsTest conditions

Oil samples were taken every 2500 km Oil samples were taken every 2500 km and sent to Germany for used oil and sent to Germany for used oil analysis.analysis.Lubrication oil was changed every Lubrication oil was changed every 15,000 km cf. normally 6,000 km.15,000 km cf. normally 6,000 km.Total mileage covered by each bus is Total mileage covered by each bus is 300,000 km with 200 300,000 km with 200 –– 350 km/day. 350 km/day.

EmissionsEmissionsHigher Higher NOxNOx emissions for biodiesel compared emissions for biodiesel compared to diesel to diesel –– find suitable additivesfind suitable additives

78.7590.62

96.63

55

7380.85

70.6

86.0593.92

113.69 107.23 105.5

50

8387

0

20

40

60

80

100

HC CO SMOKE NOx PM

B50 B20 B10

Conclusion of Fleet Test Results Conclusion of Fleet Test Results on Engine Lubricating Oil on Engine Lubricating Oil

The contamination of lubricating oil by ester The contamination of lubricating oil by ester must be monitored in order to avoid must be monitored in order to avoid problems such as extreme dilution, problems such as extreme dilution, sludgingsludgingand lubricating oil failure.and lubricating oil failure.The viscosity of lubricating oil in dieselThe viscosity of lubricating oil in diesel--fueled engine after 15,000 km exceed those fueled engine after 15,000 km exceed those of fresh oil. However, oil viscosity is lower in of fresh oil. However, oil viscosity is lower in all cases for ester buses. This is partly due all cases for ester buses. This is partly due to the diluting effect and also cleaner to the diluting effect and also cleaner combustion of ester (less soot).combustion of ester (less soot).Oil samples from diesel engines were much Oil samples from diesel engines were much more contaminated (total dirt analysis) than more contaminated (total dirt analysis) than samples from ester engines.samples from ester engines.

Conclusion of Fleet Test Results Conclusion of Fleet Test Results on Engine Lubricating Oilon Engine Lubricating Oil

Oil samples from POME engines only contain Oil samples from POME engines only contain about half the amount of iron as samples about half the amount of iron as samples from diesel engines. It seems that with from diesel engines. It seems that with ester fuel, wear is in any case at least as ester fuel, wear is in any case at least as low as with diesel operation.low as with diesel operation.The The MolybdeniumMolybdenium values of the oil samples values of the oil samples from diesel operation were also higher than from diesel operation were also higher than those from ester fuel. This indicates that those from ester fuel. This indicates that piston ring wear is smaller in ester operation.piston ring wear is smaller in ester operation.The lubricating oil filter charge values for The lubricating oil filter charge values for ester engines are lower than for diesel ester engines are lower than for diesel engines. engines.

Limitation of Palm Biodiesel to Limitation of Palm Biodiesel to be Used as Diesel Substitute be Used as Diesel Substitute

High CFPP High CFPP –– 1515°°C limit the use of palm biodiesel C limit the use of palm biodiesel in tropical countries only. in tropical countries only. Due to inherent property: high saturation ME cf. Due to inherent property: high saturation ME cf. rapeseed and soybean ME. rapeseed and soybean ME. MPOB has developed winterization technology to MPOB has developed winterization technology to produce palm biodiesel with CFPP ranging from 0 to produce palm biodiesel with CFPP ranging from 0 to -- 2121°°C.C.ToTo--date, 6 commercial normal palm biodiesel plants date, 6 commercial normal palm biodiesel plants with capacity ranging from 60,000 to 120,000 TPA with capacity ranging from 60,000 to 120,000 TPA have been built. 3 commercial winterhave been built. 3 commercial winter--grade grade biodiesel plants were built. biodiesel plants were built.

Commercial WinterCommercial Winter--Grade Palm Grade Palm Biodiesel PlantsBiodiesel Plants

Carotino Sdn. Bhd. Titian Asli Sdn. Bhd.

Commercial WinterCommercial Winter--Grade Palm Grade Palm Biodiesel PlantsBiodiesel Plants

Golden Hope Biodiesel Sdn. Bhd.

Malaysian Automotive Fuels Malaysian Automotive Fuels –– Palm Palm Methyl Esters (PME) for Diesel EnginesMethyl Esters (PME) for Diesel Engines

ISO 10370ISO 10370

ASTM D 4530ASTM D 4530

0.300.30

0.050.05

--% (m/m)% (m/m)Carbon residue Carbon residue (on 10% distillation residue (on 10% distillation residue –– ISO 10370)ISO 10370)(on 100% distillation sample (on 100% distillation sample –– ASTM D 4530)ASTM D 4530)

ISO 20846ISO 20846ISO 20884ISO 20884


10.010.0--mg/kg mg/kg Sulfur contentSulfur content

ISO 3679ISO 3679ee

MS 686MS 686--120120°°C C Flash pointFlash point

ISO 3104ISO 3104MS 1831MS 1831

5.005.003.503.50mmmm22/s /s Viscosity at 40 Viscosity at 40 °°CC

ISO 3675ISO 3675ISO 12185ISO 12185


900900860860kg/mkg/m33Density at 15 Density at 15 °°CCEN 14103EN 14103--96.596.5% (m/m)% (m/m)Ester Ester contentcontentaa

MaximumMaximumMinimumMinimumTest MethodsTest MethodsLimitsLimitsUnitUnitPropertyProperty


ISO 2160ISO 2160MS 787MS 787

Class 1Class 1ratingratingCopper strip corrosion Copper strip corrosion (3 h at 50 (3 h at 50 °°C)C)

EN 12662EN 12662ASTM D 5452ASTM D 5452

2424--mg/kgmg/kgTotal contaminationTotal contamination

ISO 12937ISO 12937ASTM E 203ASTM E 203


500500--mg/kgmg/kgWater contentWater content

ISO 3987ISO 3987ASTM D 874ASTM D 874

0.020.02--% (m/m)% (m/m)Sulfated ash contentSulfated ash content

ISO 5165ISO 5165MS 1895MS 1895

--51.051.0CetaneCetane numbernumber

MaximumMaximumMinimumMinimum

Test Test methodsmethodsaaLimitsLimitsUnitUnitPropertyProperty


EN 14105ASTM D 6584

0.80-% (m/m)Monoglyceride content

EN 141100.20-% (m/m)Methanol content

EN 141031-% (m/m)Polyunsaturated (>=4 double bonds) methyl esters

EN 1410312.0-% (m/m)Linolenic acid methyl ester

EN 14111110-g iodine/100 g

Iodine value

EN 14104MS 2011

0.50-mg KOH/g

Acid value

EN 14112-6.0hoursOxidation stability, 110 °C


Test Test methodsmethodsaaLimitsLimitsUnitUnitPropertyProperty


EN 11615-°CCFPP

EN 14107ASTM D 4951

10.0-mg/kgPhosphorus content

EN 14108EN 14109EN 14538

5.05.0

-mg/kgmg/kg

Group I metal (Na+K) Group II metals (Ca+Mg)

EN 14105ASTM D 6584

0.25-% (m/m)Total glycerol

EN 14105EN 14106

ASTM D 6584

0.02-% (m/m)Free glycerol

EN 14105ASTM D 6584

0.20-% (m/m)Triglyceride content

EN 14105ASTM D 6584

0.20-% (m/m)Diglyceride content


Test MethodsTest MethodsLimitsLimitsUnitUnitPropertyProperty

STRATEGIC THRUSTS

THRUST 1 : USE OF BIOFUEL FOR TRANSPORT

THRUST 2 : USE OF BIOFUEL FOR INDUSTRY

THRUST 3 : DEVELOPMENT OF HOME GROWN BIOFUEL TECHNOLOGIES

THRUST 4 : PRODUCTION OF BIOFUEL FOR EXPORT

THRUST 5 : BIOFUEL FOR CLEANER ENVIRONMENT

National Biofuel Policy released 21 March 2006

Malaysian Biofuel Industry Act 2006

• Malaysian Biofuel Industry Act 2006 passed by Parliament in May 2007

• Contains provision to mandate blending of biofuel with diesel through regulations made by Minister

• Drafting of regulations under way

Future R&DFuture R&D

New catalyst New catalyst –– heterogeneous catalystheterogeneous catalystZero waste discharge Zero waste discharge –– waterless waterless processprocessSingle phase process Single phase process –– increase increase reaction rate reaction rate

Gearing towards the sustainable production of biodiesel

GREEN FUEL

PM: No Clearing of Forestsfor Oil Palm Plantations

News Straits Times, 25 June 2008

Conclusion

• All installed materials which come into contact with fuel should be resistant against POME e.g. cement binders, plastics.

• The lubricating oil used must comply with ME to prevent severe engine wear. Different types of MEs will have different effects on engine wear and lubricating oil dilution.

• Biofuels / ME has a role to play in world energy sector. Palm oil being the highest yielding crop among vegetable oils is considered the most economic feedstock.

Conclusion

• Stringent legislation is needed to balance the food and non-food uses of vegetable oils. Malaysian and Indonesia governments have agreed to set a ceiling of 6 mil TPA of palm oil from each country for ME production.

• Malaysia is committed to produce palm biodiesel in the most sustainable manner.

Thank you

malaysia harrison lau lik nang recommendation and lessons learned on … · ·...

Documents