management of internet resources itu workshop on developing a policy and regulatory framework for...
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Management of Internet Resources
ITU Workshop on Developing a Policy and Regulatory Framework for
Developing Economies of the Pacific
1 December 2003
Suva, Fiji
Save Vocea, APNIC
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“On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog…”
by Peter Steiner, from The New Yorker, (Vol.69 (LXIX) no. 20)
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www.google.com
www.redhat.com
www.ebay.com
www.dogs.biz
www.apnic.net
www.gnso.org
www.ebay.com
www.doggie.com
www.ietf.org
216.239.39.99
66.187.232.50
66.135.208.101
209.217.36.32
202.12.29.20
199.166.24.5
66.135.208.88
198.41.3.45
4.17.168.6
“On the Internet…”you are nothing but an IP Address!
202.12.29.142
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Internet for Everything!
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Overview
• What is an IP Address?– …and what it is not
• What is an IP Address like?– IP Address characteristics– …and functions as an identifier
• How are IP Addresses managed?– A brief history– Address management today
• Resource allocation statistics
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What is an IP Address?
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What is an Address?
• An identifier which includes information about how to find its subject
(according to some rules of interpretation)
• Normally hierarchical– Each part provides more specific detail
• For example…– APNIC, Level 1, 33 Park Rd,
Milton, Brisbane, Australia
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What is an IP Address?
• Internet identifier including information about how to reach a location
(via the Internet routing system)
• IPv4: 32-bit* number– 4 billion different Addresses available
• IPv6: 128-bit number– 16 billion billion Addresses available
• For example… – 202.12.29.142– A computer within APNIC’s network
(202.12.29/24)
* bit = binary digit
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My Computer www.cernet.net202.12.29.142 202.112.0.46
www.cernet.net ? 202.112.0.46
IP Addresses vs Domain Names
The Internet
DNS
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What else is an IP Address?
• IP Addresses are…– Internet Infrastructure Addresses– a finite Public Resource– not “owned” by Address users– not dependent upon the DNS
• IP does not mean “Intellectual Property”
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Internet Address Routing
Traffic202.12.29.0/24
The InternetGlobal Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
…
Global Routing Table
4.128/9
60.100/16
60.100.0/20
135.22/16
202.12.29.0/24…
Announce202.12.29.0/24
202.12.29.0/24
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IP Address Characteristics
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Where do IP Addresses come from?
IETF
IANA
RIR
ISP
User
IPv4 IPv6
Allocation
Allocation
Assignment
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• IP Address = Network interface address– Not a computer’s Address– Nor a person’s Address
LAN
?
What is “my” Address?
Modem
802.11
IPv4 IPv6
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Is “my” Address permanent?
• No - Customer Addresses often change– Dialup Addresses are “dynamic”…
ISP
132.234.250.31132.234.250.30
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Is “my” Address unique?
• Not necessarily…– Public IP Address = unique– Private* IP Address = non-unique
NAT / firewall
192.168.0.0/24
192.168.0.142
ISP 202.12.0.129
* RFC 1918
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History of IP Address Management
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Global Routing Table: ’88 - ’92
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Jul-88 Jan-89 Jul-89 Jan-90 Jul-90 Jan-91 Jul-91 Jan-92 Jul-92
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Early Address Management
• Early 1990’s: Internet scaling problems• Address depletion
– due to classful architecture– 3 choices: A, B or C
• Routing table overload– Due to lack of route aggregation
• Internet widely projected to fail– Growth would stop by mid-’90s– Urgent measures required– Action taken by IETF / Internet community
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Evolution of Address Management
• 1993: Development of “CIDR” – Addressed both technical problems– Moved from “classful” to “classless”
• Address depletion– Through more accurate assignment
• Routing table overload– Through Address space aggregation
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Evolution of Address Policy
• RFC 1366 (1992)– Described the “growth of the Internet and its
increasing globalization” – Additional complexity of address management– Set out the basis for a regionally distributed
Internet registry system
• 1990s - establishment of RIRs– APNIC, ARIN, RIPE NCC (LACNIC later)– Regional open processes– Cooperative policy development– Industry self-regulatory model
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Address Management Today
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About APNIC
• Regional Internet Registry for the Asia Pacific– 850 ISP members in 46 economies– 6 National Internet Registries– Established in 1993
• Non-profit service organisation– IP address allocation and registration– Training and education– Infrastructure activity: Root servers
• Community– Open Policy Meetings– Co-founder of APRICOT– ISOC member - Platinum programme– ITU Sector Member
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IP Address Management
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Address management objectives
Conservation• Efficient use of resources
• Based on demonstrated need
Aggregation• Limit routing table growth
• Support provider-based routing
Registration• Ensure uniqueness
• Facilitate trouble shooting
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Policy Development
• Industry self-regulatory processes– Open to all interested parties– Established over 10 years– Responsive to industry needs – Facilitated by RIR staff
• Policy implementation– RIR processes– ISPs and other affected parties
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“Internet Community”
Global Internet Community
APNIC Internet Community
IETF
ISOC
Individuals
APNIC Members
ITU PITA
ISP Associations
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Policy development - Industry self-regulation
OPEN
TRANSPARENT‘BOTTOM UP’
Anyone can participate
All decisions & policies documented & freely available to anyone
Internet community proposes and approves policy
Need
DiscussEvaluate
Implement Consensus
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Resource Allocation Statistics
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Global IPv4 Delegations
Other Orgs (pre-RIR)
42%
Unallocated30%
"Special purpose"
14%
RIPE NCC4%
ARIN 6%
APNIC 4%
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0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
APNIC
ARIN
LACNIC
RIPE NCC
IPv4 allocations from RIRs to LIRs/ISPs - Yearly comparison
As of 30 June 2003
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IPv4 Distribution by economy in APNIC
SG1%
NZ1%
TH1%
AU6%
ID1%
KR18%
CN24%
JP35%
Other1%
PK0%
Other5%
AP0%
PH0%
TW6%
HK3%
IN2% MY
1%
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Pacific Is- cumulative Address distribution
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Nov-03
IPv4
Ad
dre
sses
WS
VU
TV
TO
SB
PW
PG
PF
NR
NC
KI
GU
FJ
CK
AS
Last Update 19 Nov 2003
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IPv6 allocations from RIRs to LIRs/ISPs - Yearly comparison
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Conclusions
• IP Addresses– Infrastructure Addresses– Interface identifiers– Very limited use for other purposes
• NOT useful as generic digital IDs
• IP Address management– Result of 20 year evolution on the Internet– Supported Internet growth to date– Stable well-understood system– Open to all interested participants
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Come to the APNIC meeting!
Next meeting in conjunction with
APRICOT 2004Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 18-27 February 2004
2nd round Fellowship application: 11-17 Jan 04
• Participate in policy development• Attend workshops, tutorials & presentations• Exchange knowledge and information with peers• Stay abreast with developments in the Internet• View multicast online• Provide your input in matters important to you
http://www.apnic.net/meetings/