managerial economics - v

8/7/2019 Managerial Economics - V

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MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS - V

COST ANALYSIS


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Cost?

Profits are the difference between selling priceand cost of production

In general the selling price is not within thecontrol of a firm but many costs are under itscontrolThe firm should therefore aim at controllingand minimizing cost


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COST CONCEPTSOpportunity costs Long Term PlanningOutlay costs Actual ExpenditureExplicit costs Actual ExpenditureImplicit costs Not Actual ExpenditureHistorical costs Original ExpenditureReplacement costs Future ExpenditureShort run and long run costsOut-of pocket and books costsFixed and variable costsPost and Future costsTraceable and common costs Can be separated

Controllable and uncontrollable costsIncremental and sunk costsTotal, average and marginal costs

Accounting and Economics costs


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Cost and Output Relations

The cost-output relationship plays an importantrole in determining the optimum level of production

The relation between cost and its determinants istechnically described as the cost functionC= f (S, O, P, T .)

C= Cost (Unit or total cost)

S= Size of plant/scale of productionO= Output levelP= Prices of inputsT= Technology


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Cost-Output Relation in the short-run

The cost concepts made use of in the costbehavior are total cost, Average cost, andmarginal costTC=TFC+TVC

TC

AC = -------Q


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Cost-Output Relation curve - Shortrun

The short-run cost-output relationship can beshown graphically as follows


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Cost-output Relationship in the long-run

The long-run cost-output relations therefore imply therelationship between the total cost and the totaloutputIn the long-run cost-output relationship is influencedby the law of returns to scaleIn the long run a firm has a number of alternatives inregards to the scale of operationsFor each scale of production or plant size, the firm has

an appropriate short-run average cost curvesThe short-run average cost (SAC) curve applies to onlyone plant whereas the long-run average cost (LAC)curve takes in to consideration many plants


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Cost-Output Relation curve - Longrun


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B REAKEVEN ANALYSIS

The study of cost-volume-profit relationship isoften referred as Break Even AnalysisThe term BEA is interpreted in two sensesIn its narrow sense, it is concerned with findingout Break Even PointBEP is the point at which total revenue is equal tototal costIt is the point of no profit, no loss.In its broad determine the probable profit at anylevel of production


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B EP - Assumptions

All costs are classified into two fixed and variable.Fixed costs remain constant at all levels of output.

Variable costs vary proportionally with the volume of output.

Selling price per unit remains constant in spite of competitionor change in the volume of production.There will be no change in operating efficiency.There will be no change in the general price level.

Volume of production is the only factor affecting the cost.Volume of sales and volume of production are equal. Hencethere is no unsold stock.There is only one product or in the case of multiple products.

Sales mix remains constant


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Merits of B EP Analysis

Information provided by the Break Even Chart can be understood moreeasily then those contained in the profit and Loss Account and the coststatement.Break Even Chart discloses the relationship between cost, volume and

profit. It reveals how changes in profit.It is very useful for forecasting costs and profits long term planning andgrowthThe chart discloses profits at various levels of production.It serves as a useful tool for cost control.

It can also be used to study the comparative plant efficiencies of theindustry.Analytical Break-even chart present the different elements, in the costs direct material, direct labour, fixed and variable overheads.


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D emerits of B EP Analysis

Break-even chart presents only cost volume profits. It ignores other considerations such ascapital amount, marketing aspects and effect of government policy etc., which are necessaryin decision making.It is assumed that sales, total cost and fixed cost can be represented as straight lines. Inactual practice, this may not be so.

It assumes that profit is a function of output. This is not always true. The firm may increasethe profit without increasing its output.A major draw back of BEC is its inability to handle production and sale of multiple products.It is difficult to handle selling costs such as advertisement and sale promotion in BEC.It ignores economics of scale in production.Fixed costs do not remain constant in the long run.

Semi-variable costs are completely ignored.It assumes production is equal to sale. It is not always true because generally there may beopening stock.When production increases variable cost per unit may not remain constant but may reduceon account of bulk buying etc.The assumption of static nature of business and economic activities is a well-known defect of

BEC.


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Components of BEP

Fixed costVariable costContribution (Sales VC) or (FC + Profit)Margin of safety (Present Sales BE Sales) orProfit / PV RatioAngle of incidence

Profit volume ratio =Break-Even-Point = (Units) = FC / Cont

= (Rupees) =

100on/SalesXContributi

onXSalesContributi FixedCost /

managerial economics - v

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