management functions - comparison of three models

By André Faizi Alves

Evolution of the Models of Management Functions

This presentation compares the following three explanations:� Fayol’s Model� Contemporary Model� Systemic Model

By André Faizi Alves www.TheScienceAndSpiritOfManagement.com

• Henri Fayol (1841 – 1925) was the first person to present a clear explanation of management functions (“elements”).

• Fayol considered Forecast(ing) to be a cause and Plan(ning) the effect; Organizing to be a cause and Coordinating the effect; Commanding to be a cause and Controlling the effect.


Planning(Forecasting)

Organizing

Coordinating

CommandingControlling

Fayol’s Model

• Forecasting has been merged with Planning.• Coordinating and Commanding have been replaced by Leading (or Directing).• Some academics and practitioners include Staffing as a fifth function.• Explanation about each function varies somewhat from author to author. Fayol already highlighted

this issue by saying that “… the term Management with somewhat ill-defined attributes and frontiers.”• This model does not clearly and coherently explain how management supports organizations as

organic systems.

PlanningOrganizing

Leading(or Directing)

Controlling


Contemporary Model

Systemic Model� The Systemic model relates the core management

functions to different characteristics of a system � A system is a group of interconnected elements that

contribute to and benefit from the whole� For a system to exist, it is necessary to have

� Elements� Structure� Processes

� The existence of healthy social systems are dependent upon justice


PlanningOrganizing

CoordinatingProvisioning

• This model has three groups of functions: Leadership, Core and Complementary.

• Provisioning includes Personnel and Resources.• This model provides a coherent explanation of how management facilitates

the creation and functioning of an organization as an organic system.


Systemic Model(Showing only core functions)

Management – the facilitation of organizations as organic systems

For a system to exist, elements must be arranged in a specific structure that enables processes to take place. Thus, management facilitates the creation and functioning of social organic systems primarily through the execution of the following core functions:� Planning - concerned with the design of a system;� Provisioning - particularly concerned with elements

(tangibles and intangibles);� Organizing - concerned with structure and the

"transformation" phase of a process; and� Coordinating - concerned with the "transfer" phase of a

process.


Definition of ManagementSince management is a function of the division of labor*, and organizations are organic social systems, management can be defined as:

the endeavor of facilitating the collective production of deliverables.

André Faizi Alves

*With the advent of and subsequent increase in the complexity of the division of labor, a special occupation became necessary to assist the divided work to function as a unit.


Other Management Definitions� “To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to

command, to co-ordinate and to control.” (Henri Fayol)

� "Management is the art of getting things done through people.” (Attributed to Mary Parker Follet) Note: “through people” seems to be a deviation from Follet’s thinking. “With people” seems more consistent with her work.

� “Management is a multi-purpose organ that manages business and manages managers and manages workers and work.” (Peter Drucker)


management functions - comparison of three models

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