managing capacity and demand
DESCRIPTION
Managing Capacity and Demand. Learning Objectives. Describe the strategies for matching capacity and demand for services. Recommend an overbooking strategy. Use Linear Programming to prepare a weekly workshift schedule. Prepare a work schedule for part-time employees. Use yield management. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Managing Capacity and Demand
Learning Objectives
Describe the strategies for matching capacity and demand for services.
Recommend an overbooking strategy. Use Linear Programming to prepare a
weekly workshift schedule. Prepare a work schedule for part-time
employees. Use yield management.
Strategies for Matching Supply and Demand for Services
DEMANDSTRATEGIES
PartitioningdemandDeveloping
complementaryservices
Establishingprice
incentivesDevelopingreservationsystems
Promoting off-peakdemand
Yieldmanagement
SUPPLYSTRATEGIES
Cross-training
employees
Increasingcustomer
participationSharingcapacity
Schedulingwork shifts
Creatingadjustablecapacity
Usingpart-time
employees
Segmenting Demand at a Health Clinic
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
1 2 3 4 5
Day of week
Perc
enta
ge o
f ave
rage
dail
y ph
ysici
an vi
sits
Smoothing Demand by AppointmentScheduling
Day Appointments
Monday 84Tuesday 89Wednesday 124Thursday 129Friday 114
Discriminatory Pricing for CampingExperience No. of Daily
type Days and weeks of camping season days fee
1 Saturdays and Sundays of weeks 10 to 15, plus 14 $6.00
Dominion Day and civic holidays
2 Saturdays and Sundays of weeks 3 to 9 and 15 to 19, 23 2.50
plus Victoria Day
3 Fridays of weeks 3 to 15, plus all other days of weeks 43 0.50
9 to 15 that are not in experience type 1 or 2
4 Rest of camping season 78 free
EXISTING REVENUE VS PROJECTED REVENUE FROM DISCRIMINATORY PRICING
Existing flat fee of $2.50 Discriminatory fee
Experience Campsites Campsites
type occupied Revenue occupied (est.) Revenue
1 5.891 $14,727 5,000 $30,000
2 8,978 22,445 8,500 21,250
3 6,129 15,322 15,500 7.750
4 4,979 12,447 …. ….
Total 25,977 $ 64,941 29,000 $59,000
Hotel Overbooking Loss Table
Number of Reservations Overbooked
No- Prob-
shows ability 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 .07 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
1 .19 40 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
2 .22 80 40 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
3 .16 120 80 40 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
4 .12 160 120 80 40 0 100 200 300 400 500
5 .10 200 160 120 80 40 0 100 200 300 400
6 .07 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 100 200 300
7 .04 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 100 200
8 .02 320 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 100
9 .01 360 320 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0
Expected loss, $ 121.60 91.40 87.80 115.00 164.60 231.00 311.40 401.60 497.40 560.00
Daily Scheduling of Telephone Operator Workshifts
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Time
Num
ber o
f ope
rato
rs
Scheduler program assigns tours so that the number of operators present each half hour adds up to the
number required
Topline profile
12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
Tour
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Time
Cal
ls
12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
LP Model for Weekly Workshift Schedule with Two Days-off Constraint
Objective function: Minimize x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7
Constraints: Sunday x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6
3 Monday x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 6
Tuesday x1 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 5
Wednesday x1 + x2 + x5 + x6 + x7 6 Thursday x1 + x2 + x3 + x6 + x7 5 Friday x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x7
5 Saturday x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 5
xi 0 and integer
Schedule matrix, x = day offOperator Su M Tu W Th F Sa 1 x x … … … … ... 2 … x x … … … … 3 … ... x x … … … 4 … ... x x … … … 5 … … … … x x … 6 … … … … x x … 7 … … … … x x … 8 x … … … … … xTotal 6 6 5 6 5 5 7Required 3 6 5 6 5 5 5Excess 3 0 0 0 0 0 2
Scheduling Part-time Bank Tellers
Objective function:Minimize x1+ x2+x3+x4+x5+x6+x7
Constraints: Sunday x2+x3+x4+x5+x6 b1
Monday x3+x4+x5+x6+x7 b2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Tel
lers
req
uire
d
Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri.
Two Full-time Tellers
54
1
32
1
432 1
5 2
Fri. Mon. Wed. Thurs Tues. 0
1
2
3
4
5
Te
llers
re
qu
ired
Decreasing part-time teller demand histogram
DAILY PART-TIME WORK SCHEDULE, X=workday
Teller Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. 1 x …. x …. x 2 x …. …. x x 3,4 x …. …. …. x 5 …. …. x …. x
Ideal Characteristics for Yield Management
Relatively Fixed Capacity Ability to Segment Markets Perishable Inventory Product Sold in Advance Fluctuating Demand Low Marginal Sales Cost and High
Capacity Change Cost
Seasonal Allocation of Rooms by Service Class for Resort Hotel
First class
Standard
Budget
Per
cent
age
of c
apac
ity a
lloca
ted
to d
iffer
ent s
ervi
ce c
lass
es
60%
50%30%
20%
50%
Peak Shoulder Off-peak Shoulder (30%) (20%) (40%) (10%)Summer Fall Winter Spring
Percentage of capacity allocated to different seasons
30%20% 20%
10% 30%
50% 30%
Demand Control Chart for a Hotel
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86
Days before arrival
Rese
rvat
ions
Expected Reservation Accumulation
2 standard deviation control limits
Yield Management Using the Critical Fractile Model
P d x
C
C C
F D
p Fu
u o
( )( )
Where x = seats reserved for full-fare passengers d = demand for full-fare tickets p = proportion of economizing (discount) passengers Cu = lost revenue associated with reserving one too few seatsat full fare (underestimating demand). The lost opportunity is the difference between the fares (F-D) assuming a passenger, willingto pay full-fare (F), purchased a seat at the discount (D) price. Co = cost of reserving one to many seats for sale at full-fare(overestimating demand). Assume the empty full-fare seat wouldhave been sold at the discount price. However, Co takes on twovalues, depending on the buying behavior of the passenger whowould have purchased the seat if not reserved for full-fare. if an economizing passenger if a full fare passenger (marginal gain)Expected value of Co = pD-(1-p)(F-D) = pF - (F-D)
CD
F Do
( )
Topics for Discussion What organizational problems can arise from the use of
part-time employees? How can computer-based reservation systems increase
service capacity utilization? What possible dangers are associated with developing
complementary services? Will the widespread use of yield management
eventually erode the concept of fixed prices? What possible negative effects can yield management
have on customer relations?
Interactive Exercise
Watch the PowerPoint presentation concerning the overbooking experience at the Doubletree Hotel in Houston, Texas. How could this situation been handled differently?