Animal Diversity:Animal Diversity:

MammalsMammalsBy Violeta Roumenova,By Violeta Roumenova,

Kalin Bojkov, &Kalin Bojkov, &

Martin DamyanovMartin Damyanov

10/410/4

Scientific NameScientific Name • From Late Latin: mammalis, meaning “of

the breast” 6.

• Term in Bulgarian: “БОЗАЙНИЦИ”

Symmetry Symmetry • Bilateral => a right & a left side

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/labs/bilateral.jpgbilateral.jpg

Fitting into the Big PictureFitting into the Big Picture

• Appeared on the Earth relatively recent, compared to other organisms – 265 MYA

• Most closely related to Reptiles, because are the two parts in which the group “Amniotic egg” is divided.

• Humans are part of this group; humans are mammals, but the human as we know it nowadays (the first known example is Homo habilis) appeared 2,5 million years ago. 3.

http://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htmhttp://www.tellapallet.com/tree_of_life.htm

Derived CharacterDerived Character• Mammary glands:

– Producing milk (fats, sugars, proteins, minerals, and vitamins) for nourishing the offspring

– Primary source of nourish for young mammals 15.• Hair (contains protein keratin):

– Insulation/ heat regulation– Protection (in addition to the skin) – Camouflage (protective coloration=>mammals to blend into their

environment)– Sensory function (detects information from senses): e.g. cat’s whiskers

• Three middle ear bones: malleus, incus, and stapes: transmit sound vibrations & allow animals to hear

• Differentiated (Heterodont) teeth for:– cutting and shearing – incisors (резци) & canine teeth (кучешки зъби);– grinding and crushing – premolars (предкътници) and molars

(кътници) 14.

ReproductionReproduction

• Placental mammals- the embryo is connected to the mother’s blood supply by the placenta 16., 17.

• Non-placental mammals- the egg is separated from the mother; feeds on its initial nutrients 18.

http://www.ridgenet.net/~do_while/http://www.ridgenet.net/~do_while/sage/images/v4i12g8.jpgsage/images/v4i12g8.jpg

http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/PregnancyCenter/doc/PregnancyCenter/

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Maintaining Control: The Maintaining Control: The Nervous SystemNervous System

• Most complex nervous system: – Central nervous system (CNS) – brain and spinal cord;– Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – nerves and ganglia.

• Nervous tissue cells: – Neurons -> carry impulses around the body;– Neuroglia (glial cells) -> proper biochemical levels for the

neurons 15.• Why bother?

– Sense & responses to stimuli;– Generation of thoughts, emotions, forming and storing memories;– PNS: collecting and transporting messages that control the body;– CNS: generating information– Neocortex – ONLY in mammals; responsible for sensory

perception, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning, conscious thought, and language 15.

Exchange of Gases and Waste Exchange of Gases and Waste with the Environmentwith the Environment

• Mammals can not live without oxygen, because it is needed for metabolism in their cells.

• In the process of breathing, they inhale oxygen from the air with their lungs, and then exhale carbon dioxide. 15.

• Plants use the exhaled carbon dioxide in order to photosynthesize, and then they release oxygen. That is how an exchange of gases happens between mammals and the environment.

• Waste:– Byproducts of digestion, which are discarded by the body.– In the environment these byproducts are decomposed by

microorganisms and nutrients are released in the soil. These nutrients are needed by plants 15.

Representative OrganismsRepresentative Organisms

BatBat

GiraffeGiraffe

ZebraZebra

Hippopotamus

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LeopardLeopardPanthera pardusPanthera pardus

• Habitat: – Grasslands, woodlands and riverside forests– Animals have been studied in open savannah habitats– Generally considered nocturnal animals (e.g. being active during the night)– They can also be diurnal and crepuscular, as rainforest leopards are– They are exceptionally adaptable

• Range: – Found mostly in central Africa, can be also found in south Asia (India/ South China). They are missing

in North and South America.• What they eat?:

– They are classified as carnivores. – They are stalkers, they wait hidden somewhere, and then suddenly attack and kill very fast. – Most likely to hunt between sunset and sunrise– Their diet includes: ungulates and monkeys, but also reptiles, bird, and fish.– In Africa leopard’s most commonly killed prey are the antelopes, especially impalas 15.

• Locomotion : – They move quadrupedally, run very fast, and have the ability to climb trees even with a prey in its

jaws.

• Ecological role/ niche : – They must compete with other animals for food and place to live; larger predators like tigers and lions

can take their prey or kill its infants; so it is better to hunt in different arias from them, which means it uses different animals as its food. 15.

http://williamskz.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/http://williamskz.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/leopard.jpgleopard.jpg

• Life cycle changes:– They can mate all year round– The estrous cycle lasts 46 days and the female usually is in heat for 7 days– Gestation - 100 days.– The little leopards are in a litter of 2-4, but only 1-2 are able to survive their first

year (big infant mortality)– The female will search for a hidden, quiet place, because it needs to take care

of the cubs in the beginning. They open their eyes 10 days after they are born, but they stay with their mother from 18-24 months, before leaving them and start hunting and living only by themselves. 15.

• Other characteristics:– Variant of coloration:

• Red/orange in the savannah• pale cream and yellow brown in the desert• golden in the rainforest, • Melanistic (black) in the high mountains.

– Stealth predators– The only known big cat that can take its pray up to a three, and sometimes 15.

http://www.cites.org/gallery/species/mammal/http://www.cites.org/gallery/species/mammal/leopard2.htmlleopard2.html

KoalaKoalaPhascolarctos cinereusPhascolarctos cinereus

• Lives in eucalyptus forests • Range: From northern Queensland to southern

Australia(“Habitat”). • Feeds mainly on eucalypts leaves 4.• Locomotion: spend 16 to 18 hours a day motionless.

Most of it they spend sleeping; walk by both their hands and legs

• Life cycle: Female koalas reach maturity at age of 2-3 years 7.

• May get irritated when in contact with other creatures & humans 5.

http://samsuki.com/sblog/Koala.jpg

http://www.stanford.edu/~jay/koalas/Koala450j.jpg

Ring-tailed lemurRing-tailed lemur ( (Lemur cattaLemur catta)) • Habitat: dry woodland districts with a 7-8 month dry season 1.• Range: only on southern and southwestern Madagascar,

Africa 2. • What they eat: classified as herbivores:

– Mostly leaves (esp. of tamarind tree), fruits (berries), and flowers;– More rarely bird eggs, insects, and small mammals; – Dew from leaves –source of water. 10.

• Locomotion: – Quadrupedally on ground as well as on tops of branches;– Tail stands up for balance.

• Ecological role/ niche: (SIGNIFICANT) 8.– Extensive use of ground; – Ability to adapt to different environments => further than any other

lemur species into the interior of Madagascar; – Threatened with extinction because of deforestation, etc. 9.

http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=4730

Madagascar: The Ring-Tailed Madagascar: The Ring-Tailed Lemur’s Sweet HomeLemur’s Sweet Home

http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/fs/http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/fs/popup.php?popup.php?type=map&img=lemur_cattatype=map&img=lemur_catta

• Weaning: ~ 6 months

• Childhood – first weeks, young carried in mothers’ mouths or on belly, then start riding on mothers’ backs 9.

• Sexual maturity: @ ~ 15 months

• Gestation period: ~ 4.5 months

• Birth to 1 or 2 babies

• Birth season – late summer/early fall

• Life span – up to 27 years (in captivity) 9.

Life Cycle ChangesLife Cycle Changes

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ring_tailed_lemur_and_twins.jpgFile:Ring_tailed_lemur_and_twins.jpg

Other CharacterOther Characteristicsistics• Grooming claw

• Long tail

• Opposable thumb 11.

• Enjoy sunbathing in the morning before feeding: “worshipping the sun” in Lotus position (Yoga ) 12. http://www.aronsha.com/PhotoDetail-

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Human Interactions with Other Human Interactions with Other MammalsMammals

• Humans are actually mammals

• However: various human-mammal interactions:– We eat other mammals…but sometimes they

eat us– We obtain food produced from mammals (e.g.

milk from cows)– We make clothes of mammals’ fur, etc. 13.

Do you know…Do you know…

To which animal group most of the characters in The Lion King belong?

MammalsMammals, of course. Simba is a lion; Timon is a meerkat; Pumbaa is a warthog; Rafiki is a mandrill…the list is REALLY long! 13.

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_LQCfAsuuYqI/SaNHgx5W98I/AAAAAAAAAMw/UOdbEl6L6QI/s320/TIMON+PUMBA.gif

http://top-10-list.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/The-Lion-King.jpg

Fun FactsFun Facts

• Male lions prefer to rest while females are doing most of the hunting (read this, guys, and then say that a woman’s place is at home!)

• Just like humans, dogs and cats can be either right or left-handed (or should we say ‘pawed’)

• A ring-tailed lemur’s tail is longer than its body 13.

VocabularyVocabulary

• Occipital condyles – undersurface facets of the occipital bone in vertebrates

• Synapsids – group of amniotes, to which mammals belong

• Monotremes – like all mammals, monotremes have hair and produce milk, but they lack nipples

• Marsupials – Opossums, kangaroos, and koalas• Placenta – structure in which nutrients diffuse into the

embryo from the mother’s blood• Opposable thumb – a thumb which makes primates

different from other animals, they can touch the ventral surface of the tip of all four fingers with the ventral surface of the thumb of the same hand

• Neocortex – brain region that is unique to mammals

• Bronchus – is a passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs

• Alveolus – an anatomical structure that has the form of a hollow cavity in lungs

• Warm-blooded – maintaining a nearly constant body temperature, usually higher than and independent of the environment

• Malleus, incus, and stapes – the three bones that comprise the middle ear of mammals

• Fetus – developing mammal after the embryonic stage and before birth

• Uterus – a female reproductive organ, within which the fetus develops during gestation

• Wean – to stop feeding offspring with mother’s milk • Gestation – the process of carrying offspring in the womb during

pregnancy 6.

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