managing contaminated animal and plant materials
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction Introduction,PurposeandOverview..........................................5 DecisionTree..............................................................................7
General Considerations AnimalandPlantMaterials......................................................12 Planning....................................................................................19 Procedures................................................................................2� SafetyandBiosecurity..............................................................�5 Cost...........................................................................................70
Best Practices and Guidelines for Specific Methods Thermal.....................................................................................7� Burial......................................................................................120 Composting.............................................................................162 Rendering................................................................................208 AlkalineHydrolysis................................................................2�� Digestion.................................................................................261 EmergingMethods.................................................................294
Contents5
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73
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IntroductionManaging Contaminated Animal and
Plant Materials: Field Guide on Best Prac-ticespresentstheinformationrequiredforthesafe,effectiveandeconomicaldisposalofcontaminatedanimalandplantmaterials.Managementofthesematerialsonalargescalepresentsmajorchallengesforemergencypersonnelrespondingtodiseases,naturalandaccidentalincidentsoractsofterrorismagainstenterprisesengagedinfoodproduc-tion,processingordistribution.
PurposeThisbookwasdesignedtobeusedas
areferencefortrainingandoperationsinpreparinganddisposingofcontaminatedanimalandplantmaterials.ItwasproducedbytheTechnicalSupportWorkingGroup,inconjunctionwiththeU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,andtheEnvironmentalProtec-
tionAgency,forlandowners,privateindustry,animalproducersandlocal,state,federalandmilitarygovernmentagencies.
Respondersshouldapplythisinformationinconjunctionwiththeirprevioustrainingandexperience, site-specific regulatory and envi-ronmentalfactors,andstandardproceduresandpoliciesalreadyinplace.Becauseeverysituationhasuniquechallenges,respondersmust be flexible enough to adjust to the situ-ationathandusingtheresourcesavailabletothem.
This field guide is intended to be a source ofideasandinformationonmethodsandtechnologiesforthedisposalofcontaminatedanimalsandplantsandisnotintendedtobeall-inclusive.Theinformationgivenisforeducationalandguidancepurposesonly.Ref-erencetobusinesses,commercialproductsortradenamesismadewiththeunderstanding
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Introductionthatnodiscriminationisintendedandnoen-dorsementbytheTechnicalSupportWorkingGrouporanyotherU.S.Governmentagencyisimplied.
OverviewSevendisposaloptionsarediscussed
inthisguide:thermal,burial,composting,rendering,alkalinehydrolysis,digestionandemergingtechnologies.The“GeneralConsiderations”chapterpertainstoalloftheseoptions.Thedisposalmethodsarediscussedinseparatechapters,mostofwhichincludesixcolor-codedsections:Summaryofthedisposalmethod(purple),Regulatorysynopsis(yellow),Planning(blue),Procedures(lightblue),Safety(red),Biosecurity(lightgreen),Environment(brown)andCost(green).
Thisformatwasdesignedtohelppracti-tionersandincidentcommanderscomparethevariousdisposalmethodsforevidence-basedandconsensus-baseddecisionmaking.Deci-siontreestoaidinchoosingtheappropriatedisposalmethodareincludedforcontami-natedanimals(Fig.1)andplants(Fig.2).Atablelistingmethodsconsiderationsisalsoincludedinmostchapterstofurtheradvancethedecision-makingprocess.
Incident command structure: Beforebe-ginninganydisposalmethod,respondersmustobtainapprovalfromthelocal,stateorfederalauthoritiesprovidingleadershipattheincidentcommandpost.Theproperprocedureforalocal/countyincidentcommandteamtofollowwhenmanaginganimalcarcasseswillcomefromtheincidentcommanderanddependonthemagnitudeoftheincident,thetypeofagentandthepotentialeconomicimpact.
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Figure 1. Decisiontreeforcontaminatedanimaldisposal.
An animal carcass disposal emergency is declared.
Pathogen presentI. Prion/TSE (mad cow, BSE, CWD or scrapie)II. Spore-forming bacteria (anthrax)III. Virus (avian influenza)
Outbreak site is near residential and public areas, water wells, busy roads, etc.
(see setback distances*)
Select offsite location (see site selection criteria*)
Provide biosecure transportation.
Pathogen Type IChoice PriorityFFIb 1FAHd 2
Pathogen Type IIChoice PriorityRenderinga 1FFIb 2ACBc 3FAHd 4MAHe 5TBg 6LFi 7OABl 8
Pathogen Type IIIChoice PriorityRenderinga 1FFIb 2ACBc 3FAHd 4TBg 5OWCh 6LFi 7OABl 8
Outbreak site is near residential and public
areas, water wells, busy roads, etc.
(see setback distances*)
Provide biosecure transportation if needed.
Pathogen Type I Pathogen Type II Pathogen Type III Choice Priority Choice Priority Choice Priority FFIb 1 Renderinga 1 IWCf 1 FAHd 2 FFIb 2 TBg 2 MAHe 3 ACBc 3 OWCh 3 FAHd 4 LFi 4 MAHe 5 Renderinga 5 TBg 6 FFIb 6 LFi 8 ACBc 7 OABl 9 OABl 8
The disposal site meets the selection criteria.*
Select an offsite location (see site selection criteria*).
Provide biosecure transportation.
Choice PriorityRenderinga 1FFIb 2ACBc 3TBg 4OWCh 5LFi, n 6MBj 7
Transport to the staging area.
Choice PriorityRenderinga 1FFIb 2ACBc 3TBg 4OWCh 5LFi, n 6MBj 7OABm 10
Abbreviations
ACB Air-curtain burning BSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy CWD Chronic wasting disease FAH Fixed alkaline hydrolysis FFI Fixed facility incinerationIWC In-house windrow compostingLF Landfilling MAH Mobile alkaline hydrolysis MB Mass burial OAB Open-air burningOWC Outdoor windrow composting TB Trench burialTSE Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
YesYes Then
No
No
No
No YesYes
Yes
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IntroductionaNo storage is necessary for carcasses ≤ 200 t (400 cattlecarcasses);otherwise,plantostoretheextracarcasses.Thethroughputofarenderingplantisabout100t/24h.
bNo storage is necessary for carcasses ≤ 12 t (24 cattle carcasses) and if the throughput of the fixed facil-ityincineratorisabout6t/24h;otherwise,plantostoretheextracarcasses.Fixedfacilityincinerationofcarcasseseliminatestheconsumptionofwaterfordisposalprocess.
cNo storage is necessary for carcasses ≤ 200 t (400 cattlecarcasses);otherwise,plantostoretheextracarcasses.Throughputofanair-curtainburningsystemisabout100t/24h.
dNostorageisnecessaryforprion-infectedcarcasses≤ 15 t and non-prion-infected carcasses ≤ 30 t if the throughput of fixed alkaline hydrolysis is about 15 t/24handabout�0t/24h,respectively;otherwise,plantostoretheextracarcasses.Waterconsumptionis a limiting factor in fixed alkaline hydrolysis and mobilealkalinehydrolysis(0.5–2lb/1lbofcarcass).To dispose of the effluent of fixed alkaline hydrolysis inmunicipalwastetreatmentfacilities(MWTF),itis
necessarytoacidifyanddiluteitandobtainpermis-sionfromauthorizedpersonnelintheMWTF.
eNostorageisnecessaryforprion-infectedcarcasses≤ 6 t and non-prion-infected carcasses ≤ 12 t if the throughputofmobilealkalinehydrolysisisabout6t/24handabout12t/24h,respectively;otherwise,storetheextracarcasses.On-siteuseofmobilealka-linehydrolysiseliminatesthebiosecuretransportationcostsbutrequiresskilleddrivers/operators.
fNotransportationisnecessary.Nostorageisnecessaryfor carcasses ≤ 200 t (about 200,000 chickens); otherwise,plantostoretheextracarcasses.Thethroughputofin-housewindrowcompostingdependsonthesizeofthepoultryhouseandavailableequip-ment.Forexample,10skid-steerscanmakeawindrow(12ftwideand6fttall)compostingpileforabout400tofcarcasseswithin2daysofoperation.
gNo storage is necessary for carcasses ≤ 800 tons (1,600cattlecarcasses);otherwise,plantostoretheextracarcasses.Atrenchdiggerwith1yd�bucketca-pacitywilltrenchandburyabout800tonsofcarcasseswithin2days.
hNo storage is necessary for carcasses ≤ 200 t (400
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cattlecarcasses);otherwise,plantostoretheextracarcasses.Thethroughputofwindrowcompostingdependsonthesizeofcarcasses,preprocessing(car-cassgrinding)andavailableequipment.Forexample,10skid-steerscanmakeawindrow(12ftwideand6fttall)compostingpileforabout400tofcarcasseswithin2daysofoperation.
iNo storage is necessary for carcasses ≤ 200 t (400 cattlecarcasses);otherwise,plantostoretheextracar-casses. The throughput of carcass landfilling depends on the size of the Type I (modern) landfill, transporta-tion vehicles and processing machinery. Most landfills haveacapacityoflessthan100t/day.
jCarcassmassburialcapacitydependsontheavail-abilityofequipment,personnelandtherequiredpitdimensions.
k,lThecapacitiesforcarcassbincompostinganddiges-tionarelimited;thesemethodsarenotappropriatefordisposalofalargequantityofdeadanimals.
mCarcassopen-airburningisthelastchoicefordisposalofcarcasses,anditscapacitydependsonthetrenchlength.
nLandfilling costs:
1.Thechargecanrangefrom$10to$50perton,not
includingcostsfortransportingthecarcassestothelandfill. Source: Nebraska Department of Environ-mentalQuality,2004.
2. The actual price of using a landfill in California was$42.55/tonfordeadstock.Source:PersonalcommunicationswithMatthewHickman,RiversideCountyWasteManagementDepartment,MorenoValley,CA.August21,2006).
*Carcass disposal site specifications and regulations for thermaldestruction,burialandcompostingmethods:
• Performthermaldestructionoflargenumbersofanimalcarcasses(usuallymorethan1,000cattlecarcasses)atadistanceof2miles(�km)fromresidentialbuildings,roadsandutilities(wires/lines)andfromthepublic,religious,historicalandarchaeologicalareasfortheair-curtainburningandopen-airburningsystems.Ifpossible,considerleaving the same distance from crop fields and wildlife.Thiswillprotectthepublicfromsmokeinhalation and excessive heat and prevent fire dam-agetoproperty,plantsandwildlife.
• ConsulttheUSDANaturalResourcesConservationServiceandevaluatethesiteforwatertableandpropersoilconditions.
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10
Introduction• Userefractoryboxesforair-curtainburningsys-
temswherethesitehasahighwatertable(<2ftfromthebottomofaplannedtrench)orrockysoiland where the construction of trenches is difficult andcostly.
• Whenchoosinganappropriatesiteforcarcassburial,considersitesthatareaminimumof150ftfromprivatewells,springs,watercourses,sink-holes,streams,springs(oranysourceofwaterusedfordomesticpurposes)andpublicareas;200ft
fromresidencesorpropertylines;500ftfrompub-licwells;1,000ftfortheburialofdisease-infectedcarcassesfromwater-supplywells;and1,�25ftfrompublicroads,highwaysandparks.
• Thecompostingsiteshouldbeatleast�ftabovethehighwatertableleveland�00ftfromsensi-tivewaterresources(suchasstreams,ponds,wells,etc.).Itshouldhave1–�%slopetoprovideproperdrainageandpreventpondingofwater.
1111
A plant disposal emergency has been declared.
Y = yes
N = no
Highly contagious pathogen (APHIS1 Select Agent)?
Environmental issues (such as air quality)?
Crops dried and suitable for burning?
Annual field cropsCrops in large areas
with very limited transportation options
Perennial field cropsCrops, including trees
and lumber, with limited transportation options
Nursery greenhouse plantsTransportation options
available
Field burning Field burial Natural disposal Open-air burning Landfilling
Figure 2. Decisiontreeforcontaminatedplantdisposal.
1USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, http://www.aphis.usda.gov
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General ConsiderationsManymanagementpracticesareavailable
forthedisposalofcontaminatedplantsandanimals.The“best”methoddependsonthecircumstancesathand.Factorsthataffectthechoiceofdisposalmethodinclude:
• Thenatureoftheincidentoroutbreak(suchasspeciesofanimalandtypeofpathogen)
• Sitecharacteristics• Amountofcontaminatedmaterialstobe
handled• Local,stateandfederalregulatorycon-
straints• Facilitiesavailable
Whenplanningaresponsetoanincidentoroutbreak,practitionersandincidentcom-mandteamsalsomustconsider:
• Workerhealthandsafety• Security• Transportation• Equipment• Environmentalimpacts• Publicperception• DirectandindirectcostsInformationaboutthesefactorscanguide
decisionmakersinselectingthemostappro-priate disposal method for a specific contami-natedmaterial,pathogenandlocation.
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Disposal of contaminated plant materialsToprotecttheU.S.agriculturalindustry,it
isvitalthatplantpathogens(disease-causingorganisms)andcontaminatedplantsbede-stroyedordisposedofeffectively.
Akeydifferencebetweeninfectiouspathogensofplantsandthoseofanimalsisthatplantpathogensrarelyinfecthumans.Afewisolatedcasesofhumaninfectionshavebeenfoundinimmuno-compromisedpatients.Iftheappropriateprotectivegearandcom-monsenseareused,humaninfectionbyplantpathogensisunlikely.
Themostpracticalandeconomicallyfea-sibletechniquesfordisposingofcontaminat-ed plants are described in detail in the specific methodssectionsinthisguide:
• Thermal destruction methods (field burning,open-airburning)
• Burial methods (field burial, landfilling)
• Evolvingandalternativemethods(no-tillagecroppingsystem,croprotation)
Toselectthebestdisposalmethods,usersneedtohaveabaselineunderstandingof:
• The classifications of plant materials• Plantdiseasesandepidemiology• Thegeneralconsiderationsforhandling
contaminatedplantmaterialsThismanualprovidesinformationonthe
bestpracticesanddisposalmethodsforcontam-inatedplantmaterials.Itisnotintendedtobeaguideforgeneralcrop-diseasemanagement.
IntheUnitedStates,diversegroupsofplantsarecultivated,importedandprocessed.Table1categorizestheseplantsintothreemajor groups: annual field crops, perennial field crops and nursery greenhouse plants. The groupsareorganizedaccordingtothedisposalmethodologiesoutlinedinthisguide.
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Table 1. Characteristics,disease-controlconsiderationsanddisposalissuesofplantgroupscultivated,processedand/orimportedintheUnitedStates.
Consideration Annual field crops Perennial field crops Nursery greenhouse plants
Examples Cotton, corn, soybeans, tomatoes, tobacco, wheat and potatoes
Grapes, citrus, pome fruits (apples, pears), stone fruits (almonds, peaches, plums) and lumber
Geraniums, pansies and other seasonal plants in single- and multi-season greenhouses
General characteristics
• Planted in large areas across the U.S.• Generally produced in the U.S. and a significant portion exported• Not cost-effective to harvest and transport for disposal purposes
• Can be planted in large areas but not at the scale of annual field crops• Typically woody plants and relatively of larger size • Because of the plant size, transportation can be an issue
• High-value plants• Restricted production/ distribution locations • Shipping-friendly• Significant portion imported from foreign countries
Disease control • Most pathogens that can contaminate these crops have already been introduced to the U.S.• Key disease control strategies include the use of resistant hybrids and proper cultural practices
• Prone to insect and virus damage• New pathogens from other continents can be introduced • Because of the crops’ high economic value, pesticides and fungicides are used to control diseases
• Vulnerable to new, introduced pathogens (particularly imported plants)• Strict quarantine measures enforced
Key disposal issues
• Large area of production• Difficulty of harvesting and transporting infected crops • High epidemic potential
• Larger crop size• Transportation difficulty• Disposal location (if burning or burial is planned)
• New pathogen introduction• Rapid diagnosis necessary • Disposal location
General Considerations
1515
Beforedisposal,animalcarcassesmustbepreprocessedandthenmovedfromthedisas-terareatothedisposalsite.
Carcasspreprocessinginvolvesthebio-securehandlinganddisinfectionofcontami-natedanimalcarcasses.Thisstepincludesnotonlycollectingthedeadanimals,butalsosometimespreparingthem,suchasgrinding,packingandsterilizingthecarcassesandstor-ingtheminenclosedcontainers.
Carcasstransportationisthemovementofthosedeadbodiesfromadisasterareatothedisposalsite.
Theobjectivesofpreprocessingandtrans-portationaretoproperlyprepareandtransportinfectedanimalcarcassestoprevent:
• Thetransmissionofdiseasestootheranimalsorhumans
• Theproductionofexcessiveodors• Thecontaminationofsoil,water,airand
plants
Thecarcassesmustbecollectedandhandledhygienicallyandwithoutphysicallydamagingthemduringtransportation.
Tocontrolthespreadofinfectiousdis-eases,itisimportantthatdyinganddeceasedanimalsbecollectedandremovedfromlive-stockandpoultryoperationsquickly.Delay-ing the removal of carcasses to fixed facility sites(suchasrendering,incineration,alkalinehydrolysisanddigestionplants)maycausethediseaseagentstobespreadtotheenviron-ment.
Components neededDuringacatastrophicanimalevent,car-
casspreprocessingandtransportationrequireseveralmaincomponents:
• Suitabledisinfectingmaterials• Trainedworkers• Appropriateequipmentforpreprocess-
ing
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• Transportingvehicles• Fuel• ElectricityPackingandhandlingequipmentthatis
designed to manage a specific type of animal carcasses,suchascattle,mayormaynotbeappropriatefordealingwithamassdie-offofotherspecies,suchaspoultry.
Theloadingandtransportationrequire-mentswillbeaffectedbythephysicalcondi-tionofthediseasedanimalsorcarcassesandthelocationoftheselecteddisposalsites.Deterioratedordecomposedcarcassesandsometypesofdiseaseinfectionsmaycallforcertainportabledisposalequipment,suchasa portable gasifier and mobile alkaline hydro-lysisapparatus,ortheymayrequireon-sitedisposalmethods,suchastrenchburialandoutsidewindrowcomposting.
Normally,deadanimalsaretransportedoverlongdistancesfordisposalonlyifthey
arefreshcarcasseswithnosignsofdeteriora-tion.Smallerinfectedcarcassesarecollectedandtransferredquicklytotheassigneddis-posalsitesincontainersabletohold25,000pounds.However,largercarcasses(cattle)mustbereducedinsizeandstoredintem-perature-controlledvehiclesonsiteuntiltheycanbetransportedtoacentralprocessingordisposalfacility.
Carcasseswithdisease-causingorgan-ismsrequirespecialvehicularcontainersthataresealedandequippedwithliquidcollec-tionand/orabsorptionsystems.Toreducethespreadofpathogenicmicroorganisms,thevehiclestransportinganimalcarcassesmayrequire air-filtration systems.
Coldstorageofcarcassesreducesodors,reduceschemicalandmicrobialactivities,ex-tendstheamountoftimeneededfordisposal,preventsscavengingandkeepsthecarcassesoutofsight.
General Considerations
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Somelargepoultryandswineproducersfreezefarm-animalcarcassesinportablecold-storage units. Once filled, the units can be hauledawaytocentraldisposalsites.Howev-er,thisprocesshashighinstallationandutilitycostsandrequiresdefrostingifthesubsequentprocessingincludessizereduction.
Carcasspreprocessingprovidesrawma-terialsforrendering,lacticacidfermentationandbiogasgeneration.Italsominimizestheriskoftransmittingdiseaseduringtransportthroughpopulatedoranimalproductionareas.Figure1isaschematicofhowthepreprocess-
ingmodelmightworkforinfectedanimalcarcasses.
Althoughthedecontaminationproceduresdescribedreducethethreatofdiseasetrans-mission,keepinmindthatanimalcatastroph-icemergenciesarerare,andworkerswithoutpropertrainingandeducationmayhesitatetodisinfectthecarcasses.
Also,largeamountsoflitter,manureandbeddingmayaccompanythecarcasses.Be-causeoftheamountoforganicmatterpresent,thecarcassdecontaminationmaybeineffec-tive.
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Figure 1. A schematic flow of farm-animal carcasses in storage, preprocessing and transportation.Whendealingwithacommunicablediseasesuchasbovinespongiformencephalitis,itmaybenecessarytoprocessallthestoredmanureonthefarm(Pullen, 2004).
Example: Bovine spongiform encephalitis is discovered on a 60-cow dairy
Normal: Store manure solids. Periodic transfer of solids to cropland
Temporary holding of organic feedstock
Final processing at central site
On-farm storage of normal mortality
On-farm preprocessing (ground, liquefied and sterilized)
Energy
Mass depopulation
ManureStorage
Disease outbreak: Transfer all manure
Minimal residue
Mineral fertilizers for area farms
General Considerations
1919
Planning General Considerations
Planning considerationsManagingthedisposalofalargenumberof
contaminatedanimalcarcassesrequiresaprop-erplantomatchtheselecteddisposalmethod.Takethesestepstoensurethesafetyandbio-securityoftheworkers,thegeneralpublicandtheenvironmentduringthecollection,storage,handlingandtransportationstages:
• Consultwithfederal,state,countyandcity officials to find the most appropriate routesfortransportingthedeadanimalsfromthefarm-animaloperationstothecarcassdisposalsites.
• Consultwithyourstate’sregulatoryagenciesfortheminimumsetbackdis-tancesrequiredtolocatethetemporarystorageandpickupareasofinfectedfarmanimals.Theymustbeplacedfarfromthepublic,homes,healthyanimalsandroutinelytraveledroads.
• Setuptheentiresystemofcarcasspro-cessingandtransportunderveterinarysupervision.Thiswillhelppreventand/orcontrolthespreadofinfectiousdiseases,especiallyanthrax.
• Followthissection’sbiosecurityguide-linesforcleaninganddisinfectingallcontainersandvehiclesbeforetheyleavetheaffectedpremisesandagainafterthematerialshavebeenunloadedatthedisposalsite.
• Provideampletemporarystorageforthedeadanimalsiftheyarelocatedinawarmclimate,ifequipmentisinaccessibleforhandlingandtransportation,ifcontrol-lingwildanimals(suchascoyotesorferalpigs)isimpossible,ifdiseasevectorssuchasinsectsexistorifmorepreparationtimeisrequiredforthedisposalprocess.
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• Toachievesuitableconditionsformov-ingthecarcassestoaprocessingfacility,considerpickingupthecarcassesdailyandbringingshort-termfreezingunitstothefarm.Rememberthatneitheroftheseoptionseliminatesactivepatho-genicmicroorganisms.
• Keeprecordsofskilledpersonnel(suchascontractors,operatorsanddrivers)whocanprovidemechanicalhandling,storageandconveyanceofinfectedani-malcarcasses.
• Briefandtrainthesupervisors,equip-mentoperatorsanddriversaboutallpertinentenvironmental,transportationandpublichealthregulations.
• Trainthepersonnelonhowtousepersonalprotectiveequipmentandtocollectandhandlediseasedanimalsandcarcassesinthevariousstagesofpre-processingandtransportation.
• Traintheworkersacrossthemultiplecity,countyandstatejurisdictions.Alsoedu-catethemabouttheregulationsonpublichealth,thedisplacementofcarcassesandtheprotectionoftheenvironmentinthosejurisdictions.
• PreventworkhazardsbyusingOccupa-tionalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)standardsforthepeopleworkingincarcasspreprocessingandtransportation.
• Keepandupdateatransportationrouteguideformovinglargenumbersofcar-cassesinanemergency.
• Provideequipmentandvehicles,includingcranes,heavytrucks,tractors,bulldozers,front-endloaders,shovelsandcontainers(suchasroll-offordrop-off),tolift,move,loadandtransportthecarcasses.Table2listssomeofthecontractorsthatcol-lect,handle,decontaminateandtransportcarcasses.Also,somepoultryproduction
Planning General Considerations
2121
units, rendering plants and landfilling companieshavetransportationsystemsthatcanbeusedforhaulingdeadani-malstodisposalsites.InNebraska,con-tractorscantransportupto1.2millionpoundsofcarcassesadayfromdisasterareastorenderingplants.
• Plantouselargeoff-roadhaulersinemergencysituationsifthetravelroute
allowsthem.Thegreatercapacityofthesehaulersreducesthenumberofloadsandtrips.
• Maintainandupdatealistofcommer-cialdead-animalhaulers.AgenciessuchastheCaliforniaDepartmentofFoodandAgricultureprovidethisinformationontheirWebsites.
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Table 2. Examplesofcontractorsthatcollect,handle,decontaminateand/ortransportcarcasses.
Company Nature and throughput of the work Contact information
Subcontractors of Tetra Tech EM Inc.* Collection, handling and transportation of up to 2,400 tons/day
8030 Flint StreetLenexa, KS 66214Phone: 913-894-2600
Sanitec® Microwave Healthcare Waste Disinfection System
Decontamination of more than 14 tons of carcasses/day
1250 24th St., NW Suite 350Washington, DC 20007Phone: 202-263-3630www.sanitecindustries.com
Contractors of Riverside County Waste Management (landfilling company)
Carcass transportation and disposal of up to 80 tons/day
14290 Frederick St.Moreno Valley, CA 92553Phone: 909-468-3308http://www.rivcowm.org
Phillips and Jordan Inc. Transportation of up to 1,200 tons/day P.O. Drawer 604, 191 P&J Rd.Robbinsville, NC 28771Phone: 800-511-6027www.pandj.com
These are examples only and not an exhaustive list. Endorsement of companies, individuals or their services mentioned is not intended, nor is criticism implied of similar companies, individuals or services that are not mentioned. *Source: Telephone conversations with Edward Hubert and David A. Zimmermann, ([email protected]) of Tetra Tech, Sept. 18, 2006.
Planning General Considerations
2�2�
Procedures General Considerations
Procedures for collection and storageFollowtheseproceduresforcollecting
andstoringcontaminatedcarcassesandothermaterials:
• Securethecarcassesandotheritemsawaitingpreprocessing,transportationanddisposaltopreventunauthorizedac-cessbypeople,accessbyscavengersandpotentialdiseasespreadtosusceptiblespecies.
• Useaclosedbuildingorcold-storagefa-cility as a first priority for collecting and storingfarmcarcasses.Alsocontrolthewastewaterrunofffromthecold-storagefacilities.
• Becauseofthebiosecurityaspectsofstoringtheweightsofinfectedcarcass-es,keeprecordsontheweightsofthecarcassesenteringandexitingthecoldstoragefacilities.
• Whenpossible,wrapthecarcassesse-curelyinplasticandpacktheminlargecontainers,suchaslinedwoodencrates,inadesignatedstoragearea.
• Ifacatastrophiceventoccursorifad-equatedisposalfacilitiesareunavailable,storethecarcassesinabarn,shedorothercoveredspacetoprotectthemfromsnoworrain.Whenthestoragetemperaturesarebetween46and68ºF(8and20ºC),storethecarcassesfornomorethan72hours;storethemforlessthanaweekattem-peraturesbetween�2and45ºF(0and7ºC).Storethecarcassesoutsideduringthewinteroraslongastheambienttempera-tureisbelowfreezing(�2ºF,or0ºC).
• Tominimizetheamountofenergyrequiredforrefrigeration,transportthefrozencar-cassesinsealed,insulatedtrucks.
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• Usestationaryair-conditionedunitswheneverthemobileunitsarenotequippedwithrefrigerationsystemsandittakesmorethan1or2daystoloadthedeadlivestockintotruckcontainers.
• Beforeloadingandafterunloading,thoroughlycleanthestoragefacilitiesinsideandouttopreventcontaminationwithinthefacilitiesandinthesurround-ingareas.Sanitizethefacilitieswithdisinfectantssuchashypochloriteorotherapproveddisinfectant.
• Selectadry,coolareadownwindfromotheragriculturalandnonagriculturaloperationstosetupthetemporarystor-agefacility.Donotlocatethisfacilitynearpropertylinesorroads.
• Tostorecarcassestemporarily,usestor-agesystemssuchaspreconstructedroll-offcontainers,Dumpstersand/orpossiblysilagetrenches.Figures2and�showthegeneralviewsofthesestoragesystems.
• Useearth-movingequipmenttostorethecarcassesinpilesonorabovethegroundsurface.
• Useimperviousmaterialssuchaspoly-ethyleneorcompactedclaytopreventseepagefrompiledcarcassesfromenteringthesoil.Controlwaterpenetra-tionintoandrunofffromoutdoorpilesbybuildingtemporarydikes(Fig.4).
• Coverthecarcasspilewithsoiltopre-ventscavenginganddiseasetransmis-sionduringtemporarystorage.
Procedures General Considerations
2525
Figure 2. ADumpster(Left, courtesy of Teena Middleton, Ag ProVision Company, Kenans-ville, NC)thatcanbeusedforstorageandaroll-offcontainer(Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Clifton, TX)thatcanbeusedfortranspor-tationofcarcasses.
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Figure 3. Trenchsilagestorageusedtostorecarcassestemporarily(Courtesy of Teena Middleton, Ag ProVision Company, Kenansville, NC).
Soil
1 plastic
film
2 plastic
film
Tires, planks, bales of hay
Plastic cover sheet
EarthEarth Silage
Slope1.5% 1.5%
SoilSoil
Procedures General Considerations
2727
Figure 4. Temporarystorage(for1to2days)ofpoultrycarcasseswithabermtocontrolwaterrunoffandrun-on(Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA-APHIS, Clifton, TX).
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Handling Whenhandlingdiseasedanimalsorcar-
casses,useequipmentsuchastrucks,bins,backhoes,tractorsandfront-endloaderswithdifferentbucketsizes(1to4cubicyards)tolift,moveandloadthecarcassesandrelatedmaterials.
Useatractorwithafront-endloadertoplacethelivestockbodiesincontainers(Fig.5).Foreaseinloading,keep7feetofclear-anceonallsidesofeachcontainer.
Considerthephysicalconditionsofthediseasedcarcasses,andusetheappropriate
equipmentsothattheycanbehandledanddisplacedcarefullywithoutdestroyingthem.
Usethehandlingequipmenttocarryonlythecarcassesandrelatedco-disposalmaterials(suchassoilinburialsystems,trashinland-filling systems and carbon sources in thermal destructionandcompostingsystems)tothedisposal site or when unloading the finished wastematerials.Donotusethehandlingequipmenttomoveanymaterialsnotrelatedtoordesignatedfortheselectedcarcass-dis-posalmethods.
Procedures General Considerations
2929
Figure 5. Twoviewsofloadingpoultrycarcassesintoplastic-linedcontainersfortranspor-tationtoadisposalsite.(Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA-APHIS, Clifton, TX).
Figure 5. Two views of loading poultry carcasses into a plastic lined container for transportation to disposal site (Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA-APHIS, Clifton, Texas).
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Transportation Totransportcarcassesfromanaffected
areatothedisposalsite,useplannedtravelroutestolimithumanexposureanddiseasetransmissionandminimizenegativepublicperception.
Obtainanyrequiredpermissionsforpeoplehaulingdeadanimalscommercially.StatessuchasGeorgiarequirethatsuchpermitsbeobtainedfromthestatedepartmentofagriculture.
Usecleanablecontainers,suchasdrop-offcontainersorfront-dumpcontainertrucks,forloadingthecarcassesandtransportingthemtothedisposalsite(Fig.6).Bringtheemptycontainersbacktotheloadingarea.
Provideaseparateexitformovingtheinfectedcarcassesoutofananimalfeeding
operation.Pickupanynondiseasedcarcasseswithin72hoursoftheanimals’demise.
Infectedbirdcarcassessuchasthosein-fected with avian influenza should be trans-ferredfromtheaffectedpremisestooff-sitelocations.Useleak-proofcontainers.Afterloadingthecarcassesintocontainerslinedwithmaterialssuchaspolyethyleneplasticsheets,coverthecontainerstopreventodorproblems,diseasetransmissionandnegativepublicperception(Figs.7and8).
Protectthedriversandoperatorsfromcontaminationbydisinfectingthecabins,lock-ers,clothingandfootwear.Decontaminatethetrucksastheyleavetheeventsitetotraveltothedisposalsite.
Procedures General Considerations
�1�1
Figure 6. Viewsofacompletelysealedmobilecontainer(A),amechanicalloadingsystem(B),adrop-offcontainer(C)andafront-dumptruck(D)usedtotemporarilystoreandtransportbiomassmaterials(Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA-APHIS, Clifton, TX).
A B
C D
�1
�2
Supervisethedepartureofthetransportvehiclesfromthefarm,theirtravelroutesandtheirarrivalatthedisposalplantorsite.Pro-vide an escort vehicle carrying first-aid equip-ment,additionalplasticcoversandemergencyequipmenttoassistcarcasstransportationvehiclesduringtravelemergencies.Askforadesignatedgovernmentrepresentativetoac-companythetransportvehiclesforbiosecurityreasons.
Guardthecarcassloadagainstpossibletheftsbyterroristsseekingtocauseharm,spreaddiseaseorspreadcontamination.
Tolimitvehiclerefuelingandminimizethenumberofstopsneeded,selectadisposalsitenearthediseasesite.
Carcassesshouldberemovedquicklyandproperly.Alwaysconsiderthatthespreadofpathogenicmicroorganismsduringroutinepickupandtransportationofdeadanimalstoadisposalsitepresentsasubstantialthreat.
Iftheaveragetemperatureofthecontainerrisesabove70ºF,donottransportthedeadanimalsforrenderingtositesmorethan150milesaway.
Procedures General Considerations
����
Figure 7. Two views of plastic-lined trailers before and after they were filled with poultry carcasses. Note the plastic sheets to cover the carcasses (after the trailer was filled) for biosecurity duringhaulingandtransportation.(Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA-APHIS, Clifton, TX).
��
�4
Figure 8. Aviewofthedecontaminationandcoveringprocessofatransportingtruckcon-taininginfectedpoultrycarcasses(Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA-APHIS, Clifton, TX).
Figure 7. Two views of plastic lined trailers before and after filling with poultry carcasses. Note, the plastic sheets to cover carcasses (after filling) for bio-security during hauling and transportation and one view of decontamination and covering process of a transporting truck containing infected poultry carcasses (Courtesy of Kent Munden, USDA-APHIS, Clifton, Texas).
Procedures General Considerations
�5�5
Safety and BiosecuritySafety programs
Themajorfocusofasafetyprogramistopreventdeathsandtominimizetheincidenceandseverityofinjuriestoworkersengagedinwaste-disposaloperations,includingthedisposalofcontaminatedplantandanimalmaterials.Safetyprogramsinvolvetheuseofadministrativecontrols,engineeringcontrolsandpersonalprotectiveequipment.
Whenadministrativeandengineeringcontrols—eitheraloneorincombination—donotachievetherequiredlevelofpersonnelsafety,usepersonalprotectiveequipmenttominimizetheworkers’exposuretocontami-nantsordiseaseagents.Thisequipmentlimits
thediseaseagents’contactwithbodysurfaceareas,reducingthelikelihoodofinjuryorill-nessandthespreadofthediseaseagents.
Useadministrativeandengineeringcon-trolsasmuchaspossibletomanagesafety;personalprotectiveequipmentshouldbeusedonlyasalastresort.Theuseofpersonalpro-tectiveequipment,particularlyforrespiratoryprotection, carries a significant administrative burdeninthattheworkerswearingrespiratorsshould be medically qualified, be fit-tested us-ingthemaskstheyintendtowearonsite,andundergoongoingmedicalmonitoring,bothon-andoff-site.
�6
Administrative controls Establishaperimeteraroundthedisposal
site.Regardlessoftheperimeter’sdesign,carefullyplanalanethroughwhichthepersonnelcandecontaminatethemselvesandtheirvehiclesandequipmenttoreducethespreadofthepathogens.
Theperimetershouldhaveonlyoneen-tranceandoneexit.Theentranceandexitsitesmaybeinthesamelocation,ortheymaybeseparatedsothatthecontaminatedmaterialisbroughtinona“dirty”side,andashorsani-tizedwasteisremovedfroma“clean”side.
Useaccessrosterstolimitthenumberofpersonnelworkingonsitetotheminimumnecessarytocompleteagiventask.
Whendevelopinganaccessroster,con-sider:
• Themedical,physicalandprofessionalqualifications required
• Anyneedforpersonalprotectiveequip-ment
• Thescopeandsizeofthedisposaltask• The number of qualified personnel
availableEarlyintheplanningandinitialphasesof
theoperation,youmustestablish,clarifyandenforcetherulesforwhomayenterandexit,andhow,whenandwheretheentryandexitmaytakeplace.Stresstheserulescontinu-allythroughouttheoperation.Controllingthevisitorsandworkersassignedtothesiteisofparamountimportance,bothtoensureperson-nelsafetyandtoavoidspreadingdiseases.
Safety and Biosecurity
�7�7
Health and safety plan TheU.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealth
Administration(OSHA),throughtheHazard-ousWasteOperationsProgram(HAZWOPER),hassetrequirementsandrecommendationsforpeopleengagedinhazardouswasteoperationsinvolvingdisease-causingorganisms.(CodeofFederalRegulations,Part21,Chapter1910,http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardouswaste/ index.html).
Whendevelopingahealthandsafetyplan,refertotheOSHAstandard,butalsoconsultwith experienced and qualified personnel beforeanyincidentoccurs.Personnelsuchas
thosepossessingcurrentOSHAHAZWOPERcertifications of at least the technician level are qualified to develop health and safety plansforlarge,elaboratedisposaloperationsusingmanypersonnel.Acommonsourceofsuch people is the local fire department. In-formationonthiscredentialisavailableatorthrough the Academy of Certified Hazardous MaterialsManagers(http://www.achmm.org).
Thehealthandsafetyplanisanimportantdocumentforworkerprotectionandmustbegivencarefulthought.Itshouldbedevelopedaspartofthepre-incidentplanningphase.
�7
�8
Engineering controls Decontamination lanes and protocols
Youcangreatlyreducethelikelihoodofdiseasespreadbydecontaminatingworkersandequipmentbeforetheyexitthedisposalsite.Althoughdecontaminationprotocolsvary,allshouldconsideratleastthreeaspects:
Decontamination procedures, pro-cesses and technologies: First,includethedecontaminationprocedures,processesandtechnologiesthathavebeendeterminedtobeeffectiveorarerecommendedbyanappropri-atefederaland/orstateregulatoryagency.
Forexample,usedisinfectantsregisteredbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)tocleananddisinfectequipment,vehicles,farmpremisesandpersonalprotec-tiveequipment.Ifaforeignanimaldiseaseisinvolved,EPA-registereddisinfectantsmaybe
availableforuse;ifnot,theU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)AnimalandPlantHealthInspectionServicehasexemptionsinplaceallowingcertaincommonchemicalstobeusedagainstawiderangeofforeignani-maldiseases.
UsethedecontaminationagentsthathavebeenlicensedundertheFederalInsecticide,Fungicide,andRodenticideAct(FIFRA)foruse on the specific organism of concern. The licensingprocessincludesapplicationmeth-odstoensurethatthedecontaminationisef-fective.Ifnotenoughofthedecontaminationagentisavailableforthatparticularpathogen,youwillneedtoobtaina“crisisexemption”fromtheEPAtouseanotherdecontaminant.
Thechoiceofdecontaminationagentshouldbebasedontheorganismorpathogen
Safety and Biosecurity
�9�9
ofconcern,theavailabilityofdecontami-nationsolutions,thelogisticsofacquiringanddisposingofeitherrawordilutedwastegeneratedfromthedecontaminationprocess,andthestaytime(theamountoftimerequiredforthedecontaminationsolutiontoremaininplaceontheequipmentorpersonnelformaximumeffectiveness).Table�providesguidanceonchoosingdecontaminationagentsbasedonthesefactors.
Support requirements for the decon-tamination process:Often,especiallyin
largeroperations,thepersonnelperformingtheactualdisposaloperationsmustfocusonthosetasksexclusively,withlittletimetocon-ductdecontaminationoperationsaswell.
Indisposaloperationsrequiringhigherlevelsofpersonalprotectiveequipment(suchasOSHALevelB,inwhichair-supplyingrespiratorsareused),theamountoftimethatworkersmayspendonsiteisrestrictedbytherateatwhichtheyusepressurizedbreath-ingair.Thisperiodisgenerally less than 45 minutes.
�9
40
Virus Product
Foot-and-mouth disease virus
Oxonia Active
Virkon S
Vesicular stomatitis virus
D125
Biosentry 904
Alcide Exspor 4:1:1 – BASE / Alcide Brand LD 10:1:1 BASE
Virkon S
African swine fever virus
Pheno Cen Germicidal Detergent
Low Ph Phenolic 256
Virkon S
Avian influenza virus, avian influenza virus Type A, and/or avian influenza A\turkey\Wisconsin
Odo-Ban Ready-To-Use, Odo-Ban
Johnson’s Forward Cleaner, Johnson’s Blue Chip Germicidal Cleaner for Hospitals
(Continued on next page)
Table 3.Disinfectantsfederallyapprovedforuseagainstvirusesofhighlycontagiousdiseases.
Virus Product
Ucarsan 442 Sanitizer, Ucarsan 414 Sanitizer
HI-TOR Germicidal Detergent
Quanto Germicidal Detergent
Formulation HS-652Q, Formulation HS-821Q
HS-867Q, HS-267Q Germicidal Cleaner and Deodorant
Formulation HH-652 Q
Virex II/128, Virex II Ready To Use, Virex II 64, Virex 11/256
BTC 2125 M 10% Solution, Scented 10% BTC 2125M Disinfectant, BTC 2125 M 20% Solution
Quat 44, Quat rinse
Maquat 10, 20-M, 50DS, 10 FQPA, 256 EBC, 128 EBC, 64 EBC, MQ2525M-14, 10-B, FP
D125
Public Places, Public Places Towelette
CCX-151
Safety and Biosecurity
4141
Virus Product
D-128
Bioguard 453
Disinfectant D.C. 100
Maxima 128, Maxima 256, Maxima RTU
Broadspec 256
Q5.5-5.5NPB-2.5HW
7.5% BTC 885 Disinfectant/Sanitizer
Bardac 205M-7.5B
Lonza Formulations Y-59, S-21, S-18, R-82, S-18F, R-82F, S-21F, DC-103
Bardac 205M-50, 205M-10, 205M-1.30, (R) 205M-14.08, 205M-2.6, 205M-5.2,
Maquat MQ651-AS, 615-HD, 5.5-M, 7.5-M, 86-M, 750-M, 710-M, A
Sanox II
Quik Control
Microban QGC
DC & R Disinfectant
Pheno Cen Germicidal Detergent, Pheno-Cen Spray Disinfectant/Deodorant
(Continued on next page)
Virus Product
Low Ph Phenolic 256
Phenocide 256, Phenocide 128
Phenolic Disinfectant HG
Tek-Trol Disinfectant Cleaner Concentrate
Advantage 256 Cleaner Disinfectant Deodorant
LPH Master Product
Tri-Cen
Ucarsan Sanitizer 420, Ucarsan Sanitizer 4128
Virkon S
Classical swine fever virus (hog cholera virus)
Pheno Cen Germicidal Detergent, Pheno-Cen Spray Disinfectant/Deodorant
Tri-Cen
Q5.5-5.5NPB-2.5HW
Low Ph Phenolic 256
Ucarsan Sanitizer 420, 4128
Environ 4-D
Fort Dodge Nolvasan Solution
Table 3.(Continued).
41
42
Virus Product
Nolvasan S
Virkon S
Newcastle disease virus
DC & R Disinfectant
Vesphene II SE
Vesta-Syde Interim Instrument Decontamination Solution
LPH Master Product
Process Vesphene II ST
Amerse II
Beaucoup Germicidal Detergent
Matar II
1-Stroke Environ
Tek-Trol Disinfectant Cleaner Concentrate
Bio-Phene Liquid Disinfectant
Ucarsan Sanitizer 420, 4128
Mikro-Quat
Odo-Ban Ready-To-Use, Odo-Ban (Continued on next page)
Virus Product
Johnson Blue Chip Germicidal Cleaner for Hospitals
Grenadier
BTC 2125M 20% Solution
Quat 44
Maquat 10, 20-M, 50DS, 10 FQPA, 256 EBC, 128 EBC, 64 EBC
D125
Public Places, Public Places Towelette
CCX-151
Bioguard 453
Formulation HS-652Q, Formulation HS-821Q
FMB 1210-5 Quat
HL-867 Q
HS-267Q Germicidal Cleaner and Disinfectant
FMB 1210-8 Quat Concentrated Germicide
Table 3.(Continued).
Safety and Biosecurity
4�4�
Virus Product
Formulation HS-1210 Disinfectant/Sanitizer (3.85%), (50%), (14.08%)
Virex II/128, Virex II Ready to Use, Virex II 64, Virex II 256
Biosentry 904
Process NPD
Bardac 205M-7.5B
Lonza Formulation S-21, S-18, R-82, S-18F, R-82F, S-21F, DC-103
Bardac 205M-50, 205M-10, 205M-1.30, (R) 205M-14.08, 205M RTU, 205M-2.6, 205M-5.2, 205M-23
Maquat MQ615-AS, 615-HD, 5.5M, 7.5M, 86M, 750M, 710M
Microban QGC
Fort Dodge Nolvasan Solution
Nolvasan S
Mikroklene, Mikroklene DF
Oxonia Active
Virus Product
Phenocide 256, Phenocide 128
Phenolic Disinfectant HG
Virkon S
Nipah virus
—
Swine vesicular disease virus
—
Rinderpest virus
—
Peste des petits ruminants virus
—
Pseudorabies virus
DC & R Disinfectant
Pheno Cen Germicidal Detergent, Pheno-Cen Spray Disinfectant/Deodorant
Low Ph Phenolic 256
Vesphene II SE
(Continued on next page)
Table 3.(Continued).
4�
44
(Continued on next page)
Virus Product
LPH Master Product
Vesta-Syde Interim Instrument Decontamina-tion Solution
Amerse II
1-Stroke Environ
Tek-Trol Disinfectant Cleaner Concentrate
Bio-Phene Liquid Disinfectant
Advantage 256 Cleaner Disinfectant Deodorant
Tri-Cen
Odo-Ban Ready-To-Use, Odo-Ban
Johnson Blue Chip Germicidal Cleaner for Hospitals
Grenadier
Veterinarian Type Disinfectant, 20% Veterinarian Type Disinfectant
Quat 44
Maquat 20-M, 10 FQPA, 256EBC, 128EBC, 64EBC
Virus Product
D125
Public Places
Public Places Towelette
CCX-151
Disinfectant D.C. 100
Ascend
Q-Cide
TOR II
ACLD-256, ACLD-128, ACLD-64
HD-64, HD-256
BR-62B
No. 800 Husky Germicidal Cleaner
NEU-Quat 64
A-428-N, A-456-N, A-464-N
Formulation HWS-256, HWS-128, HWS-64, HWS-512
Kennelsol
Table 3.(Continued).
Safety and Biosecurity
4545
Virus Product
Virex II/128, Virex II Ready to Use, Virex II 64, Virex II/256
Biosentry 904
Burnshine Germicidal Solution
Sani-Cloth Germicidal Wipes, Sani-Cloth Germicidal Disposable Cloth, Sani-Cloth Plus Germicidal Disposable Cloth
Q5.5-5.5NPB-2.5HW
Q 7.0-9.0 NPB-4.0
BTC 885 Neutral Disinfectant Cleaners 256, 32, 64
Nutral Q
Quat 20
Bardac 205M-7.5B
Table 3.(Continued).
Virus Product
Lonza Formulation S-21, S-18, S-82, R-82, S-18F, R-82F, S-21F, DC-103
Bardac 205M-50, 205M-10, 205M-1.30, (r)205M-14.08, 205M RTU, 205M-2.6, 205M-5.2, 205M-23
Maquat 615-HD, 5.5-M, 7.5-M, 86-M, 256 MN, 128 MN, 64 MN, 32 MN, 750-M, 710-M
Microban QGC
Fort Dodge Nolvasan Solution
Nolvasan S
25 RTU
Ucarsan Sanitizer 420, 4128
Virkon S
Source: Jeff Kempter, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
45
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Disposal of the hazardous waste gener-ated from the decontamination process: Alldisposableprotectiveclothingmustbediscardedbeforetheworkersexitthesite.Aftertheclothinghasbeencollected,itmustbeincineratedorautoclavedtopreventthespreadofdisease.
Decontaminationprotocolsshouldbedevel-opedorselectedbyappropriatelytrainedper-sonnel (HAZWOPER-certified or equivalent).
Work zonesAt least five types of worksites should be
established(Fig.9):Site perimeter and work zones:Thees-
tablishmentandmaintenanceoftheworkzonedescribedinthisguideareintendedtomeettherequirementsoftheOSHAHAZWOPERstandard.AsdiscussedunderAdministrativecontrols,aworkzoneisestablishedto:
• Reducetheaccidentalspreadofhazard-oussubstancesbyworkersorequipment
• Confine work activities to the appropri-ateareas
• Facilitatethelocationandevacuationofpersonnelincaseofemergency
Exclusion zone:Theareawherecontami-nationispresent.Inthisguide,itistheareawherecontaminatedanimalandplantmateri-alsareplacedfordisposal.
Contamination reduction zone:Thetransitionzonebetweenthecontaminatedareaandthecleanarea.
Support zone:Theuncontaminatedareawhereworkersshouldnotbeexposedtocon-taminatedmaterialsorconditions.Thisareaisanappropriatelocationforthecommandpost.
Contamination reduction corridor:Anareawithatleasttwolinesofdecontaminationstations,oneforpersonnelandoneforequip-ment(seetheDecontaminationsection).
Safety and Biosecurity
4747
Access control points are physicalorvirtual “gates” that control the flow of work-ersandequipmentinandoutoftheexclusionzone(Fig.9).
Establishthecommand post and con-tamination reduction corridor upwind of the exclusion zone. Giventhatsomedisposaloperationsmaycontinuefordaysandthatthewinddirectionmaychange,youmayusehistoricalwinddata(availablefromanareameteorologist)forplanningpurposestoobtainthemostprobablewinddirectionforapartic-ular season in a specific geographical region.
Figure 9. Aschematicofdecontamina-tionareacontainingappropriateworksites.
For information, refer to EPA publication 9285.2–15FS, contact your EPA Regional Office, or consult with a HAZWOPER certified technician, often found in larger municipal fire departments.
Hotline
Contamination control line
Access control points
Command post
Prevailing wind direction
Exclusion zone
Contamination reduction zone
Support zone
Contamination reduction corridor
Area dimension is not to scale.
47
48
Security Thephysicalconstructionofaboundary
orperimeterisanengineeringcontrol.Thelevelofphysicalsecurityrequiredforapar-ticularoperationdependslargelyon:
• Thescopeofthedisposalprocess• Thelengthoftimethedisposalopera-
tionwillbeataparticularlocation• Thelikelihoodofscavengersorcurious
peopleventuringontothesite• Theavailabilityofappropriatefencing
material
Forexample,thermaldestructionofalargenumberofcattleusingalow-through-puttechniquemaynecessitatethepilingofcarcassesonsiteuntiltheycanbedestroyedappropriately.
Theimportanceofprotectingthedis-easedcarcassesfromscavengingmammalsandbirdscannotbeoverstated,especiallyforcasesinwhichthediseasesarecausedbypathogenshighlyresistanttoenvironmentaldegradation,suchasinthecaseoffoot-and-mouthdisease.
Safety and Biosecurity
4949
Contamination reduction corridor Decontaminatingworkersandequipment
beforetheyexitthedisposalsitegreatlyreducesthelikelihoodofdiseasespreadtounaffectedanimalsatothersites.Inthecaseofzoonoticdiseases,itcanalsopreventthespreadofdiseasetohumans.
Althoughdecontaminationprotocolsvary,allshouldconsiderthedecontamina-tionprocedures,processesandtechnologies;thedisposalofthehazardouswastegeneratedfromthoseprocesses;andpersonnel.
AsdiscussedintheEngineeringcontrolssectiononpage�8,itisimportantthatyouusedecontaminationprocedures,processesandtechnologiesthathavebeendeterminedtobeeffectiveorarerecommendedbyanappro-priatefederaland/orstateregulatoryagency.UseFIFRA-licenseddecontaminationagents
for use on the specific organism of concern. Ifnotenoughofthedecontaminationagentisavailableforthatparticularpathogen,acrisisexemptionwillbeneededfromtheEPAtouseanotherdecontaminant.
Thedecontaminationprocessrequiressuppliesandequipment.Duringtheeventplanningphase,stockpilesuppliesanddecon-taminationsolutions.SeeTable4forpotentialrequirements.Theimportanceoflogisticsplanningwellbeforeaneventfordecon-taminationsuppliesandequipmentcannotbeoverstated.
Thedisposalofhazardouswastegeneratedfromthedecontaminationprocessentailsthor-oughlydecontaminatingthenondisposableitemsorequipmentbeforeremovingthemfromtheworksite.Beforeexitingthecon-
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50
taminationreductioncorridor,workersshoulddiscardorstoreinappropriatecontainers(suchasliddedrubbertrashcanslinedwith8-milgarbagebags)alldisposableequipmentandprotectiveclothing.
AsdiscussedintheEngineeringcontrolssection,incinerateorautoclavealldisposableclothingandequipmenttopreventthespreadofdisease.
Note: Therunofffromthecontaminationreductionzoneiscontaminatedandshouldbecollectedanddisposedofaccordingtolocal,stateandfederalenvironmentalregulationsincoordinationwithlocal,stateandfederalof-ficials and guidelines.
PersonnelThepersonnelrequiredfor24-hourcon-
tinuousoperationsshouldincludeatleasttwoteamsof10peopleeach,workingineithertwo12-hourshiftsorfour6-hourshifts.GuidelinesfortheuseofpersonnelindecontaminationoperationsarehighlightedinTable5.
Thedecontaminationofpersonnel—es-peciallywhenhigherlevelsofprotectionandpersonalprotectiveequipmentareused—isamajorconsiderationandrequiresadditionalpersonnelbeyondthoseusedforactualdis-posaloperations.Likewise,medicalmonitor-ingbyanemergencymedicaltechnicianorparamedicisadvisedand,insomeoperations,requiredbylaw.
Safety and Biosecurity
5151
Table 4. Team equipment planning (modified from the National Animal HealthEmergencyManagementSystem’s“OperationalGuidelinesforCleaningandDisinfection,”Draft,November2005).
Equipment Nondisposable items(per team)
Disposable items(per team-day1)
Decontamination equipment
Power spray unit and tank 2
Spray nozzles 4
Safety can (5 gal with gas) 2
Hose (¾ in x 50 ft) 5
Garbage bags (8 mil; 50 gal) 20
Pressurized garden sprayers 4
Safety equipment
Pressure eyewash station (alkaline hydrolysis) 1
Disposable eyewash bottles 1
Bottled water (2 gal/person/day) 20
First aid kit 0.5
Stretcher/litter 0.5
Miscellaneous equipment
Multi-tool with knife blade 10
This team equipment planning table assumes two teams of 10 people each in a 24-hour period, each working a 12-hour shift.1Team-day is the number of units one team will use in a 12-hour day, based on the assumptions above.
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Safety and BiosecurityTable 5.Guidelinesfortheuseofpersonnelindecontaminationoperations.
Function # People required
Estimated time required
Dry removal of straw and other materials from the equipment; physical removal of mud, blood and other materials
4 10 min
High-pressure rinse 4 10 min
Detergent application and soak time 4 20 min
Final rinse 4 10 min
Drip-dry 0 10 min
Application of decontaminant/disinfectant 4 10 min
Emergency medical monitoring (people not conducting decontamination functions)
2 n/a
Backup (people suited up and ready to enter the contamination reduction zone to serve as rescue personnel; they should remain at rest unless needed)
2 n/a
Total 12 70 min
Text in blue indicates the functions that can be conducted simultaneously so that the workers conducting the high-pressure rinse can immediately follow those performing dry removal as it is completed on a particular area or component of machinery.
5�5�
Decontamination guidelines Decontaminationprotocolsshouldbe
developed or selected by qualified personnel (HAZWOPER-certified or equivalent). The majorconsiderationsindecontaminatingequipmentandpersonnelfollow.
VehiclesTokeepthetransportascleanaspossible,
thoroughlyspraytheanimalcarcasseswithwaterorwatermixedwithdetergenttoremoveas much gross filth as possible before loading themintothevehicles.
Lineeachvehiclewithatarp,suchasan8-mildisposablepolyethyleneplasticsheet,andsealthetruckatthetop.Theplasticsheet(s)mustbelargeenoughtocoverthecarcassesandtobesecuredtothesidesandendsoftheboxorDumpster.
Placealayerofanabsorbentmaterial,suchaswoodshavingsorsawdust,ontopoftheplasticlinertopreventpunctures,suchasbythe
hornsorhooves.Aftertransport,disinfectallthetrucks,
trailersandotherequipmentusedtotransportthediseasedcarcassesormaterials.Ifavehiclemustentertheexclusionzone,itmustbecom-pletelydecontaminatedthroughthecontamina-tionreductionzonebeforeleavingthesite.Theminimumequipmentnecessaryforadequatedecontaminationincludes:
• Long-handled,stiffbristlebrushes• 5-gallon buckets half-filled with an appro-
priatedisinfectant• Appropriatepersonalprotectiveequipment
(seetheplanningguidelinesforpersonalprotectiveequipment)
• Containersformixingthedisinfectantsand/ordecontaminants
• High-pressure,heated-watersprayers(at200psi)forphysicallyremovingmud,blood,soilandothercontaminants
5�
54
Safety and BiosecurityDisinfect vehicles in this order:
Step1.Completelyremoveanystraw,feed,woodchips,manureorotherdrymatter,usingshovels,forksorsimilartools,beforeapplyinganyliquidsolutiontothevehicle.
Step2.Usestiffbrushestodislodgeanymud,bloodoranimalpartsfromthewheels,tiresorotherpartsofthevehicle.Rinsethemwithwaterat100to115°F(�8to46°C).Note:Avisiblycleansurfaceisabsolutelynecessarybeforedisinfectionanddecontami-nationcanbeeffective.
Step�.Allowthevehicletodrip-dryforabout10minutes.
Step4.Spraydowntheentirevehiclewithanappropriatedisinfectingagent,allowingforappropriatesoaktimes.
Step5.Rinsethevehicleagainwithwateratanincreasedtemperatureof120to170°F(49to77°C).
Ifthedriveroranypassengersexitthevehicleateitherthedisposalsiteorthecarcass/plantmaterialpickupsiteanddonotdecontaminatethemselvesbeforereenteringthe truck cab, disinfect the rubber floor mats, dashboard,steeringwheel,gearstickandseats.Sprayanapprovedpesticideinsidethecabofthevehicletokillanyinsectsthatcouldbecomevectors/vehiclesforthedisease.
Beforereenteringthecab,allpersonnelshouldremoveanycontaminatedclothingandwashwithantisepticsoapandwaterbeforeleavingthesite.
If possible, maintain the biosecurity of the interior of the vehicle by providing enough ground personnel (such as those to open tailgates) so that the driver need not exit the vehicle at any time in the exclusion and contamination reduction zones.
5555
Other equipmentDisinfectallsmallequipmentitemsused
intheworkzonebeforeremovingthemfromtheworkzone.Donotuseshovels,axes,hammers,stiffbrushesorothertoolsthathavewoodenhandles.Fiberglassorplasticcompo-nentsaremucheasiertodecontaminate.
Thesamedecontaminationprotocolmustbeusedforsmallequipmentasforworkers:Allsoil,mud,bloodandothercontaminantsmustbephysicallyremovedwithbrushesandinitiallyrinsedfromtheequipment.Anappro-priatedisinfectionsolutionmustbeappliedatthepropervolume,allowedadequatestaytimeandrinsedthoroughlywithcleanwater.
Personnel decontamination Allpersonnelwhoentertheworkzone
mustexitthroughthecontaminationreductioncorridorandbeadequatelydecontaminatedtoavoidspreadingdiseaseagentsoff-siteand,inthecaseofzoonoticdiseaseagents,toavoideitherbecomingavectorforacontagiousdis-easeorcontractingthediseaseofconcern.
Figure10presentsalayoutforamultipur-posedecontaminationlineandguidelinesforsetting it up. However, multiple site-specific factorsshouldalsobeconsidered.
Thegreenlinerepresentsthepathtakenbyworkersexitingtheworkzonethroughthecontaminationreductionzone.Theredlinerepresentsthepathtakenifacasualtyoccursintheworkzone.
Workersshouldfollowthisprocedureforroutine(nonemergency)personneldecontami-nation:
Step1.Iftheouterglovesaremadeofasyntheticmaterialandnotofleather,rinseanddisinfectthem.Iftheyaremadeofleather
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Safety and Biosecurityorotherliquidpermeablematerial,droptheglovesinabucketfordisposalorautoclaving.
Step2.Droptheequipmentintotheequip-mentdropbasinandcleananddisinfecttheequipment.
Step�.Stepintothebootdecontamination(decon)basinandremoveanygrosscontami-nationusingastiff-bristled,long-handledbrush.Note:Usea“handhold,”fashionedfromT-posts,woodorothersturdymaterialatthebootdeconstation.Thiswillhelppreventfallswhenworkersareentering,standinginandexitingthebasin.Uponcompletionofgrossremovalofcontaminants,stepoutofthebasin,movingtowardtheareaofleastcon-tamination(tothe“clean”sideofthecontami-nationreductionzone).
Step4.Iftheouterprotectivesuitisnotdisposableorisliquidpermeable,stepintothedecontaminationshowerarea.Ifampleper-
sonnelareavailable,oneperson(dressedinalevelofprotectiononeleveldownfromtheworkersbeingdecontaminated—forexample,iftheworkersareinLevelB,thedecontami-nationpersonnelmaybeinLevelC)maydisinfecttheotherworkersbyusingasimplepressurized garden sprayer filled with an appropriatedisinfectant.Thispersonshouldthoroughlycovertheotherworkers’outerpro-tectiveensembleswiththedisinfectantandallowtherecommendedsoak/staytime.Make every effort to avoid getting disinfectant spray on the respirator. Note:Steps4and5areunnecessaryiftheworkersarewearingdisposableouterprotectivesuits.
Step5.Stepintotherinseshower,wherealldisinfectantisremovedwithcleanwater.
Step6.Disinfectandrinsetheoutergloves,thenstepintothebootdisinfectionbasin.Theworkersshouldsteptothetankex-
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changeareaiftheyarewearingOSHALevelAorBgearandareplanningtoreentertheworkzonewithoutundergoingfulldecontam-ination.Stepoutofthebasinmovingtowardtheareaofleastcontamination(tothecleansideofthecontaminationreductionzone).
Step7.Removetheouterprotectivegar-mentanddiscarditintoanapprovedcontain-er.Removethisoutergarmentfromtheinsideouttoavoidcontaminatingtheskinortheinnersetofclothingitems.Providinganother
workertoassistinthisprocessinthedeconlinewillnotonlyhelppreventcontamina-tionbutwillalsoassisttheworkerswhomayalreadybephysicallyandmentallyexhausted.
Step8.Removetheinnergloves.Step9.Removetheinnersuit(ifoneis
worn).Step10.Removetherespirator(ifoneis
used)andplaceitinanapprovedcontainerfordisposalorreuse.Stepacrossthecontamina-tioncontrolline.
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Safety and BiosecurityFigure 10. Schematicofamultipurposedecontaminationline.
E
D
BACEquipment
dropGlove
decon/rinse
Gross boot decon basin
Hand hold
Hot line
Contaminationreduction zone
Emergency decon line
Outer glove decon/rinseFirst aid/cut out
equipment
Hand hold
Winddirection
Outersuit drop
Contamination control line
SCBA*/mask drop
Hand decon/rinse
Inner suit drop
Inner glove drop
Decon shower
Rinse shower
Tank exchange (Levels A/B)
Liquid control line
F
GH
I
J
*SCBA: Self-contained breathing apparatus
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Personal protective equipmentSeveralfactorsaffecttheprocessof
selectinganappropriateprotectiveensemble:thetasksbeingperformed;thephysical,chemicalandbiologicalhazardstowhichtheworkersareexposed;andthelogisticalsup-port that must accompany a specific protective level.
Forexample,workersinthermaldestruc-tionoperationsmayrequireprotectionfromphysicalhazardssuchashighheatandheavyequipment,fromchemicalhazardssuchasdecontaminationsolutions,andfrombiologi-calagentssuchasaerosolizedanthraxspores.Onechoiceforanappropriateprotectiveen-semblemightbeOSHALevelC,whichcouldincludethefollowing:
• Ahalf-orfull-facepieceair-purifyingrespirator with a filter that can remove anthraxspores.TherespiratormustbeapprovedbyNationalInstituteforOc-
cupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH).Note: See29CFR1910.1�4cforguide-linesonestablishingandmaintainingarespiratoryprotectionprogram.
• Eyeprotectionifafullfacepiecerespi-ratorisnotused
• Hooded,chemical-resistantcoveralls• Outerandinnerglovesthatarechemical
resistant• Outerbootswithchemical-resistant
steeltoesandshanks• Outerbootcoversthataredisposable
andchemicalresistant• HardhatHowever,forworkerswhomightbere-
quired to enter confined spaces or areas of low oxygenconcentrationorhighconcentrationsoftoxicgases,theensembleshouldincludeapositive-pressure,full-facepiece,self-con-tainedbreathingapparatus(SCBA),oraposi-
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Safety and Biosecuritytive-pressure-suppliedairrespirator(airline)withanescapeSCBA(OSHALevelB).Asa final option, consider selecting a supplied-airrespiratorbecausethelogisticsburdenofmaintaininganadequateandsafeairsupply
andtheaddedphysicalburdensofcarryingairtanksaregreat.
Specific recommendations for personal protective equipment are highlighted under each disposal method.
Equipment planning factors Tables4,6and7listtherecommended
equipmenttoensurehealthandsafetyindisposaloperations.Notethatifacatastrophicoutbreakofplantoranimaldiseaseoccurs,certainpiecesofpersonalprotectiveequip-ment may be difficult to obtain. If space and resourcesareavailable,acquireandstorea5-to7-daysupplyofbasicitemssuchasglovesandboots.
Thedatainthesetablesassume24-hour
operationsand12-hourshiftseachday.Theseestimatesaccountfortheoccasionalequip-mentfailure(suchastornglovesorboots),excessivelycontaminatedordamagedper-sonalprotectionequipmentthatmustbedestroyedinsteadofreusedandtheinevitableunknownincidentthatoccursduringanyhaz-ardouswastedisposaloperation.Thesetablesaremeanttoserveasguidelinesandarenotcomprehensiveformostoperations.
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Figure 11.Fourlevelsofpersonalprotectiveequipment.
Level A Level A affords the greatest level of skin, respiratory and eye protection:• A positive-pressure, full-facepiece, self-contained
breathing apparatus or a positive-pressure-supplied air respirator with an escape self-contained breathing apparatus, approved by NIOSH
• A totally encapsulating chemical-protective suit• Coveralls1 • Long underwear1 • Outer chemical-resistant gloves• Inner chemical-resistant gloves• Chemical-resistant boots with
steel toes and shanks• Hard hat (under the suit).1
• Disposable protective suit, gloves and boots (depending on the suit construction, it may be worn over a totally encapsulating suit)
1Optional, as applicable
Level B Level B offers the highest level of respiratory protection but a lesser level of skin protection:• A positive-pressure, full-facepiece, self-
contained breathing apparatus or a positive-pressure-supplied air respirator with an escape self-contained breathing apparatus (NIOSH-approved)
• Hooded chemical-resistant clothing (overalls, a long-sleeved jacket; coveralls, a one- or two-piece chemical-splash suit and disposable, chemical-resistant overalls)
• Coveralls1 • Outer chemical-resistant gloves• Inner chemical-resistant gloves• Chemical-resistant boots with
steel toes and shanks• Disposable, chemical-resistant
outer boot covers• Hard hat• Face shield 1Optional, as applicable
(Continued on next page)
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Safety and Biosecurity
Level C Level C is used when the concentration(s) and type(s) of airborne substance(s) are known and the criteria for using air-purifying respirators are met:• Full-face or half-mask air-purifying respirators
(NIOSH approved)• Hooded, chemical-resistant clothing (overalls, a
long-sleeved jacket, coveralls, a one- or two-piece chemical-splash suit, and disposable chemical-resistant overalls)
• Coveralls1
• Outer chemical-resistant gloves• Inner chemical-resistant gloves• Outer, chemical-resistant boots
with steel toes and shanks• Outer disposable, chemical-
resistant boot covers1
• Hard hat1
• Escape mask1 • Face shield1 1Optional, as applicable
Level D Level D is a work uniform affording minimal
protection; it is used for nuisance contamination only:
• Coveralls1
• Gloves1 • Outer, chemical-resistant boots/shoes with steel
toes and shanks • Outer, chemical-resistant boots • Safety glasses or chemical splash goggles• Hard hat1 • Escape mask1 • Face shield1 1Optional, as applicable
Figure 11.(Continued).
6�6�
Table 6.Personalprotectiveequipmentplanning.
Equipment Nondisposable items (per team)
Disposable items (per person-day1)
Hand protection
Leather gloves (specific to work) 4
Gloves (heavy butyl rubber) 1–2
Gloves (nitrile; worn under leather) 10–12
Foot protection
Steel toe/steel shank leather work boots 2 pairs
Steel toe/steel shank butyl rubber boots 2 pairs
Head protection
Hard hat 1
Waterproof hat 1
Respiratory protection
SCBA positive-pressure respirator 1
Supplied-air positive-pressure respirator 1
Air-purifying respirator 1
Powered air-purifying respirator 1
Filter cartridges for respirators 0.25
Disposable N95/N100 respirators 4–6
(Continued on next page)
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Table 6.(Continued).
Equipment Nondisposable items (per team)
Disposable items (per person-day1)
Chemical protective overgarment
Butyl rubber apron 2
Protective eyewear
Indirectly vented chemical goggles 2 pairs
Safety glasses (with side shields) 2 pairs
Polystyrene face shield (caustic solutions) 1
Hearing protection
Disposable earplugs 4–6 pairs
Earmuffs 2 pairs
Protective suit (Tyvek, cloth or other material)
Disposable (Level C or D) 3
Decontaminable (Level A or B) 2
Spare clothing
Surgical scrubs or disposable protective suits 2 sets
Spare pair of shoes (supplied by workers) 1 pair
Miscellaneous equipment
Multi-tool with knife blade 1 1Person-day is the number of units one person will use in a day, based on the assumptions above.
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Equipment Nondisposable items (per team)
Claw hammer 2
Pliers 2
Screwdriver (2 flathead; 2 Phillips) 4
Adjustable end wrench 2
Crowbar/wrecking bar 2
Hatchet 2
Axe 2
Wire brush (with scraper nose) 2 dozen
Fiber brush (long-handled) 5
Plastic bucket (5-gal) 6
Equipment Nondisposable items (per team)
Sponge 2 dozen
Tent 2
Shovel (flat-billed) 4
Broom (heavy) 3
Shop vacuum 1
Electrical cord (12-ga, 100 ft) 1
Post hole digger 2
Garden rake 2
Fork (manure) 2
Scraper (long-handled) 2
Table 7. Recommended tools for a crew of 10 people (Modified from the National Animal HealthEmergencyManagementSystem’s“OperationalGuidelinesforCleaningandDisinfec-tion,”Draft,November2005).
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Heat stress monitoring and measurementPortableheatstressmetersormonitors
areusedtomeasureheatconditions.Theseinstrumentscancalculateboththeindoorandoutdoorwetbulbglobetemperature(WBGT)indexes,whichconsiderthecombinedef-fectsofradiantheatingfromthesun,relativehumidityandairtemperature.
Withthismeasurementandinformationonthetypeofworkbeingperformed,heatstressmeterscanhelpindeterminingthelengthoftimeapersoncansafelyworkorremaininaparticularhotenvironment.Theresultantdatacanprovideguidanceonwork/restcycles.
InTable8,examplesoflightworkmightincludetheassemblyoftoolsorclericalworkdoneintheoperationscenter.Moderateworkmightincludetheoperationofheavyequip-
mentsuchastrucksandloaders.Heavyworkwouldincludethephysicalmanipulationofcontaminatedmaterialsortheperformanceofdecontaminationoperationsontheground.
Asanexample,consideraworkerwearingTyvekandperformingmoderatework.Atheo-reticalheatstressmeterprovidesavalueof87°F.BecausetheworkeriswearingTyvek,subtract10.8°F(Table9)fromtheWBGTvalueof87°F,resultingin76.2°F.
Tostaywithinthepermissibleheatex-posurethresholdlimitvalueof76.2°Fforworkersperformingmoderatework,accord-ingtoTable8thispersonwouldneedtobeonacycleof25percentwork,75percentrestforeachhourworked(15minutesofwork,45minutesofrest).
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Table 8.Heatstressmonitoringduringworkerperformance.
Permissible heat exposure threshold limit values Work load
Work/rest regimen Light Moderate Heavy
Continuous work 86 °F (30.0 °C) 80 °F (26.7 °C) 77 °F (25.0 °C)
75% work, 25% rest, each hour 87 °F (30.6 °C) 82 °F (28.0 °C) 78 °F (25.9 °C)
50% work, 50% rest, each hour 89 °F (31.4 °C) 85 °F (29.4 °C) 82 °F (27.9 °C)
25% work, 75% rest, each hour 90 °F (32.2 °C) 88 °F (31.1 °C) 86 °F (30.0 °C)
These values apply to physically fit and acclimatized individuals wearing light summer clothing. As contaminated material disposal operations will undoubtedly require heavier clothing that impedes sweat or has a higher insulation value, the permissible heat exposure values above must be reduced by the corrections shown in Table 9.
Source: OSHA Technical Manual, Section III, Chapter 4 (TED 01–00–015)
Table 9. Wetbulbglobetemperatureindexcorrectionfactorsforworkerperformancewhilewearingheavierprotectiveclothing.
Clothing type WBGT1 index correction (°F)
Summer lightweight working clothing (such as operations center personnel) 0
Cotton coveralls (such as truck drivers) –3.6
Winter work clothing (such as for operations in winter) –7.2
Water barrier, permeable (such as workers wearing Tyvek or similar protective ensemble) –10.8
Fully encapsulating suit, gloves, boots and hood (such as OSHA Level A or B) –18.0 1 WGBT: Wet bulb globe temperature
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Heat index: An alternative measure to assess conditions causing heat stress
Theheatindexshowstherelationshipbetweentherelativeeffectsoftemperatureandhumidity.Theindexcanbeusedasasecond-choiceapproachifnoheatstressmeterorwetbulbglobetemperaturethermometerisavailable.UseTable10onlywhenawetbulbglobetemperaturethermometerorheatstressmeter and qualified operators are unavailable.
Astheheatindexdoesnottakeintoac-counttheheatresultingfromradiantenergyfromthesun,addaconservativeestimateof15ºFtotheenvironmentaltemperaturevaluetakenfromthischartwhenworkersareindirect sunlight. After a value is identified in Table10,useTables8and9toobtainanesti-mateofthework/restcycle.
Sample calculation:Theenvironmentalconditionsatadisposalsiteare80ºFand20
percentrelativehumidity,withtheworkersindirectsunlight.Theheatindexvalue(ob-tainedfromTable10andadding10ºFtotheenvironmentaltemperaturetoaccountforthedirectsunlightexposure)is87ºF.
AccordingtoTable8,aworkerdressedinaTyveksuitwithboots,glovesandahardhat(WBGTcorrectionfactorof-10.8ºF)per-formingmoderateworkwouldneedawork-restcycleof25percentwork/75percentrestforeachhourworked.Because of the person-al protective equipment correction factor of 10.8 °F (Table 9), this worker can continue with this work/rest cycle as long as the heat index or wet bulb globe temperature does not exceed 76.2 °F. Formoreinformation,visithttp://www.OSHA.gov.
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Table 10.Heatindexusedasanalternativemeasuretoassessconditionscausingheatstress.
Heat index
Environmental temperature °F (°C)
70° (21)
75° (24)
80° (27)
85° (29)
90° (32)
95° (35)
100° (38)
105° (41)
110° (43)
115° (46)
120° (49)
Relative humidity Apparent temperature ºF (C)
0% 64 (18) 69 (20) 73 (23) 78 (26) 83 (28) 87 (31) 91 (33) 95 (35) 99 (37) 103 (39) 107 (42)
10% 65 (18) 70 (21) 75 (24) 80 (27) 85 (29) 90 (33) 95 (35) 100 (38) 105 (41) 111 (44) 116 (47)
20% 66 (19) 72 (22) 77 (25) 82 (28) 87 (30) 93 (33) 99 (37) 105 (41) 112 (44) 120 (49)
30% 67 (19) 73 (23) 78 (26) 84 (29) 90 (33) 96 (36) 104 (40) 113 (45) 123 (51)
40% 68 (20) 74 (23) 79 (26) 86 (30) 93 (34) 101 (38) 110 (43) 123 (56)
50% 69 (20) 75 (24) 81 (27) 88 (31) 96 (36) 107 (42) 120 (49)
60% 70 (21) 76 (24) 82 (28) 90 (33) 100 (38) 114 (46)
70% 70 (21) 77 (25) 85 (29) 93 (34) 106 (41) 124 (51)
80% 71 (22) 78 (26) 86 (30) 97 (36) 113 (45)
90% 71 (22) 79 (26) 88
Apparent temperature Heat-stress risk with physical activity and/or prolonged exposure
90–104 °F (32–40 °C) Heat cramps or heat exhaustion possible
105–130 °F (31–54 °C) Heat cramps or heat exhaustion likely; heat stroke possible
Above 130 °F (54 °C) Heat stroke very likely
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Cost General Considerations
Economic factorsTherelevanteconomicandcostfactors
toevaluatecanbeseparatedintodirectandindirectcosts(Tables11and12).
Direct costsinvolvedirectdisposal-
relatedoperations,transportation,facilities,energy,storageandsecurity.
Indirect costsarerelatedtoincreaseddis-easeincidence,environmentalimpacts,publicperceptionandindirectincomeloss.
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Table 11. Directcostsincurredfrominstallationandoperatingdisposalactivities.Category ExpenseOperation costs • Energy
• Labor• Chemicals• Personal protective equipment• Decontamination equipment/chemicals• Cost of livestock or crops destroyed by disease, or to prevent spread of disease• Disposal of treatment residue (such as ash or finished compost)
Facilities, permitting and other capital equipment
• Permit fees and legal costs for obtaining disposal sites• Hauling in facilities• Any portable disposal facilities adopted• Installing new disposal facilities
Security • Labor• Fencing• Site entry/exit procedures/decontamination
Transportation Costs relating to:• Transporting animal carcasses or plants that must be moved• Loading/unloading• Leasing/ownership• Fuel• Labor• Educating truck operators/drivers/supervisors• Preventive activities, including livestock relocations, along the transport route to reduce the possibility of disease spread• Security associated with transport
Storage Costs relating to:• Maintaining the carcasses or plants awaiting disposal• Security to keep out wildlife• Odor control• Landscape appearance maintenance
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Table 12. Indirectcostsassociatedwithdisposalactivities.
Category ExpenseDisease-related Added costs of infections spread by:
• Leakage during transport of carcasses and contaminated plants • Incomplete decontamination • Wildlife incursion into the disposal operation• Disease management activities (such as vaccinations) to reduce the disposal-related costs to the
environment and/or because of public perception• Security costs along the transportation routes if the carcasses are to be moved
Environmental • Air pollution• Water pollution• Soil contamination• Loss of future returns to land employed for disposal• Harm to wildlife and/or fisheries
Public perception • Increased legal fees resulting from public opposition• Changes in income because of shifting public opinions resulting from disposal activities, including reduced:
– Tourism – Regional economic activity– Domestic meat sales – International meat export sales
Income Loss of business in areas where disposal activities are undertaken or transport routes pass through
Note: Certain disposal methods may have unique indirect costs. For example, alkaline hydrolysis disposal incurs costs resulting from increased commission of support equipment because of alkaline exposure. Some methods may also incur additional indirect costs because of soil disturbances and erosion caused by the operation of heavy machinery and trucks.
Cost General Considerations