managing diffuse sources: alternative concepts for urban water … · procedure for data collection...
TRANSCRIPT
Managing Diffuse Sources: Alternative Concepts for Urban Water Infrastructure
Tove A. Larsen, Judit LienertEawag, Switzerland
© 2008 Tove A. Larsen and Judit Lienert
Wastewater Management is Multi-Tasking
Urban Hygiene
Water Pollution ControlStorm Water Management
Resource Recovery
Where do we find Wastewater Treatment Plants?
- 58 % of the world population is connected to a sewer system
- 24 % receive some level of sewage treatment
- 4 % primary- 15 % secondary- 5 % tertiary
Green et al. (2004) Biogeochemistry 68: 71-105
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
Primary treatment
Wastewater Treatment Plants:The Eternal Story of the Next Problem
Reverse osmosisOzonation Activated carbon
And the new generation:
Ozonation of Treatment Plant Effluents:Simple and Cheap, but Energy-Intensive
• Proven removal ofabout 20 different compounds
• Not removed:iodinated X-ray contrast media
• Little information ontransformation products
• Energy demand: 0.1–0.3 kWh/m3
(comparable to the present demand)• Costs: 0.05–0.15 Є/m3
(present: 0.5-2.5 Є/m3)
Ternes et al. (2003) Water Research 37: 1976-1982Huber et al. (2004) Environmental Science & Technology 38: 5177-5186Joss et al. (2008) Water Science and Technology 57(2): 251-254
Activated Carbon in Treatment Plant Effluents:Simple and Cheap, but Energy-Intensive
• Broad removal of micropollutants• Total elimination of micropollutants
during carbon regeneration• CO2 emissions:
comparable to the present system• Costs: 0.08–0.20 Є/m3
(present: 0.5-2.5 Є/m3)
Nowotny et al. (2007) Environmental Science & Technology 41: 2050-2055Snyder et al. (2007) Desalination 202: 156-181Joss et al. (2008) Water Science and Technology 57(2): 251-254
Nutrients: A Global Threat2004: Worldwide 149 'Dead Zones'
UNEP is warning:'Dead zones may soon damage fish stocks more than unsustainable catches'
2006: Worldwide 200 'Dead Zones'11 of 50 new zones are published
UNEP demands:'Nitrogen emissions must be reduced'
+5
+2
The Nutrients are in Urine
Urine(1.5 liters/person/day)
Rest of wastewater(350 liters/person/day)
20 %
40 %
60 %
80 %
100 %
NitrogenPhosphorus
Potassium
Comparison of Different Technologies
low15–5070–8015NoMix technology (90 % separation efficiency)
see above>85see above
see above
WWTP + P-filter
low15–858590WWTP, sludge age >12 days + organic C-source
low15–8550–7590WWTP, sludge age >12 days
low15–852590WWTP, sludge age 8–10 days
high15–852575WWTP, sludge age 2 days
high80–9015–3060–75WWTP, chemical precipitation
high5–15530WWTP, primary treatment
PNCOD
NH4+
effluent concentrati
on
Typical removal efficiencies (%)
Larsen et al. (2007) Water Science and Technology 56(5): 229–237
Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater:Hoping for a Simple Solution
Urine(1.5 liters/person/day)
Rest of wastewater(350 liters/person/day)
20 %
40 %
60 %
80 %
100 %
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Pharmac
eutic
als?
Larsen et al. (2001) Environmental Science & Technology 35: 192A-197A.
Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater:Not quite as Simple!
Urine(1.5 liters/person/day)
Rest of wastewater(350 liters/person/day)
20 %
40 %
60 %
80 %
100 %
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Pharmac
eutic
als
Lienert et al. (2007) Water Science and Technology 56(5): 87-96.
Urine(1.5 liters/person/day)
Rest of wastewater(350 liters/person/day)
20 %
40 %
60 %
80 %
100 %
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potentia
l effe
cts
Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater:Not quite as Simple!Escher et al. (2006) Environmental Science & Technology 40: 7402-7408Lienert et al. (2007) Environmental Science & Technology 41: 4471-4478
Procedure for data collection
Literature survey(54 publications)
454 Pharmaceuticals
50 Pharmaceu-ticals with
qualitative data
Criteria(Only pharmaceuticals, excretion via
urine or feces, no ointments, eye,nose, or ear drops, …)
212 Pharmaceu-ticals with
quantitative data(=1‘409 products)
139 Pharmaceu-ticals without excretion data
401 Pharmaceu-ticals included
53 Pharmaceu-ticals excluded
Search forexcretion data
(in Swiss Drug Compendiumwww.kompendium.ch)
Lienert et al. (2007) Water Science and Technology 56(5): 87-96 (Figure 1)
Average excretion of 212 pharmaceuticals
On average …
… the larger fraction of each active ingredient is excreted via urine
… ca. 42% of each active ingredient is metabolized
… metabolites are mainly excreted via urine
But data inconsistency and extreme variability from 0 – 100%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
64% total viaurine (± 27%)
35% total viafeces (± 26%)
35% unchangedurine (± 33%)
42% metabolizedurine (± 28%)
32% unchangedfeces (± 34%)
% % % % %% %
Lienert et al. (2007) Water Science and Technology 56(5): 87-96.
Excretion via urine of 22 therapeutic groups
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
GestagensCytostatics
AntihypertensivesNeuroleptics
AntilipidemicsAntibiotics
Glucocorticoids / CorticosteroidsDiuretic drugsBetablockers
AntiemeticsAntidepressants
VasodilatantsAntidiabetic agents
Arterial vasodilatorsAntiphlogisticsAntiviral drugs
EstrogensGastric acid inhibitors
Hypnotic drugsAntiepileptic drugs
AnalgesicsX-ray contrast media
> 80% excretion via urine
> 70% excretion via urine
> 60% excretion via urine
> 49% excretion via urine
min / max value
Lienert et al.(2007) Environmental Science & Technology 41: 4471-4478Lienert and Larsen (2007) Gaia 16(4): 280-288 (Figure 3)
Background-COD and Concentration:Important Parameters for Removal of Micropollutants
Combined wastewater (100 m3/p/year)
Typical European wastewater production
Urine (0.6 m3/p/year)Toilet (25 m3/p/year)
Wastewater influent (100%)
Wastewater effluent (10%)
Urine (5%)
Biologically treated urine (1%)
Background COD
Larsen et al. (2004) Journal of Biotechnology 113(1-3): 295-304
Alternatives to Wastewater Treatment PlantsHow can Feces be Treated?
Available for recycling Available for energy 0100 % 100 %
Burial (pit latrines)
Drying
Aerobic digestion (e.g. compost)
Anaerobic digestion
Microbial fuel cells
Total oxidation / burning
Larsen et al., in preparation for Journal of Environmental Management
Optimizing the whole system is difficult
WWTP
Sludge
Agriculture
Ground water
?
??
?
Urban area
Un-connectedareas
Rece
iving
wate
r
?
?
Combined Sewers Overflow
What can we Learn from the Past?Three Case-Studies
Non-degradable detergents:product design
Phosphate in detergents:replacement
Heavy metals:waste design
,Hard‘, non-degradable detergentshad to be replaced through degradable ones
Flow rateTotal phosphorusOrthophosphate
BUWAL 1994
Ban of phosphatein washing powder
River Rhine at Basel
Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge from the City of Zürich
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 19900
5
10
15
20g Zinc / t Dry Matter g Cadmium / t Dry Matter
Zinc
Cadmium
Conclusions
- Better access to pharma-ceuticals than to treatment
- If only our part of the world counts: Wastewater treatment can do a lot
- With source separation, removal of pharmaceutic is more energy-efficient
- Solving the problems by product design is always better
For further information
www.novaquatis.eawag.chFinal report of the transdisciplinary Eawag project Novaquatis