male and female reproductive systems. did you know? the reproductive system is the only system not...
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Male and Female Reproductive Systems
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Did you know?
• The reproductive system is the only system not designed for the survival of the individual, but the survival of the species
• The female egg cell is the largest human cell• 500 million sperm are produced per day in a mature
male• The ovaries of a newborn girl have about 600,000
eggs• A female is capable of giving birth to about 35
children in her lifetime
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Male Reproductive systemMale External Organs
• Scrotum & penis• Male scrotum is outside the body to keep
sperm just outside body. Sperm viable just below body temp.
• When temperature is too low, scrotum retracts towards the body
• When too hot, scrotum distends further away from the body
• Both are covered by skin
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Penis• Urethra-
– Carries urine or semen
• 2 Corpora Cavernosa– The erectile tissue with
many small cavities fill with blood to form erection
• Glans- head of penis• Corona- posterior border
of glans
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Male Reproductive System
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Testes
Internally divided into many lobulesEach lobule contains a seminiferous tubuleSpermatogenesis takes place hereInterstitial cells near septa that separate lobules
Secrete testosterone
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Testosterone
• The “masculinizing hormone”• Responsible for change in voice• Stimulates protein anabolism males
usually more muscular /stronger• Changes size and shape of bones• Produces body and facial hair• Maintains development of male accessory
organs
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Spermatogenesis-10 Weeks to Development2N diploid N haploid
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Sperm
flagellum
With enzymes that help break through Zona pellucida that surrounds egg.
Haploid package of genesAcrosome contains enzymes to penetrate the eggMiddle section packed with mitochondriaFlagella to swim
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Sperm Facts• Average of 180 million released at a time, can be
up to 400 million
• Sperm count less than 60 million is considered clinically infertile
• Die in fresh water
• Die as they dry out
• Sperm can live in a female for up to 7 days
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Accessory Ducts & Glands• Seminal Vesicle- produces about 60% of
seminal fluid. –Proteins, enzymes, mucous, vitamin C,
fructose• Prostate Gland- produces a slightly basic fluid
(7.3 pH) to help neutralize acidity of vagina to preserve sperm. 10-30% of seminal fluid
• Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper’s Gland)- produces clear pre-ejaculate to lubricate urethra and neutralize urine residue
• Ejaculatory Duct- Semen passes through during ejaculation
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Male Fertility Testing
•Sperm counts
•Fructose levels
•Motility
•Structure
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Disorders of Male Reproductive
• Testicular Cancer- – Most common cancer in
males under 40– Male teens should learn
testicular examinations to feel for tumor growth
• Hernia-– Portion of intestines
breaks through abdominal wall into scrotum
• Prostate Cancer– Prostate grows with
age, and can become cancerous
– Rare under 40– Pain passing urine or
slow passage– Highly treatable if
detected early• STDs
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Circumcision
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Vasectomy
Post Vasectomy Sperm Counts to ensure successful
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Female Reproductive SystemFemale External Genitalia- Vulva
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Ovaries• Made of several
thousand ovarian follicles– Each contains an
ovum• Produce one
mature ovum per month
• Produce sex cells & hormones– Estrogen &
Progesterone
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Female Reproductive System
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Ovum Development
• Each ovum is in a follicle• Each follicle goes through
a cycle of development each month releasing estrogen
• When egg is released from mature follicle, ovulation occurs
• Corpus Luteum- follicle without egg that produces progesterone, necessary to maintain pregnancy
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Fallopian Tubes
• Not connected to ovary
• Eggs are discharged into abdomen and find their way to fallopian tubes
• Lined with cilia to help move egg towards uterus
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Uterus• About the size of a
pear• Lies behind bladder• Late stages of
pregnancy moves up and can push on diaphragm
• Almost all muscle• Grows considerably to
hold baby & fluid• Cervix is lower narrow
section
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Functions of Uterus• Three functions– Menstruation• Low levels of
hormones after 14 days after ovulation trigger shedding of endometrium• Repairs itself after
in preparation for pregnancy
– Pregnancy– Labor
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Vagina
• Made of smooth muscle
• Lined with a mucous membrane
• Organ that sperm enters
• Organ baby exits
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Breasts• Lies over pectoral muscles• Mostly fatty tissue• 15-20 radially arranged lobes
containing several lobules• Lobules contain milk-
secreting cells• Cells arranged in grape-like
clusters called alveoli• Alveoli drain into lactiferous
ducts that head towards nipple
• Areolar colored region around nipple– Turns from pink to brown
in early pregnancy
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Menstrual Cycle
• Typically 28 days• Three phases– Menstruation– Postmenstrual– Premenstrual
• One ovum matures per month for 30-40 years
• Consists of changes in– Breasts– Uterus– Ovaries– Vagina– Anterior Pituitary
secretion of hormones
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Ovulation
• 1st day of period is 1st day of cycle
• Ovulation occurs 14 days before next period
• Cycle may vary in length of days
• Ovum only lives short time after it is ejected
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Hormones Involved• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)- stimulates
ovarian follicle to start growing and secreting estrogen
• Estrogen- Responsible for breast growth, thickening of endometrium
• Leteinizing Hormone (LH)- triggered by elevated blood estrogen. Causes maturation of ovum & follicle, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum
• Progesterone- secreted by corpus luteum and helps maintain pregnancy. If pregnant, placenta maintains level, if not, levels drop and menstruation occurs
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Cycling of Hormones
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Menstrual Cycle
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How does “The Pill” work?• A 21 day combination of
estrogen & progesterone
• Suppresses FSH & prevents ovulation
• Last 7 pills are placebo to maintain practice of pill taking
• Antibiotics, anti-seizure, migrane medicine reduce effectiveness of pill
• Does NOT protect against STDs
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Female Disorders/Conditions
• Ovarian Cysts– May cause pelvic or
abdominal pain or bleeding if rupture
– Most commonly benign but should be investigated
– Result of follicles growing too large
– Many go away on their own
• HPV & STDs
• Endometriosis– Endometrial lining grows
outside of the uterus– Very painful periods– Abnormal bleeding– Could cause infertility
• Fibroids– Benign tumors– Pain, heaviness in
abdomen• Menopause– Mechanisms of
menstruation cease to function due to age
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Ectopic Pregnancy
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Tubal Ligation