mammalogy: introduction to mammals. general ~ 5000 species in ~26 orders >500 new species since...
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Mammalogy:Introduction to Mammals
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General
• ~ 5000 species in ~26 orders
• >500 new species since 1982; ~ 10 /year
• monophyletic group• derived from therapsids,
the mammal-like reptiles about 200 mya
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The olinguito, a species of raccoon-like carnivore discovered in the Andes in 2014.
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Laotian giant flying squirrel (Biswamoyopterus laoensis
Discovered in 2012 in a bush meat market in Laos
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Unique Characteristics
• 3 ossicles
• hair
• mammae
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Other Characters of Mammals:
• highly differentiated teeth; no more than two sets
• lower jaw of single bone
• four-chambered heart• anucleate mature red
blood cells• secondary palate
• well developed brain• endothermic• homeothermic• separate sexes, XX
and XY• internal fertilization• diaphragm• pulmonary artery w/3
semilunar valves
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Even More….
• folded cerebellum• nerve filaments w/3
polypeptides• divided optic lobes• expanded and
differentiated facial musculature
• complex lung structure• epiglottis• single aortic trunk• 3 meninges in CNS
• erector pili muscles• sebaceous glands• sweat glands• loop of Henle in kidney• heart w/pacemaker and
Purkinje fibers• epiphyses in longbones
and girdles• Relatively very small
stapes
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General
• Smallest: bumblebee bat or Savi's pygmy shrew; ~ 3 g.
• Largest: blue whale; to 160,000 kg
• Found on all continents
http://www.livescience.com/33049-smallest-mammals.html
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Classification of Recent mammals
• Class Mammalia–Subclass Prototheria (early beasts)–Subclass Theria
• Infraclass Metatheria (changed beasts)-short gestation, highly altricial young
• Infraclass Eutheria (true beasts)-placental mammals
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Classification of Recent Mammals
Subclass PrototheriaOrder Monotremata; 3 species
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria (Marsupalia)
7 orders; 273 species; Includes:Order Didelphimorphia (opossums); 63 species
Infraclass Eutheria (Placentalia)18 orders; 4370 species: Includes:Order Xenartha (sloths, armadillos, anteaters); 29 speciesOrder Insectivora (moles and shrews); 429 speciesOrder Scandentia (tree shrews); 19 speciesOrder Dermoptera (tree shrews); 2 speciesOrder Chiroptera (bats); 928 speciesOrder Primates; 236 speciesOrder Carnivora; 271 speciesOrder Cetacea (whales); 78 speciesOrder Sirenia (manatees); 5 speciesOrder Proboscidea (elephants); 2 speciesOrder Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates); 18 speciesOrder Hyracoidea (hyraxes) 6 speciesOrder Tubulidentata (aardvark) 1 speciesOrder Arteriodactyla (even-toed ungulates); 220 speciesOrder Pholidota (pangolins); 7 speciesOrder Rodentia (rodents); 2024 speciesOrder Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas); 80 speciesOrder Macroscelidea (elephant shrews); 15 species
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And now it’s YOUR turn!
• Order Monotremata and Order Didelphimorphia• Order Insectivora• Order Chiroptera• Order Primata• Order Carnivora• Order Cetacea• Order Perissodactyla• Order Arteriodactyla• Order Rodentia• Order Lagomorpha
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The Pennsylvania Story
• 71 native species– 7 orders and 16 families
• 11 species extirpated– 3 of these reintroduced
• 4 species/subspecies are endangered in PA; 3 threatened– 2 of these are also listed federally
• 7+ are at risk or status undetermined• 4 exotics species; 2 other previous exotics
are now extirpated
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Extirpated
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Extirpated
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Extirpated
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Extirpated
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Extirpated
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Extirpated
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Extirpated
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Extirpated-Reintroduced
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Extirpated-Reintroduced
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Extirpated-Reintroduced
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Extirpated-Reintroduced
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PA EndangeredNorthern Flying Squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus
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PA/US EndangeredIndiana Bat, Myotis sodalis
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PA/US EndangeredDelmarva Fox Squirrel, Sciurus niger cinereus
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PA EndangeredLeast Shrew, Cryptotis parva
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PA ThreatenedEastern Small-footed Bat, Myotis leibii
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PA ThreatenedWest Virginia Water Shrew, Sorex palustris punctulatus
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Allegheny WoodratNeotoma magister
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ExoticNorway Rat, Rattus norvegicus
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ExoticHouse Mouse, Mus musculus
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ExoticHouse Mouse, Mus musculus
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Exotic but Extirpated
European HareLepus europeaus
Black Rat, Rattus rattus
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Nutria, Myocaster coypus
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Feral Hog, Sus scrofia