malcolm gush, truck project manager, volvo southern african

Pehr G Gyllenhammar, President and CEO Volvo, 1972

”We are a part of the problem. But also a part of the solution.”

Introduction

Volvo’s core Values

•Safety

•Quality

•Care the Environment

• Speed – deliveries “from door to door”

• Flexibility – the truck is easy to tailor to suit the need

• Transport efficiency

70%

Efficient transportation

Life cycle assessment - LCAVolvo FH

Input data: Euro 3, Low sulphur fuel, 1.000.000 km, 31 litre/100 km

Environmental impactaccording to EPS

Efficient transportation

• Transport sector emits up to 25% CO²

• Road traffic accounts for about 15%

• 40 billion dollars a year in countermeasures

• Total emissions of carbon dioxide are continuing to increase

• Necessary to jointly agree on long-term goals and effective measures

Emission of CO2

25%

Transport sector

Road traffic

15%

Effects on the climate

• Global average temperature will rise 1.4 to 5.9°C by the year 2100

• A temperature rise that is greater than anything since the Ice Age ended more than 10,000 years ago

Global average temperature


• Global agreement is required to bring about a reduction in emissions (adopted 1997)

• Reducing emissions of greenhouse gases by an average of 5.2% by the year 2012

• EU -20% between 1990 and 2020

Kyoto Protocol


• Volvo welcomes tougher new legislation

• Volvo has better opportunity than most others for meeting strict emissions requirements

Significant improvement in air quality

-30%

NOX Traffic

+20%

Air quality

• Emissions from new trucks have dropped by 80 and 98%

Focus on NOX and particles

-80%

NOX

Air quality

Particles

-98%

• Cut nitrogen oxide emissions by a further two-thirds within the coming ten years

• Need for more widespread access to higher-quality fuel

Focus on NOX and particles

Air quality

• Important to utilise the full potential available with today’s technology

• Greater streamlining of the entire transport apparatus

Not only better trucks and fuel

Air quality

Effects on the health

Air quality

• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) - Breathing difficulties, asthma problems, impaired lung function

• Carbon monoxide (CO) - Prevents absorption of oxygen in the blood

• Hydrocarbons (HC) - Can be carcinogenic or affect the nervous system

Environmental effects

• Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - Acidification and over-fertilisation of soil and water.

• Hydrocarbons (HC) - Formation of ground-level ozone.

• Sulphur dioxides (SO2) - Acidification of soil and water.

• Ground-level ozone (O3) - Harms plants and affects the productivity of crops.

Air quality

Sharpening of the emission standards

Note: Due to different test cycles in Japan, the EU and the US, requirements are not directly comparable.

Air quality

Product, Malcolm Gush, Emission Regulations

15

04/10/23

EURO1

1993 PM

=0,

36

EURO21996

EURO32001

EURO4

2006

EURO5

2009

EU6

~2012

(g/kWh)

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.02

PM

0

0.20

NOx (g/kWh)

10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

• 60% of all oil is used by the transport sector

• Most of that is used for road-based transportation

Resource Efficiency

Volvo’s choice of action

• We take our responsibility

• Influencing others to adopt a stance and pursue a direction in which we believe

• Volvo is playing an active role in the environmental debate

• We are involved in in-depth cooperation with universities and technical colleges

Volvo accepts the challenge


• To be ranked as the best in our industry

• Apply a holistic approach that encompasses every aspect of our trucks’ lifecycle

Volvo apply a holistic approach


• Assessments in the product development process

• Database with detailed information on about 6.000 chemical products

• We have phased out the use of brominated flame-retardant agents

• Non-asbestos brake linings are standard

• Environmental guidelines for product development

Basis for development


• Made in a factory that is certified according to ISO 14001

• Materials come from suppliers who meet our strict environmental standards

• Painted in the world’s cleanest paintshop

• Contains 33% reused material

• Can be recycled to more than 90%.

Volvo FH


Fuel consumption and emissions have decreased

Fuel

-30%

NOX

-80%


Particles

-98%

• Open, factual information on material choice, energy consumption and emissions for the truck’s life-cycle

Environmental product declaration


Advanced Powertrain technology

• Volvo D13, one of the most modern diesel engines in the world

• Volvo I-Shift contributes to lower fuel consumption

VOLVO D13

VOLVO I-Shift


Air Deflector System

• Tailormade air deflector for each truck model and cab size


The diesel engine

Engine Volvo D13

• In-line six-cylinder diesel engine

• Single cylinder head

• Four valves per cylinder

• Turbocharger and Intercooler

The diesel engine

• The maximum efficiency rating of a modern diesel engine is about 45%

• Long service life and high reliability

High efficiency

The diesel engine

Regulated emissions

The diesel engine

• Carbon monoxide (CO)

• Hydrocarbon (HC)

• Nitrogen oxide (NOX)

• Particulates

• These substances account for about 0.087 (%)

Systems for exhaust gas treatment

• Diesel engines are faced with a “trilemma” between nitrogen oxides, particulates and fuel consumption

• Reducing nitrogen oxide emission increases emissions of particu-lates and at the same time raises fuel consumption

“Trilemma”

NOx

Particulates Fuelconsumption


NOx Particulates Fuelconsumption

• Conform to more stringent standards

• This will require some form of exhaust after-treatment

The challenge


• Optimization of the injection process and exhaust gas recirculation limit nitrogen oxide formation

High temperature formes NOX


• A portion of the exhaust gas can be cooled and routed back to the induced air

• This method is known as EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation)

Exhaust Gas Recirculation


• SCR makes use of urea

• Reduce nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2) to harmless molecular nitrogen (N2) and water

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

Exhaust gas containingnitrogen oxides AdBlue

tankMetering

unit

Ammonia + water vapour + nitrogen oxides

SCRcatalyticconverter

Nitrogen + water


• Owing to incomplete combustion

• Carbon compounds have a diameter of approx. 0.00005 millimetres (0.05 µm)

Particles


• The exhaust gas flows through a porous filter structure

• This process can reduce particulate emission by 90%

• The filter utilises continuously regenerating trap technology

• Requires the availability of sulphur-free diesel fuel (<10 ppm)

Volvo exhaust filter

Particles

-90%


• By using SCR to reduce emissions of

NOx the engine can be optimised for complete combustion and low particle levels.

Selective Catalytic Reduction

Exhaust gas containingnitrogen oxides AdBlue

tankMetering

unit

Ammonia + water vapour + nitrogen oxides

SCRcatalyticconverter

Nitrogen + water


• Includes an additional tank

• An electronic metering unit

• A ceramic catalytic converter

• The ratio of urea to diesel fuel is about 6:100

• Urea is a non-toxic, colourless, odourless, crystallizing liquid readily soluble in water

• Installation of SCR technology calls for a comprehensive supply network for the reducing agent

Selective Catalytic Reduction


• To ensure durability and long service life

• To optimize fuel consumption and reduce particulate emissions

• Use of new materials

• Initiation injection earlier

• High injection pressure

Significant modification of the Engine


Alternative fuels and drivelines

• There is at present nothing to beat diesel power

• Vital to use the right fuel for the right purpose

• Limited supply of renewable fuels

• Use the limited supply of oil where it is most efficient, and biomass where that is most efficient

Best from well to wheel

Alternative fuels

• Volvo Hybrid Truck: Up to 35% lower fuel consumption

• Low emissions

• Low noise level

Hybrid technology

• The diesel engine also works perfectly well with a fuel such as DME (dimethyl ether)

• Burns with a high efficiency rating and have low emissions

• Without the need for exhaust after-treatment

DME and synthetic diesel

Alternative fuels

• Natural gas: Higher carbon dioxide emissions than diesel Low particle emissions

• Biogas: Renewable fuel

Very limited supply

Methane (natural gas & biogas)

Alternative fuels

Best from well to wheel

• Be better at doing what we already do very well today

• We should provide efficient but conventional vehicles

Conclusion

Alternative fuels

malcolm gush, truck project manager, volvo southern african

Business

fuel air quality

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shift volvos choice

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engine volvo d13

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