management of feacal (fecal) and solid waste in nigerian cities: focus on federal capital territory...
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Management of feacal (fecal) and solid waste in Nigerian cities:
Focus on Federal Capital Territory Abuja
Ijeoma P.C. Nnani(Ph.D: PUBH Epidemiology)
Walden University
PUBH 8165
Instructor: Dr. Denise Feda
2012, July 18th
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Real Life ExperienceFreedom is to pee in the open by the
road side and toss banana peels out of moving car windows!!
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Rationale
Sanitation and hygiene key to healthy life
• Contributed to great public health achievements
• Reduce and prevent infectious disease like cholera, thyphoid
• Improve quality and life expectancy
• Still inadequate provision in Nigerian cities and villagesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 1999, April). . Ten Great Public HealthAchievements -- United States, 1900-1999. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056796.htm
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Description of IssueDescription of Issue
Inadequate toilet and waste disposal facilities
Consequences include;
poor hygiene and sanitary conditions
spread of infections disease, illness, death and
economic cost
Environmental and public health challenge in Nigeria.
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Incredible ScenarioIncredible Scenario
Poor government oversight of waste disposal
Scarcity/lack of public water supply by
government
Urine, feces and trash disposed freely in the open
Open often stagnant street gutters used as toilets
Incinerating land fills next to populated residence
Non-availability of public toilet facilities
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Incredible ScenarioIncredible Scenario
Free roaming animals including cattle everywhere
Industrial waste disposal on land and water ways
Fecal disposal in streams and rivers
Same water sources for domestic use
Public toilet facilities not part of urban plans
Scarce to find rest areas with toilet facilities for travelers
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Public Health ChallengePublic Health Challenge
Poor sanitation and Hygiene
Bad odor and poor air quality
Environmental pollution and degradation
High BOD5 in soils leading to depletion of oxygen
Disease outbreak and death
Author nknown (n.d.). The Health Hazards of Excreta: Theory and Control Retrieved from www.unc.edu/courses/2007spring/envr/890/ 003/readings/Fe...
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Public health ChallengesPublic health Challenges
Contamination of food and drinks
Lack of effective disease surveillance
High incidence of diarrhea
Other fecal/waste borne disease-Hepatitis A &E,
typhoid fever, E.coli, Cholera outbreaksGlobal Security.Org. (n.d.) Military Nigeria Retrieved from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/nigeria/intro.htm Okeke,I. N., Ojo, O., Lamikanra, A. & Kaper J. B. (2003, October) Etiology of Acute Diarrhea in Adults in Southwestern Nigeria . J Clin Microbiol.; 41(10) PMCID: PMC254369 Retrieved 7/30/12 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC254369/S: 4525–4530. doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.10.4525-4530.2003Prüss, A., Kay, D., Fewtrell, L.& Bartram, J. (2002, May). Estimating the Burden of Disease from Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene at a Global Level. Volume 110 | number 5 | May 2002 Environmental Health Perspectives. Retrieved from www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/global/.../ArticleEHP052002.pd...
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EvidenceEvidence
150,000 death annually from diarrhea
Diarrhea is second highest cause of under five mortality
Over 18% prevalence
High incidence of malaria
Sanitations coverage average of 28%
Low life expectancy ranking 112 in the worldLimlim, R. (2008). Goodwill message by Dr. Robert Limlim, acting UNICEF representative in Nigeria, during the national launching of hand washing campaign at Sheraton hotel and towers Abuja on May 22, 2008. Retrieved 7/30/12 from http://www.unicef.org/nigeria/media_2364.html WHO/UNICEF. (n.d.). A Snapshot of sanitation in Africa a special tabulation for Africa San based on preliminary data from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/africasan/en/index.htmlCIA (n.d.). WorldFact Book. Retrieved 7/31/12 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html?countryName=Nigeria&countryCode=ni®ionCode=afr&rank=211#ni
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EvidenceEvidence
Toxic chemicals and microbes are in water samples
High nitrates, coliform microbes in overhead tank and
stream samples
Mountains of polyethylene and plastic bottles
Breeding grounds for mosquitoes , malaria vector
Lack of or inadequate water supply in and around Abuja
Ukhun, M.E., Tobi S.B, & Okolie N.P. (2005). Toxic chemicals and microbes in some Nigerian water samples. Journal of Medical Sciences, 5: 260-265.Retrieved from http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jms.2005.260.265 DOI: 10.3923/jms.2005.260.265
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Needed ActionNeeded Action
Policy and regulatory control
Cultural change and public awareness
Provision of water, public toilet and
efficient waste disposal facilities
Disease surveillance system
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Responsible stakeholder- Responsible stakeholder- GovernmentGovernment
Provide policy and leadership for sanitation
Provide effective water, public toilet and waste disposal
system
Strengthen and implement environmental sanitation
standards
Mount health campaign on sanitation
Reward local governments that meet sanitation targets
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Others StakeholdersOthers StakeholdersMediaDrive behavioral change to embrace sanitation and
hygiene
General publicChange of habit of freely urinating and defecating in the
open
Businesses- gas stations, eating places and othersProvide access to public toiletsProvide commercial rest areas for travellers
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Other StakeholderOther Stakeholder
International and National organizations
Assist to ensure water and waste disposal safety
Funding for projects including public enlightenment
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Thank youThank youComments welcome!!!!
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ReferencesReferences
Author unknown (n.d.). The Health Hazards of Excreta: Theory and Control Retrieved from www.unc.edu/courses/2007spring/envr/890/ 003/readings/Fe...
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, (1999, July). Ten great achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Control of infectious diseases. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) July 30 1999/498(29); 621-629 Retrieved 7/31/12 from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4829a1.htm
CDC ( 2011, September). Global Water, Sanitation, & Hygiene (WASH). Retrieved
7/31/12 from http://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/wash_diseases.html
CIA (n.d.). WorldFact Book. Retrieved 7/31/12 from
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html?countryName=Nigeria&countryCode=ni®ionCode=afr&rank=211#ni
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ReferencesReferencesGlobal Security.Org. (n.d.). Military Nigeria. Retrieved from
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/nigeria/intro.htm
Limlim, R. (2008). Goodwill message by Dr. Robert Limlim, acting UNICEF representative in Nigeria, during the national launching of hand washing campaign at Sheraton hotel and towers Abuja on May 22, 2008. Retrieved 7/30/12 from http://www.unicef.org/nigeria/media_2364.html
Okeke,I. N., Ojo, O., Lamikanra, A. & Kaper J. B. (2003, October). Etiology of acute diarrhea in adults in southwestern Nigeria . J Clin Microbiol.; 41(10) PMCID: PMC254369 Retrieved 7/30/12 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC254369/S: 4525–4530. doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.10.4525-4530.2003
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ReferencesReferencesPrüss, A., Kay, D., Fewtrell, L.& Bartram, J. (2002, May). Estimating the
Burden of Disease from Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene at a Global Level. Volume 110 | number 5 | May 2002 Environmental Health Perspectives. Retrieved from www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/global/.../ArticleEHP052002.pd...
Ukhun, M.E., Tobi S.B, & Okolie N.P. (2005). Toxic chemicals and microbes in some samples of Nigerian water Journal of Medical Sciences, 5: 260-265.Retrieved from http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=jms.2005.260.265 DOI: 10.3923/jms.2005.260.265
WHO/UNICEF. (n.d.). A Snapshot of sanitation in Africa a special tabulation for Africa San based on preliminary data from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/africasan/en/index.html