H1- Learning vocabulary – general adviceTry to learn new words in phrases not in isolation.Adjectives + nouns = rich vocabulary, classical music.Verbs + nouns = to express an opinion, to take sides.Nouns in phrases = in touch with, a train set, a sense of humour.Words + prepositions = at a loss of words, thanks to you.It is good to revise your work, once in a while.

H2- Learning vocabulary – aids to learn.Learn words with associated meanings together.Learn words with a grammatical association together.Pictures might help you to remember vocabulary.Word forks are good ways of learning adjectives and verbs.Bubble networks can be a useful way of writing down phrasal verbs. Tables can also help clarify collocations (words that are often associated).

H3- Organising a vocabulary notebookOrganising words by meaning = words for movement, words for thinking.Put words in various types of diagrams.Organising by word-class = stop=cease (more formal)

H4-The names of English language wordsA good student works hard at her books and she enjoys learning.A = articleGood = adjectiveStudent = nounWorks = verbHard = adverbAt = prepositionHerBooksAnd = conjunctionShe = pronounEnjoysLearning = gerund

Noun = zelfstandig naamwoordCountable = words that have a plural form, artist – artistsNon-countable = words that don’t have a plural, beauty

Verbs = werkwoordenInfinitive = go-ing form = goingPast participle = gonePast tense = went

Irregular = go, gone, wentRegular = live, lived, livedIntransitive = when a verb doesn’t need an object, Has Louis gone?Transitive = when a verb is followed by an object, you make something.

irregularityir- = prefixregular = root-ity = suffixopposite/ antonym = het tegenovergestelde, dik en dun

syllable = lettergreepstress = nadruk

Slang = an extremely informal style of speaking and writing.Colloquial = a suitable style mainly for conversations, He’s a nice guy.Pejorative words have a negative association, pig-headed.

Punctuation. = full stop- = hyphen( )= brackets, = comma– = dash“ “= inverted commas; = semi-colon! = exclamation markA = block capitals‘ = apostrophe? = question mark

Fiddle = frunniken.Thrifty = zuinigCunning = gemeen of achterbaks.

H5 - Using your dictionaryAntonyms = oppositesSofa = divan = couch = setteeBoots = bootees = wellingtonsSailing boat = ketch = dinghy = yacht

H6 - Revising vocabularyRevising is a good way to learn new things.

H8 – Suffixes-er = used for the person who does an activity writer, painter.

-er/-or = used for things which do a particular job pencil-sharpener, projector.-er/-ee = used for person who does something (-er) and person who receives or experiences the action (-ee) employer/employee-(t)ion/ -sion/-ion = used to make nouns out of verbs complication, pollution, admission.-ist (a person) and –ism (an activity or ideology) = used for people’s believes, politics and ideologies, and sometimes their profession Buddhism, journalism, Marxist.-ist = often used for people who play an musical instrument pianist, cellist.-ness = used to make nouns from adjectives goodness, readiness.- ever = it does not matter which however, whoever.Adjective suffixes:-able/-ible = used with verbs, means: can be done drinkable, flexible.

Verbs:-ise (or -ize) = used to make verbs from adjectives modernise, industrialise.

To help you recognise the word-class:-ment (nouns) excitement, enjoyment.-ity (nouns) flexibility, productivity.-hood (abstract nouns especially family terms) childhood, motherhood.-ship (abstract nouns especially status) friendship, partnership.-ive (adjectives) passive, active.-al (adjectives) brutal, legal.-ous (adjectives) delicious, furious.-ful (adjectives) forgetful, hopeful.-less (adjectives) useless, harmless.-ify (verbs) beautify, terrify.

A cooker = het fornuis

H9 – PrefixesPseudo = false

H10 – RootsProspect for gold = searchReverted to my old band = went backThe scandal diverted attention = took attention awayHe conducted the orchestra = ledThe king was deposed = put off the throneThe government have imposed = put into force

Verb Person noun Adjective Abstract noun Deport deportee deported deportationIntroduce introducer introductory introductionOppress oppressor oppressive oppression

Compose composer composite composition

H11 – Abstract nounsAbstract noun = and idea, experience or quality.Apprenticeship = leerjaren.Martyrdom = martelgang.Width = afstand, breedte.Inquisitiveness = leergierigheid.

H12 – Compound adjectivesAbsent – minded = forgetfulQuick – witted = intelligentBig – headed = proud of herselfTwo – faced = hypocriticalStuck – up = snobbishAll – out = Hard – up = blutCut – price = Off – peak =

H13Compound noun = a fixed expressionPen – name = a false name used by writersShoe horn = schoenlepelArms race = countries wanting the most powerful weaponsBrain drain = highly intelligent people leaving the country to work abroadRace relations =

H14A crack-down on public spending = action to prevent.Our profit was $10 on a turnover of $100 = money passing through a company.We have a rather fast staff turnover = changeThe outlook for tomorrow is good = prospectThe outset = the startWe parked in a lay-by on the by-pass = parking space at the side of a road, road avoiding the centre of town.A three-mile tailback = fileOutlay = amount of money spend on something

H15Bonsai = Alcove = holte of nis.Yashmak = Jackal = jackhalsCaftan = Shawl = sjaal

Sherbet = sorbetEasel = Embargo = Junta = Avant garde = Cul de sac = doodlopende straat/steegDuvet = donsdekenGateau = Sauté = Vendetta = Dogma = geloofsartikelDachshund = tekkelLemming = Coup = staatsgreep

H16WHO = World Health OrganisationGM (O) = Genetically Modified (Organism)KGB = the former USSRNATO = North Atlantic Treaty OrganisationOPEC = Organisation of Petroleum Exporting CountriesPTO = Please Turn OverNB = Please Note

Acronyms are formed from the first letters of a word or series of words and are pronounced as a word (NATO... AIDS)

Lettersc/o = waar de brief heen gaat.enc. = als er wat bij de brief zit.

BSc = Bachelor of ScienceExt. = extensionUnesco = United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganisationOAP = Old Age PensionersPOW = Prisoners Of WarCFC = Chloro-fluoro-carbonsDep = DepartArr = ArriveRN = the Navy in Great BritainESP = Extra Sensory Perception, when you can see the future or ghostsBT = British Telecom

H17Keypal = a friend you email withE-commerce = business based on the internet

Information fatigue syndrome = a condition of psychological stress induced by trying to cope with too much informationSingleton = an unmarried man or womanSpin doctor = someone whose job it is to manipulate popular opinion in favour of politicians or other public figuresOutsourcing = employing workers to do work away from the company siteHot-desking = workers sharing a desk instead of having their ownWaitperson = waiter, waitressIntermercial = an advert distributed via the internetLaddish = cruel male behaviour

H18Fiend = barbaarDebtor = debiteur, schuldenaarDome = koepelZoology = dierenkunde

H19Cows mooHorses neigh, and go clip clop on the road.Whirr = sound like a bird’s wings moving rapidly Wheeze = breathe noisilyBash = strike heavily so as to break or injureGash = a long deep cut or woundTrickle = to flow in a thin stream or dropsGargle = wash the throat with liquid kept moving by a stream of breathFire cracklesA bored child wrigglesSomeone with asthma wheezes

H20Homonyms- Homographs = words that you write the same way but mean something different and maybe pronounced differently.- Homophones = words with different meanings which are pronounced in the same way but are spelt differently.

Faze/phase = .....,faseHoarse/horse = schor/hees, paardPane/ pain= vierkantje/pijnRein/rain = teugel, regenStake/steak = brandstapel, biefstukTyre/tire = autoband, vermoeienAloud/allowed = hardop, dat het magMown/moan = …., kreunenPare/pair/pear = kort knippen, stelletje, peer

Pray/prey = bidden, prooiRite/right = plechtigheid, waar/juistTee/tea = …..,thee Brake/break = stoppen/remmen, brekenGrate/great = schrappen/raspen, enormLays/laze = Peal/peel = luidkeelse uitroep, pellenRays/raise = stralen, opvoedenSole/soul = uniek/zool, zielFare/fair = gerecht/reiskosten, eerlijkGroan/grown = kreunen, gegroeidPlace/plaice = plek, school (vis)Read/reed = lezen, rieten/muziek

H22Prerequisite = absolutely necessary

H23I wonder what prompted him to write that letter = what caused himThis problem stems from = is ontstaan uitThe upshot of all these problems = conclusieWhen the election results were announced, chaos ensued = volgden

H24Concede = toegevenPoles apart = als mensen het total niet met elkaar eens zijn.Huge discrepancy = grote tegenstelling, contrast

H25Into the bargain/ to boot = also

H26Text-referring words = they take their meaning from the surrounding text.Example: Pollution is increasing. The problem is getting worse each day. = text-referring word

H27Discourse markers = Spreektaal aan het begin van een zin, zoals: right, OK, let me see, you see, anyway,still??????????????????

H28In parenthesis, let us not forget that = making a point that is a side issue, not part of the main argument.A list is given overleaf = turn the page and you will find the list

H29Stamina = doorzettingskrachtSellotape = doorzichtig plakband

H30Pliers = tangPincers = tang/klemTongs = een soort schaar waar je dingen mee kan oppakkenShears = grote schaar Jodhpurs = soort paardrijbroek, wijd aan de bovenkant en strak aan de onderkantBraces = dingen die je broek omhoog houdenDungarees = tuinbroekLodgings = a room in a flatPremises = the building itselfThe outskirts of a town = the beginning or the end of a townThe proceeds of a concert = money from selling tickets

Draughts = dammenTracksuit = joggingpak

Chapter 31 – Countable and uncountable nouns with different meanings

Material Things

Cloth (stof) a cloth (doekje)Work (werk) a work (een boek/film etc)Paper (papier) a paper (werkstuk/krant)Home (thuis) a home (instituut)Iron (ijzer) an iron (strijkbout)

Some items have a different meaning when countable

Uncountable countable

Coffee/Tea (koffie/thee) two coffees and four teas (kopjes koffie/thee)Potato (gestampte aardappel) two potatoes (nog hele aardappels)Chocolate (stuk v.e. chocoladereep) two chocolates (chocolaadjes/bonbons)Pepper (kruiden) a pepper (een hete peper)Onion (stukjes ui) two onions (hele uien)

Chapter 32 – Collective nouns

A flock of: birds/sheep

A herd of: cows/ deer/goatsA Shoal of: fish (also when naming a specific species of fish, like herring)A swarm of: insects (mostly flying ones)A pack of: hyenas, dogs, wolves (also for cards!)A team of: surgeons/doctors/experts/reporters/scientists/rescue-workers/detectives

The crew = workers on a ship/ambulance/planeCompany = group of actorsClump of trees = een serie bomen

Chapter 33 – Making uncountable nouns countable

(gaat vooral om de combinaties, niet om de vertalingen)Pieces of/Bits of: bits of is smaller than pieces of. (pieces of, als in stuks. Bits of, als in stukjes)Showers (of rain) = hevige regenvalThe sunny spell (of weather) = zonnige weerRumbles of thunder = gerommel v. onweerFlashes of lighting = lichtflitsen v. onweerClaps of thunder = hardere knallen v. onweerLoaf of bread = een broodCartons of milk = melkpakkenBars of soap = zepenBlade of grass = grassprietjePuffs of smoke = rook dat je uitademt (sigaret)Lump of coal/sugar = in geval van coal, stuk. In geval van suiker, klontjesStroke of luck/work = hoeveel geluk/werk (bij werk alleen met negatieve context)Fit of temper = pasvorm van bui (ja, die komt duidelijk van een vertaalsite)To be in a state of = in een bepaalde “status” zijn (be in a state of emergency)

Chapter 34 – Containers and contents

Carton = pak drinken, ook gebruikt voor 20 pakken sigaretten (slof ofzoiets?)Tub = ton, ook gebruikt voor pakje ijsPacket = pakTin = blik (in geval van drinken is het een “can”)

Chapter 35 – Countries, nationalities and languages

Countries with The in front of it: The USA, The UK, The Netherlands, The Phillipines, The CommonwealthCountries which can be used with The: Lebanon, Gambia, Ukraine, Sudan.

Adjectives referring to countries/languages-ish: British, Danish, Flemish, Irish, Polish, Spanish, Turkish-(i)an: American, Australian, Brazilian, Canadian, Korean, Russian-ese: Chinese, Japanese, Maltese, Portuguese, Taiwanese, Vietnamese-i: Bangladeshi, Iraqi, Israeli, Kuwaiti, Pakistani, Yemeni-ic: Arabic, Icelandic, Slavonic Bilingual/multilingual = je beheerst meerdere talen

Chapter 36 – The Weather

Frosts = rijpSleet = natte sneeuwSlush = bruinig mengels van waterig sneeuwSettling = als sneew blijft liggen (en dus wit is)Snowdrifts = grote hoeveelheid sneeuwThaw = dooienClose = warm, op een fijne manierStifling = heet, waardoor je moeite hebt met ademenMuggy = erg warm en benauwd (minder als stiffling)Humid = heet en klamScorching = erg heet, positieve contextBoiling = erg heet, negatieve contextOvercast = bewolktHaze/hazy = lichte mistFog/foggy = dichte mistBlustery = stormachtig (wind)Gale = storm (wind)

Damp drizzle downpour torrential rain floodVocht motregen flinke bui stortbui vloed

Chapter 37 – Describing people: appearance

Receding = kalendObese = erg dikAuburn hair = roodbruinig haarGinger-haired = rode haarkleurFreckles = sproetjesScruffy = slordig uitziend

Chapter 38 – Describing people: character

Smart/gifted: shrewd, able, brainyLacking ability: half-witted, simple, daft, dimExtroverted: spontaan, wil aandacht enzo (also used: gregarious)Introverted: tegenovergesteld aan extroverted

Attitudes towards others:Disagreeing: quarrelsome, argumentativeRelaxed in attitude to self and others: easy-going, even-tempered, laid-backImpolite: ill-mannered, discourteous

Positive way of putting it negative way of putting it

Determined obstinate/pig-headed/stubbornConfident arrogantUnconventional/original eccentric/peculiarOpen/direct/frank blunt/abrupt/brusque/curtBroad-minded permissive/unprincipledInquiring inquisitive/nosyGenerous(opposite is tight-fisted) extravagantInnocent naïveAmbitious pushyAssertive aggressive/bossy

Chapter 39 – Relationships

Didn’t spot any difficult terms, if you find any, feel free to add them

Chapter 40 – At home

Master bedroom = largest, most important bedroomUtility room = usually for washing machine, drier and the likeShed = schuurLoft/attic = zolderCellar = kelder (for storage)Basement = kelder (in use)Study = studieruimte/kantoortjeLanding = flat area at the top of a staircaseHall(way) = entrancePorch = afdakje voor de ingangPantry/larder = large cupboard for storing food (provisiekast)Terrace/patio = terrasjePower point = stopcontactDust-pan and brush = blik en veger

Bin-liners = afvalzakkenSelf-contained flat = an apartment where you don’t share facilities with each otherTerraced house = rijtjeshuisBedsit = bedroom and living room all in oneTime-share = holiday flat/house where you have the right to live for one/two weeks a yearCutlery = bestek

Chapter 41 – Everyday problems

Power cut = stroomuitvalThe cup chipped = er is een stuk van het kopje afgebrokenGraze = schaafwondMislaid = ergens gelaten en kan het niet meer terugvindenStain = leave a permanent mark on something

Chapter 42 – global problems

Famine = hongersnoodAIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeLeprosy = lepra (ernstige huidsziekte)Typhoid = tyfusRefugees = voorvluchtigenTremor = aardschok

Chapter 43 – Education(not sure if you’d have to know this stuff…)Play schools/group or nursery school: kleuterschool (2 t/m 5 jaar)Infant/junior school = basisschool (5/6 t/m 12/13 jaar)comprehensive school or grammar school = middelbare school (12/13 t/m 16/18 jaar)College/university = ben even de naam kwijt, maar je weet et wel =P (18+)GCSE = General Certificate for Secondary Education (laatste toetsen in Engeland, 16 jaar)A-levels = laatste toetsen van de school, 18 jaarSeminars = 10-20 studenten activiteit, discussïeren

Chapter 44 – Work

Executive = belangrijke man in het bedrijf die grote beslissingen maakt

Labourer = doet zwaar, fysiek werkSafety officer = zorgt ervoor dat machines enzo niet te gevaarlijk zijn om te gebruikenUnion representative = zorgt voor dat de wil van de werknemers aan de orde komt.Personnel officer = zorgt voor de administratie voor nieuwe en bestaande werknemersEducation officer = zorgt voor training en lessen voor de werknemers (bijscholing)Maternity = zwangerschapsverlof voor vrouwenPaternity = zwangerschapsverlof voor mannen

Chapter 45 – Sport

Scuba diving = duikencross-country skiing = LanglaufenJavelin = speerwerpen

Voor de rest was dr niet echt iets moeilijks te vinde

Chapter 46 – The Arts

The three main classes of arts: Literature, Fine Arts and Performing ArtsLiterature = written stuffFine Arts = hand-made itemsPerforming Arts = shows and other performancesCeramics = making pots, bowls etc.Direction (in case of performing arts) = the way the director had the show organisedGot rave reviews (collocation) = got very enthusiastic comments

When referring to a performing art in general, leave out the definite article (the)

Chapter 47 – Music

Backing = the vocals /music which are supporting the songChamber music = written for a small group of orchestral instrumentsMuzak/canned music/piped music = recorded, light music played continuously in public placesDiscordant = strijdig

Chapter 48 – FOOD!!

Stodgy = moeilijk te verterenDone to a turn = made just perfectSeasoned = gekruid

Beef = meat from a cow \Mutton = meat from a sheep + lamb |--- Red MeatVenison = meat from a deer /

Veal = Meat from a calf \Bacon = meat from a pig |--- White MeatPork, ham, chicken, turkey /

Vis:Cod = kabeljauwHake = stokvissenPlaice = schoolMackerel = makreelTrout = forelSalmon = zalm

ZeevoedselPrawns/shrimps = garnalenLobster = kreeftCrayfish = rivierkreeftCockles = kokkels

GroentenCauliflower = bloemkoolLeek = prei

KruidenCinnamon = kaneelNutmeg = nootmuskaatParsley = peterselieChives = bieslookTarragon = dragonSage = salie

Chapter 49 – The Environment

Learn the pictures from 49.1 (page 101)

Greenhouse effect = broeikaseffectBattery farming = bio-industrie (denk aan legbatterij kippen, werkt bij mij)

Chapter 50 – Towns

Skating rink = skateparkFootball pitch = voetbalveldEstate agency = makelaarBottle bank = glasbakChemist’s = apotheek

H51 – The natural worldMammal = zoogdierDeciduous = lose their leaves in the winterEvergreen = green all year roundOak = eikenboomWillow = wilgChestnut = kastanjeboomFir = sparPine = dennenboomHedgehog = egelGils = kieuwen (vis)Scales = schubben (vis)Bud = knop (bloem)Petals = blaadjes van de bloem niet van de plantStalk = steel van de bloemPollen = stuifmeel, maakt een bij honing van.Trunk = stam (boom)Bough = dikke tak, begin van de takBranch = een takTwig = klein takjeBark = bastHibernate = winterslaap, zoals squirrel, bear, turtle, hedgehog.Emu = soort struisvogelEndangered species = species at risk of becoming extinct.Harvest = oogsten

H52 - ClothesDressing-gown = badjasCuff = manchet / eind van je mouwBuckle = gesp van je riemBraces = Mittens = handschoenen

Hem = boord Cardigan = vestCollar = kraagSole = zool van je schoenenLetting out = als iets te strak zit, wijder maken (rok ofzo)Letting down = als het te kort is, langer maken (rok ofzo)Taking in = innemen, dunner maken (broek ofzo)Taking up = inkortenPleated = geplooidScruffy = rommeligVelvet = fluweelCotton = katoenPin-striped = 2 kleuren gestreeptStriped = meerdere kleuren gestreeptChecked = met ruitjes/vakjesTartan = schotse ruitjesDo up your laces or you’ll fall over = strik je veters of je gaat op je bek

H53 – Health and medicineIndigestion = Stoelgang problemenDiarrhoea = DiarreeJoint = GewrichtShivery = bevendConstipated = not able to go to the toiletMumps = de bofPneumonia = longontstekingUlcer = zweerRheumatism = reumaHypchondriac = Hypochonder(brain) Haemorrhage = (hersen) bloedingAids = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.Ointment = zalfjePlaster = gipsSyringe = spuitAppendix = wormvormig aanhangsel (blinde darm)

H54 - TravelLorry = vrachtwagenFreight train = goederentreinLiner = pondBoot = AchterbakSleeping-car = deel van de trein waar je kan slapenCompartment = treinsdeelGangplank = loopplankPorter = bagagedragerService station = benzine station

Signal box = seinhuisje

At sea aBedroom = cabinBed = bunkKitchen = galleyRight = starboard (stuurboord)Left = port (bakboord)People who work on a ship = crew

Travel is very general and a non count nounVoyage is a long journey usually by sea (formal)

Marooned = gestrand en je zit vast en weet niet waar je bent.A car does 10 km to the litre = 1 op 10Swerve = uitwijkenOvertake other cars = inhalenBonnet = motorkapBalloon = luchtbalonGlider = zweefvliegtuigRudder = roerDual carriageway = dubbele rijbaanMaiden voyage = eerste reis (titanic)Train journey = trein reis

H55- HolidaysSelf-catering flat = a flat which you rent, you cook for yourselfGuesthouse = accommodation like a hotel but cheaper and with fewer servicesPackage holiday: volledig packet (travel, accommodation, food, sometimes even excursion.)Breath-taking: views/ scenery/ pistesExclusive: access/clubs/shopsExhilarating: feeling/ride/momentExotic: beauty/charm/locationGlamorous: surroundings/flim star/hotelIntoxicating: views/air/fragrantLegendary: hospitality/figure/statusLuxurious: cruise/ship/accommodation/life-styleMighty: river/cathedral/oakPicturesque: streets/villages/cottageSublime: pleasure/simplicity/skillUnsurpassed: opportunity/beauty/quality [nothing better exists]Unspoilt: charm/village/woodland

Pitch a tent = tent opzettenTop bunk = bovenste bed in een stapelbed

H56- numbers and shapesSeven cubed = zeven kubieke meterFour squared = vier vierkante metereight to the power of four = acht tot de macht van vierpentagon = vijfhoekige vormoctagon = achthoekige vormrectangle = langwerpig vierkantsphere = 3d, rondvormighemisphere = two halves of a sphereradius = straalcircumference = omtrek+ addition- subtractionx multiplication: divisionPrime numbers = priemgetallen (alleen deelbaar door 1 en door zichzelf)Decimal fraction: 0.25 (getallen achter de komma)Vulgar fraction: 1/3 (breuken)

H57 – science and technologyBotany = plantkundeZoology = dierenkundeGenetic engineering = iemand die genetische materiaal aanpast (DNA)Hereditary = erfelijkErgonomics = the study of design of physical working spaces and how people interact with them (ergonomie)Molecular biology = study of structure and function of the organic molecules associated with living organismsCybernetics = a study of way information is moved and controlled by the brain or machineryInformation technology = the study of technology related to the transfer of information. Bioclimatology = the study of how climate affects living thingsGeopolitics = the study of the way geographical factors help to explain the basis of the power of nation statesNuclear engineering = the study of the way nuclear power can be made usefulCryogenics = they study of physical systems at temperatures less than 183 centigrade’s.Astrophysics = the application of physical laws and theories to stars and galaxiesVoice technology = technology which enables machines to interpret speechLever = hendelDissected = ontledenInsert = erin stampen

H58- computers and the internet

RAM = tijdelijk geheugenFAQ = frequently asked questions

H59- the press and the mediaCurrent affaires program = roddel nieuwsSerial = a story that continues from one programme or episode to the next. Law and OrderSeries = about the same characters. HeroesEditorial = an opinion article written by the editorContinuity person = ensures scenes in a film connect smoothlyForeign correspondent = reports on events in other countriesSub-editor = lays out and adds headlines to newspaper pages

H60- politics and public institutionsFederation = a union of political units under a central governmentLegislature = wetgevende machtConstituency = geographical areaJudiciary = justitieBallot paper = stembiljetMarginal seat = if the vote is very close, the constituency may be referred to thisNATO= North Atlantic Treaty Organisation OPEC = organisation of petroleum exporting countries

HS61- CrimeSteal = something is taken from you (my bike is stolen)Rob = the person from who an item was stolen (I’m robbed!)Charged with Accused of = beschuldigd vanAccomplice = medeplichtigeProsecuting = vervolgenPassing a verdict = een oordeel geven (schuldig/niet schuldig)Case = a crime that is being investigatedDrug-trafficking = drugshandelForgery = vervalsenMugging = overvallen (in geval van bank: robbing)Bribery = omkoperijProbation = proeftijd

HS62- Money - buying, selling and payingPaying methods:Cash (contant), By cheque (via cheque), By creditcardCurrent account = bank account on where you pay in your salary.Bank statement = a paper which tells you how much money has gone in and outSavings account = om te sparenOverdraft = if you spent more money than you’re gettingInterest = renteOverdrawn = rood staan (being in the red)

Mortgage = hypotheekPaying outright = contant betalen Discount/reduction = kortingIn bulk = in grote hoeveelhedenHaggle = afdingenRefund = geld terugReceipt = bonnetjeFee(s) = money paid for a serviceFare = money paid for a journey (transport)Bargain = koopjeRip-off = als je het niet waard vondIncome tax = tax collected from wages and salariesInheritance tax = tax collected on what you inheritExcise duties = accijnsVAT (value added tax) = BTWTax rebate = geld terug omdat je teveel belasting hebt betaaldUnemployment benefit = bijstandDisability allowances = WAO uitkeringStudent loans = studiefinancieringCurrency = munteenheidRates of exchange = koerswaarde (van geld)Shares = aandelenDividend = divident (je krijgt een deel van de winst van het bedrijf waar je een aandeel over bezit)Hard currency = de munt is erg stabielCurrencies: japan – yen; australia – dollar; India – rupee; Russia – roubleFT Index = londense beursNikkei = japanse beursChild benifit = kinderbijslag

HS63- Belief and opinionHold = used for very firm beliefsMaintains = insist on believing, despite the evidenceFeel = strong, personal opinionEccentric = zonderling (wat het ook mag wezen)Pacifist = gelooft dat vrede de wereldproblemen verhelpen (hippies)A middle-of-the-road socialist = not left or right of the party (political)Dogmatic = dogmatisch (zie Eccentric)

HS64- Pleasant and unpleasant feelingEcstatic = als je je overvrolijk voeltDiscontented = ontevreden (over)Livid / seething with = furieus (over)Anxious = when you are afraid and uncertain of what’s going to happenApprehensive about = bezorgd over

HS65 – like, dislike and desireLoathe, detest, despise, hate, cannot stand, cannot bear = strong ways of saying that you dislike something (followed by a verb with +ing)Repel, revolt, appal, disgust = walgen vanDread = opposite of looking forward to somethingPet = a way of saying love/darling etc. to a childMisogynists = vrouwenhaters

HS66 – speakingMurmur = romantic/complaining way to speak (soft-voiced)Mumble = nervous/insecure way to speak (soft-voiced, also unclear)Mutter = irritated (soft-voiced)Shriek = loud, pretty much like screamingGroan = despair, in painGrumble = displeased

HS67- The six sensesGlanced = gekekenNoiseless silent quiet noisy loud deafening.Stroke = een kat aaienPatting = een hond aaienPutrid = verrotPungent = sterke (penetrerende) luchtMusty = muf

HS-68 What your body doesGrin = grijnzenPerspire = zweten

HS69 – numbers, quantity, degree and intensityVast = veeeeery largeMuch = mostly used in questions and negatives with uncountable nounsLots of = mostly for affermatives has a rather positive feeling, informalPlenty = mostly for affermatives, used in positive contextsA lot of = used in all structures, neutral, rather than lots in negative contentsA great deal of = uncountables, more formalDozens = tientallen

A bit/quite/rather/fairly/very/really/awfully/extremely combine with ‘scale’ adjectives like: tired, worried, weak and hot.

Totally/ absolutely/completely/utterly combine with ‘limit’ adjectives (not measured on a scale, they are ‘all or nothing’ words) like: ruined, exhausted, destroyed and wrong.

Minute = miniem

Meagre = mager

HS70 – timeSpell = indefinite, but shortElapsed = passedProvisional = voorlopig

HS71 – distances and dimensionsLengthy = langWidth = wijd (the width of the room is blabla)Shallow = ondiep

HS72 – Obligation, need, possibility and probabilityBe liable = bent verantwoordelijk voorMandatory = er is geen alternatief voorCompulsory = moetExempt = vrijgesteld

HS73 – sound and lightRacket = herrieBang = a door closing loudlyRustle = opening a paper/plastic bagThud = a heavy object falling onto a carpeted floorCrash = a big solid heavy object falling onto a hard floorClang = a big bell ringingClatter = a metal pan falling onto a concrete floorHiss = gas leakRumble = noise of thunderRoar = noise of heavy traffic/animal/waterfallRing = a small bell, telephoneGloomy = somberGlitters= glimmenSparkles = glitterenChime = rustgevend geluidScreech = gillend geluid

HS74 – Possession, giving and lendingPossession = large objects which you ownBelongings = smaller things which you ownProprietor = eigenaarTenants = huurdersAllocated = toegewezen

HS75 – Movement and speedDawdling = langzaam, traagFluttered = wapperde

Stirred = bewogenPlodding along = moeizaamVelocity = snelheidSlowcoach = kletskous/nietsnutToddler = peuterPlodder = werkpaard

HS76 – texture, brightness, wieght and densityDensity = dichtheidSleek = highly polished, streamlinedDowny = new-born babies hairCoarse = sand-like (ruw)Jagged = sharp, irregular edges (broken glass)Gnarled = twisted, dead wood from an old treeDazzling light = oogverblindend lichtVivid collors = felle kleuren (levendige)Dense = dichteSparse = schaarseBulky/cumbersome = lompe/dikkeDuvet = donsdekenWholemeal flour= volkoren bloem

Weight written as approximate metric equivalentOunce oz 28 gramsPound lb 454gramsStone st 6.3kilos, used for personal weight

HS77 – success, failure, difficultCollocations:An ambition: attain, realise, fulfil, achieveA dream: realise, achieveAn agreement: reach, secureAn obligation: fulfilA target: reach, attain, achieveA compromise: reach, achieve

Falter = wankel

HS78 – Idioms and fixed expressions (general)Do take the weight off your feet = sit downGet the wrong end of the stick = being misunderstoodPull a fast one = trick someoneBe over the moon = extremely happyFeel down in the dumps = being depressedBeing as daft as a bush = zo gek als een deurTaking the biscuit = is the worst of all

Make a meal out of everything = exaggerate On the make = wanting money/power for oneselfBarking up the wrong tree = making a mistakePie in the sky = big promises that’ll never come trueA drop in the ocean = tiny amount compared to what’s neededDropping a clanger = said something inappropriateHaving enough on your plate = have more than enoughFlying of the handle = getting furiousChip of the old block = just like the (grand)parentsA shot in the dark = a wild guessHit the sack = go to bedFlies in the face = tegensprekendSitting pretty = je hebt het makkelijkLeaves a lot to desire = dat er nog veel overblijft om aan te werken.Be in a fix = have a serious problemBe up to it = be capable of somethingBe out of shorts = be unwellChild’s play = very easyA fool’s errand = a wasted pointless journey to get somethingHold your tongue = keep your mouth shutHold your horses = wait before acting/speakingStay mum = stay silentRough and ready = lacking in comfortOdds and ends = small items difficult to group with othersGive or take = zo ongeveerGive someone the cold shoulder = being meanOnce in a blue moon = infrequently

HS79 – everyday expressionsThis that and the other = various unimportant mattersAs luck would have it = by chance

HS80 – similesAs blind as a batAs dead as a doornailAs thin as a rakeAs strong as an oxAs quiet as a mouseAs Heavy as leadAs light as a featherAs drunk as a lordAs sober as a judge As black as nightAs white as snowAs brown as a berryAs good as gold

As cool as a cucumberAs busy as a beeAs hard as ironDry as a boneAs mad as hatter (hatter = hoedenmaker)As bold as brass (brass = messing)As deaf as a postAs easy as falling off a logAs quick as a flashAs red as a beetroot

As white as snow (beautifully white)As white as a sheet (pale with fear/horror)As sick as a dog (vomiting)As sick as a parrot (not feeling well)

Worked like a dreamHas eyes like a hawkEats like a horseDrinks like a fishSleep like a logBrain like a sieveLike a bear with a sore head (bad tempered)Like a bull in a china shop (being clumsy)Like a red rag to a bull (certain to make someone angry)As flat as a pancakeAs fresh as a daisy

HS81 – BinomialsZie HS 81 (TEVEEL WERK!!!!)

HS82 – idioms describing peopleHeart of gold = very kind and generousAs good as gold = generous/helpful/well behaved, usually used for children)As hard as nails = no sympathy for othersBeing a cold fish = distant/unfriendlyAn awkward customer = difficult person to deal withQuick off the mark = being fastSlow off the mark = being slowAn odd-ball = peculiar, strangeOver the top = very exaggeratedRound the bend = absolutely crazyMiddle-of-the-road = very normalOne’s head screwed on = be sensibleA head for heights = not suffer from vertigo (duizeligheid)A good head for figures = good at math

One’s head in the clouds = unaware of realityA bit of a square peg in a round hole = past er niet bij

HS83 – idioms describing feelings or moodOn cloud nine = very happyIn high spirits = livelyAs happy as the day is long = extremely contentA face as long as a fiddle = looking very sadLooked down in the dumps = looking sadIn a (black) mood = in a bad temperFeeling all in = exhaustedA bit under the weather = illAt deaths door = being very sickAs fit as a fiddle = being very fitTo feel browned off = greatly annoyed

HS84 – Idioms describing problematic situationsto be in a fix =be in difficultyto be in a tight corner = being in a situation which is hard to get out offto be in a muddle = be confusedtake a back seat = not doing anything, let others do it for youtake the bull by the horns = act positively to face and attack the problempour oil on troubled water = do/say things to calm the situationkeep one’s cards close to one’s chest = holding back informationto lay one’s cards on the table = be very openget our act together = organise ourselves to respondswept under the carpet = verborgenlet the cat out of the bag = geheimpje verklappen think you’re the cat’s whiskers = think you’re wonderfulfight like cat and dog = fight furiouslythere’s not enough room to swing a cat = very small roompour cold water on an idea = een idée afkraken zodat anderen het niet meer willencause a stir = cause great excitement or angerstir yourself = move yourselfstir fry = wokkenhappy medium = compromiseon tenterhooks = under great suspensetoe the line = behave yourselfHS85 – Idioms connected with praise and criticismHead and shoulder above = veel beter zijnKnocks spots off = being much betterDab-hand at = being good at somethingReally on the ball = knows a lotHas green fingers = good at gardeningGot the gift of the gab = good at talking

The bee’s knees = think you’re wonderfulDog’s dinner = overdressed in a showy wayDog’s breakfast = a messWants to have her cake and eat it = wanting something without any contributionButter me up = slijmenYou want jam on it = Have totally unreasonable expectations/demands

HS86 - Idioms connected with using languageTalking at cross-purposes = misunderstanding each other’s purposeGot the wrong end of the stick = misunderstanding somethingCan’t get a word in edgeways = kan er geen word tussen krijgenTalk shop = talk about workTalking point = subjects which everyone wants to talk aboutGive him a talking to = scoldingLong-winded = dodge the real point

HS87 – Miscellaneous idiomsBought a pig in a poke = buy something without taking a good look at somethingPay over the odds = pay more than the usual rateFoot the bill = pay up, usually a large amountDrive a hard bargain = resist lowering the pricePay trough the nose = to pay excessivelyTo get a finger in every pie = is involved In many different thingsMade quite a bit of headway = made a jumpstartReady to crash out = be very tired

HS88 – proverbDon’t count your chickens before they are hatched = Don’t anticipate the future too muchDon’t put all your eggs in one basket = don’t invest all your efforts or attention in just one thingNever judge a book by its cover = don’t judge people or things by their outward appearance Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves = take care of small sums of money and they will become large sumsYou can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink = you can try to persuade someone, but you can’t force themToo many cooks spoil the broth (bouillon) = too many people interfering is a bad way of doing thingsPeople who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones = don’t criticise others’ fault if you suffer from them yourselfMany hands make light work = a lot of people helping makes a job easierA bird in the hand is worth two birds in the bush = never look a gift-horse in the mouthAbsence makes the heart grow fonder = if you cannot be with someone or something, you’ll love/miss them more

HS89 - Expressions with do and makeDo out of = prevent from having (trough deceit)

HS90 – expressions with bring and takeBring off = succeedBring on = cause to startBrought about = cause to happenBring down = lower OR destroy by forceBringing out = introducingBring round = persuadeBe brought into force = become lawWere brought to a head = reached a point where changes had to be made

Take after = resembleTake in = absorbTaken in = deceivedTaken off = starting to improveTook off = left the groundTaking off = imitatingTook to = formed an immediate liking forTake up = start (a hobby)Takes in her stride = copes calmlyTo take control of = to be subordinate to

HS91 – expressions with getGet dinner = prepare a mealGet my own back = take my revenge

HS92 – expressions with set and putSet out = begun work with a particular aim in mindPut across = communicating to othersPut out = inconveniencePut off = postponePutting up = raisingSet in her ways = fixed in her habitsTo put someone’s back up = to irritate someone

HS93 – expressions with come and goCome off = take placeCome off = succeedCome to = an arrangement, a standstill, blows (start fighting)Come into = a fortune, money, a legacy (nalatenschap), fashionMake a go of = make a success ofWent to great lengths = took a lot of trouble

HS94 – Miscellaneous (overige) expressionsLooks down her nose at = op iemand neerkijkenDoing a good turn = did me a favour

HS95 – Formal and informal wordsQuid = poundAbode = residenceCheerio = bye byeGo amiss = go wrongSpuds = potatoesAd/advert = abbreviation for advertisementSwot = study hardTa! = thank you

HS96 – formal and informal wordsCoppers = policemenSozzled = drunkPissed = drunk

Words for wonderful:Pre-war = top-hole1940s = wizard1960s = fab/groovy1970s = ace/cosmic1980s = brill/wicked1990s = cool/class

Slang for:Money = dough/bread/dosh/loot/brass/readiesPolice = pigs/fuzz/cop(pers)/billDrunk = pissed/pie-eyed/paralytic/legless/arseholedStupid person = wally/prat/wanker/jerk/dickhead/plonker/pillock/dork/clueless/out-to-lunch/doesn’t know his arse from his elbowLavatory = loo/lav/bog/johnDrink = booze/plonk(wine)/a bevvyDrug-related = a fix/dope/grass/high/stoned/snow(heroine)Prison-related = nick(prison)/nark(informer)/screw(warder)

Grandma lane = slow laneDoughnuts = wheelsEyeballs= headlightsFive finger discount = stolen goodsAnklebiter = childrenSuper cola = beerMotion lotion = fuelGeezer = man

Nosh = foodGutted = very upsetCuppa = koppie theeGobsmacked = amazedButcher’s = kijken naarGawd forbids = kidsCain and abel = tableHampstead heath = teethLean and lurch = churchTitfer = hat

HS97 – US EnglishZie blz 196/197

HS98 – Other EnglishesAustralian:Milko = delivers the milkOz = AustraliaAussie = AustralianMozzies = mosquitoesBarbie = bbqBizzo = businessArvo = afternoonOlds = adults

Indian:Felicitated = gefeliciteerdBosom = boezemMiscreant = Indian banditAbscond = fleeNab = catchBag = captureEve-teaser = man who annoys girlsCar-lifter = car-thiefFleetfoots = sneakersUndertrials = people awaiting trialsWearunders = underwear

Scottish:Aye = yesLoch = lakeDreich = dullBen = mountainTo mind = to rememberJanitor = caretakerBrae = bank of a river

Bairn = childLassie =girlDram = drinkBonny = beautifulOutwith = outsideGlen = valleyBurn = streamWee = smallKirk = churchStay = liveKen = know

Black EnglishPad = bedSquare = dull

HS99 – headline EnglishBar = exclude/forbidBid = attemptCurb = limitOrdeal = painful experienceOust = push outPledge = promisePloy = clever activityProbe = investigationStrife = conflict

HS100 – the language of signs and noticesNothing interesting!