managing ecosystems using low cost protected cultivation with agroforestry leaf biomass transfer
TRANSCRIPT
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Simon Mng'omba
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Lilongwe8th November 2016Chitedze, Lilongwe
Managing Ecosystems using Low-cost Protected Cultivation with Agroforestry Leaf Biomass Transfer: Fruit and Vegetable Production in Malawi
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Introduction• global fruit & vegetable production• open vs protected cultivation
• negative impacts of open cultivation
Production technologies• Keyhole gardens• Hydroponics
Evidence of fertiliser tree biomass on fruit yield • Effect of organic fertilizer on paprika yield• Protected cutivation of tomato yield
Conclusions
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World Fruit and Vegetable Production
Fruit production• 640 million tons of fruits produced in 2011• High increases have been tropical fruits (e.g. banana, mango etc. )
Vegetable production • 1.811 billion tons of vegetables (2009)
Production • fruit & vegetable production: >2.4 billion tons (FAO, 2009)• Global export trade exceeds US$ 17 billion annually*
• Subsistence micro-gardens (villages) to huge commercial enterprises (greenhouses & field crops/orchard)
• Involves application of fertilizer, water, pesticides etc.
FAOSTAT, 2009; *Scripta Horticulturae 14 (2012)
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Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables
Food, Nutrition and Health• rich in micronutrients, vitamins, water etc. (about 1.7 million deaths
worldwide are due to low fruit & vegetable consumption)
Income generation Vegetables/fruits have high returns perunit of landEmployment opportunities • rural & urban areas: more consumption of vegetables/fruits creates
a marketMind provoking thoughts (Scripta Horticulturae No. 14)• Production shift: from countries with high energy inputs and labour costs to those
with lower energy and labour costs (tropical countries, southern Africa???)
• Population growth by 2045 is estimated at 9 billion hence increase in fruit & vegetables to 3.1 billion tons. Where will this increased production come from?
source: www.fao.org/giews/english/fo/index.htm
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Vegetable production: A case in MalawiCultivation is on open field & fragile lands e.g.•riverbanks•wetlands (damboland)•water catchment areas•flood plains (fertile soils &water)
>80% of total vegetable production is by smallholder farmers in rural /peri-urban areas (Mwandira 2003)
Ecosystems heavily disturbed• high soil erosion: siltation• floods rampart• water shortage• water body pollution due to
• pesticide residues• fertilizer drift • high weed growth
consequently, in Malawi
By Simon Mng’omba
By Chris Katema
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Effects of unsustainable land cultivation
By Simon Mng’omba
Total cost of :• weed management at Liwonde Barrage:
US$ 366,328.57 per year (revenue lost)
• Remedial costs (dredging & diving) incurred by ESCOM (Nkula, Tedzani & Kapichira power stations) is about US$ 959, 615 each year
Source: UNDP, PIMS 2085, (2010) PPP in SLM in the SRB in Malawi; GoM 2014
Between 1967 – 200318 floods occurred in Malawi affecting 1.8 million people resulting in:
• loss of life• infrastructure destruction (roads, rail, homes etc.)• crop loss and food insecurity• health impacts (diarrhoea, cholera and malaria).
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Crops grown in wetlands
Crop type HHs who cultivated (%) *
All
Male FemaleVegetables 56 42 52Maize 53 38 49Rice 21 9 17S. potato 10 11 10Beans 9 7 8Cassava 6 0 4Others 14 16 15
Source: Tracy et al. 2009
• *Multiple responses• Dominance of vegetables
Solutions suggested Respondents (%) *
Plant trees along river banks 74
Avoid cultivating crops along river banks 25Avoid cutting trees/reeds along river bank 18Close barrages
11Promote irrigation
11
Why are farmers still cultivating fragile lands?agriculture accounts for > 80 % of employment
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Knowledge, practices & challenges in the SRB
TechnologyHouseholds (%) who Constraints using
the technologyKnows the technology
Currently use the technology
Used it before but stopped
Inorganic fertilizer 100 73 11 no extension services
fertilizer trees 72 15 6 lack of seed & training
fruit trees 95 71 6pest & diseases; lack of seed & training
woodlot 86 31 2lack of seed & training, small land area
soil/water conservation 85 70 0
lack of information & training
farmyard manure & compost
89 47 0lack of training & too much labour
Source: Ajayi et al. 2010
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Unsustainable cultivation in the Shire River Basin Investing in enterprises (e.g. bee-keeping, juice & livestock production, tree planting & agroforestry technologies) can
• provide incentives to adoptions of SLM approaches (soil & water conservation) as IGAs
• discourage growing vegetables along the river banks for income
• investing in juice making & AF means many trees will be planted and hence protecting soil loss
Source: GoM, Ministry of Water Development & Irrigation (2011)
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Production methods with limited Ecosystem disturbance
1. Protected cultivation - uses structures such as:- shade houses- row covers- net tunnels- plastic tunnels (plasticulture)
2. Micro-gardens – e.g. - sack farms (recycled sacks)
3. Key hole gardens
4. Hydroponics - gardening without soil & uses 70-90% less water. Aeroponics are a form of hydroponic
by Simon Mng’omba
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Low-cost protected cultivation structures
Bamboo & plastic
Plastic rolled up & down
Ideal for:-• smallholder farmers- simple & affordable• hotspot areas (protection) e.g. flood plains• profitable• low water utilization• high quality vegetables produced
• no blemishes due to limited pest & disease attack hence higher prices
Low-cost protected cultivation structures:-• an alternative & sustainable fruit &
vegetable production
• Fertilizer tree biomass incorporation improves crop yield
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Evidence of improved yield due to biomass application
Treatment Fruit yield (mg/ 9 m2) 2007
Fruit yield (mg/ 9m2) 2008
Control 89.7 202.2Inorganic fertilizer 97.4 221.7Gliricidia (8 t/ha) 124.7 289.7Gliricidia + fertilizer 96.3 372.1
Source: Sileshi et al. 2007
Recommendations:• Gliricidia biomass integrated with half recommended dose of
inorganic fertilizer improved paprika fruit yield
• Gliricidia biomass alone also improved paprika fruit yield
Table 1: Effect of organic/inorganic fertilizer on Paprika fruit yield
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Table 2: cabbage yield kg/ha (with inorganic fertilizer: 0, 75 & 150 CAN kg/ha)
Treatment Yield range (kg/ha) Mean yield (kg/ha) Control 9.02 – 21.96 15.54Gliricidia (8 t DM/ha) 16.5 – 33.95 25.62Tephrosia (6 t DM/ha) 21.62 – 35.7 28.94
Source: Makumba and Phiri, 2008
Conclusions:• Application of AF leaf biomass improved yield• AF leaf biomass integrated with half recommended dose of inorganic
fertilizer improved yield
Treatment Yield range (kg/ha) Mean yield (kg/ha) Control 5.25 – 13.87 9.57Gliricidia (8 t DM/ha) 6.86 – 15.76 11.04Tephrosia (6 t DM/ha) 9.82 – 17.87 13.81
Table 3: tomato yield t/ha (with inorganic fertilizer: 0, 75 & 150 CAN kg/ha)
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Evidence for increased production and quality
Production under
Marketable /40 m2
Number KgNon-market./40 m2
Number KgTotal yield (t/ha)
Protected 10,769 401 79 1.9 100.79Open field 4,145 133 371 6.8 34.88
Conclusions• Higher yields from low-cost protected structures than from open
field• Higher quality fruit & vegetables low-cost protected structures than
from open field
Table 4: tomato yield under open & protected structure
Source: Gonzaga et al. 2012
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Protected cultivation structures
• High-cost - permanent structures such as greenhouse / glasshouse covered with UV treated plastic. Can be house type: ideal for tall/climbing vegetables (melons)
• Low-cost structures e.g. low tunnels:
Low tunnel covered (top) & uncovered (bottom)
Source: Gonzaga et al. 2012
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Benefits of Protected Cultivation
• Vegetables & fruits mature faster (30%) than field-grown crops
• Carrots – when grown under greenhouse they are sweeter & tender than grown outdoors (phenols)
• Cucumbers - when grown under greenhouse they are less bitt er than when grown outdoors (phenols)
• Better pest & disease management - reduces pesticide usage
• Reduction in water use: plastic sheets reduce evapotranspiration
• All year-round production & predictable yields and quality
Source: Gonzaga et al. 2012; Mangmang 2002
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Why low-cost protected cultivation structure?
• low investments in structures
• easy construction (local artisans can construct)
• materials are available
• simple maintenance
• crop yields are not different from high cost-protected cultivation
Selection protected cultivation structure depends on: • crops to be grown (a g/house may not be
needed)• A simple structure can economically
extend growing season. E.g. low tunnels
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Low-cost protected cultivation with biomass transfer
We need• Expertise in protected cultivation (to train artisans)
• Focus on Hotspot areas (flood plains, river banks, wetland etc.) need to:• assess level of horticultural crop production• assess impact on environment (soil erosion)• assess market for vegetables considering different seasons
• Design of protected cultivation structures consider:• site (hot areas may require rolling up sheet)• crop management under g/house conditions
Low-cost protected cultivation structures and AF leaf biomass transfer have a great potential to sustainably produce fruits and vegetables in hotspot areas
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Conclusions
Low-cost protected cultivation with AF tree biomass transfer can:
• Improve income levels – poverty reduction
• Reduced heavy fertilizer & pesticide application
• Protect ecosystems
• High crop yield and good quality crop
• Increase urban supply of high quality fresh produce
• All year round supply
• Enables early production
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THANK YOU !!!