Managing Health and Safety

Lecture 2

Plan

1 Occupational Safety and Health in Russian Federation2 Labour Legislation 3 International Management Systems4 Risk Assessment5 Collective Protective Equipment6 Personal Protective Equipment

Occupational Safety and Health in Russian Federation

• Employers have a responsibility to protect workers against safety and health hazards at work.

• Workers have the right to know about potential hazards and to refuse work that they believe is dangerous. Workers also have a responsibility to work safely with hazardous materials.

• A national OSH program in consultation with the most representative organizations of employers and workers is required by law. The Government of the Russian Federation and authorized federal executive power bodies must adopt federal target programs on improving occupational safety and health conditions and ensure its enforcement

Labour Legislation

• The legal basis for safety and health is provided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation as well as by labour laws and other normative legal acts.

• The current Constitution of the Russian Federation (CRF) came into force on 12 December 1993.

Labour Rights in the Constitution

• Article 37 of the CRF enumerates basic labour rights, including • free choice of type of activity and profession, • prohibition of forced labour, • working conditions which meet safety and hygiene

requirements, • minimum wage established by federal law, • protection against unemployment, • right to individual and collective labour disputes, • right to strike, • guaranteed statutory duration of work time, • days off and holidays, • and paid annual vacation.

Labour legislation consists of

• the Labour Code, • other federal laws and laws of the RF subjects on labour, • decrees of the President of Russia, • regulations of the Government of Russia and of federal

executive authority bodies, • regulations of the executive power bodies of the RF

subjects, • regulations of local self-government bodies, which contain

labour law norms, • collective agreements and local normative legal acts

containing labour law norms.

Legislative enactments : • Federal Act of the Russian Federation on Safe Handling of

Pesticides and Agrochemicals, No. 109-FZ of July 19, 1997.• Federal Act of the Russian Federation on Radiation Safety of

Population, No. 3-FZ of January 9, 1996.• Federal Act of the Russian Federation on Prevention of Spread in

the Russian Federation of the Disease Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV Infection), No. 38-FZ of March 30, 1995.

• Federal Act of the Russian Federation on Fire Safety, No. 69-FZ of December 21, 1994.

• The Code on Administrative Offences (December 30, 2001) and the Penal Code of Russia (January 1, 1997) provide for adequate penalties for violations of the laws and regulations concerning occupational safety and health.

Labour Code

• The Labour Code of the Russian Federation (December 30, 2001) is the main law of Russia on OSH.

• The aims of the Labour Code are to establish state guarantees of labour rights and freedoms of citizens, to create favourable working conditions, and to protect the rights and interests of workers and employers. According to the Labour Code one of the basic principles of legal regulation of labour relations is to ensure the right of every worker to fair working conditions, including the working conditions which meet the requirements of occupational safety and health.

Major labour law issues• fundamentals of labour legislation (purposes of labour legislation;

non-discrimination; prohibition of forced labour);• the respective competencies in labour law making of the Russia and

of its constituents;• labour relations, including employee’s and employer’s basic rights

and responsibilities;• conditions of work, including work time; rest time; • labour discipline;• health and safety;• women’s labour, including maternity protection;• youth (under 18 years of age) labour;• seasonal work, home work, domestic work, • etc.

Hours of work

• The normal duration of the work time may not exceed 40 hours per week.

• The normal working hours shall be reduced by:– 16 hours per week for workers under sixteen years of age;– 5 hours per week for workers qualified as invalids of

categories I and II;– 4 hours per week for workers from sixteen to eighteen

years of age;– 4 and more hours per week for workers who work under

hazardous, unhealthy or dangerous conditions.

Minimum age and protection of young workers

• Work of persons under 18 years of age in hazardous or dangerous conditions, in the underground, as well as at jobs that harm their moral development and health (gambling business, night clubs, in production cycles, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages, tobacco goods, narcotic and toxic compounds) is prohibited.

• It is prohibited for minors to carry or move workloads in excess of the limits set for them.

• It is prohibited to send workers under eighteen years of age on business trips, to engage them in overtime work, night work, work on weekends and during holidays.

Other sources of labour law• The President of the RF issues decrees and executive orders.• Another important source of labour law in the RF is decrees

and orders issued by the Government of the RF on the basis of and pursuant to the CRF, federal laws and normative decrees of the President of the RF.

• A further source of labour law in the RF is normative documents issued by the Ministry of Labour and Social Development with a view to implementing labour legislation in force in the RF.

• A number of other federal executive bodies are also empowered to issue normative acts within the powers given to them by federal legislation, decrees and orders of the President or of the Government of the RF.

Accident investigations

• The term "accident" can be defined as an unplanned event that interrupts the completion of an activity, and that may (or may not) include injury or property damage.

• Reasons to investigate a workplace accident include:– to find out the cause of accidents and to prevent similar

accidents in the future;– to fulfill any legal requirements;– to determine the cost of an accident;– to determine compliance with applicable safety regulations;– to process workers' compensation claims.

Members of the investigating team

• supervisor;• employees with knowledge of the work;• safety officer;• health and safety committee;• union representative;• employees with experience in investigations;• "outside" expert;• representative from local government.The immediate supervisor can not be on the team (LC RF)

Employer's Duties in the Case of an Accident

• immediately arrange for first aid to be provided to the victim, and if necessary for the victim to be carried to a medical organization;

• take expedient measures for preventing the development of the accident or other extraordinary situation and the effects of harmful factors on other persons;

• keep things of the site just as they were at the time of the accident until the beginning of investigation, unless this poses a threat to the life and health of other persons or would lead to some extraordinary circumstances, or if they cannot be kept in place, shall record the situation as it was;

• immediately inform the bodies and organizations specified in the Labour Code about the accident, and also relatives of the victim in the event of a grave accident or an accident resulting in death.

The steps of the accident investigation process

• Report the accident occurrence to a designated person within the organization;

• Provide first aid and medical care to injured person(s) and prevent further injuries or damage;

• Investigate the accident;• Identify the causes;• Report the findings;• Develop a plan for corrective action;• Implement the plan;• Evaluate the effectiveness of the corrective action;• Make changes for continuous improvement.

International Management Systems

• International Labor Organization (ILO)

• The ILO is a United Nations agency dealing with labour issues, particularly international labour standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all.

• The ILO was established as an agency at 1919.• The ILO has 186 member states (2015).• The main aims of the ILO are to promote rights at work, encourage

decent employment opportunities, enhance social protection and strengthen dialogue on work-related issues.

• In 2001, the ILO published ILO-OSH 2001, also titled "Guidelines a on occupational safety and health management systems" to assist organizations with introducing OSH management systems.

International Management Systems

• OHSAS 18001, Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems–Requirements (officially BS OHSAS 18001) is an internationally applied British Standard for occupational health and safety management systems.

• A standard is a published document that contains a technical specification or other precise criteria designed to be used consistently as a rule, guideline, or definition.

• British Standards Institution (BSI) is a multinational business services provider whose principal activity is the production of standards and the supply of standards-related services.

• BSI Group was founded as the Engineering Standards Committee in London in 1901.

• BSI Group now operates internationally in 172 countries.

International Management Systems• United Kingdom:

– The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HSWA 1974) is an Act of the Parliament of the UK that defines the fundamental structure and authority for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare within the UK.

• United States:– The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970. The act created the

three agencies that administer it: the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission.

– OSHA develops safety standards in the Code of Federal Regulation and enforces those safety standards through compliance inspections conducted by Compliance Officers; enforcement resources are focussed on high-hazard industries.

International Management Systems• Sweden:

– Occupational safety and health is regulated by the Work Environment Act that is the government agency responsible for issues relating to the working environment. The agency should work to disseminate information and furnish advice on OSH, has a mandate to carry out inspections, and a right to issue stipulations and injunctions to any non-compliant employer.

• India:– The Labour Ministry formulates national policies on occupational

safety and health in factories and docks with advice and assistance from Directorate General of Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI), and enforces its Policies through inspectorates of factories and inspectorates of dock safety. The DGFASLI provides technical support in formulating rules, conducting occupational safety surveys and also for conducting occupational safety training programs

Risk assessment

• Identify the hazards.• Identify all affected by the hazard and how.• Evaluate the risk.• Identify and prioritize appropriate control

measures.

Risk is a combination of two factors: likelihood and severity

Hazard is something that has the potential to cause harm

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COLLECTIVE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTMACHINERY GUARDS

Collective protective equipment are used for simultaneously defense of all workers on production area

Rule to remember:

• Any machine part, function, or process which may cause injury must be safeguarded.

• When the operation of a machine or accidental contact with it can injure the operator or others in the vicinity, the hazards must be either controlled or eliminated.

Requirements for Safeguards (OSHA)

• Prevent contact - prevent worker’s body or clothing from contacting hazardous moving parts.

• Be secure - firmly secured to machine and not easily removed.• Protect from falling objects - ensure that no objects can fall

into moving parts.• Create no new hazards for the operator - must not have shear

points, jagged edges or unfinished surfaces.• Create no interference - must not prevent worker from

performing the job quickly and comfortably.• Allow safe lubrication - if possible, be able to lubricate the

machine without removing the safeguards.

Where mechanical hazards occur?• Dangerous moving parts in three basic areas require safeguarding:• The point of operation: that point where work is performed on the

material, such as cutting, shaping, boring, or forming of stock.

• Power transmission apparatus: all components of the mechanical system which transmit energy to the part of the machine performing the work: flywheels, belts, connecting rods, spindles, chains, cranks, and gears.

• Other moving parts: all parts of the machine which move while the machine is working. These can include reciprocating, rotating, and transverse moving parts, feed mechanisms and auxiliary parts of the machine.

General Classifications of Safeguards

1. Guards 2. Devices 3. Location or distance 4. Feeding and Ejection Methods 5. Miscellaneous Aids

Guards

• Guards are barriers which prevent access to danger areas. There are four general types of guards:– Fixed– Interlocked– Adjustable– Self-adjusting

Fixed Guards

• A fixed guard provides a barrier and is a permanent part of the machine. It is preferable to all other types of guards.

Interlocked Guards

• Interlocked guards are designed to automatically shut off or disengage the machine if the guard is opened or removed

Adjustable Guards

• Adjustable guards provide a barrier which can be adjusted to accommodate different production operations

Self-Adjusting Guards

• Self-adjusting guards provide a barrier which adjusts according to the size of stock entering the hazardous area

Devices– Presence Sensing

• Photoelectrical (optical)• Radiofrequency (capacitance)• Electromechanical

– Pullback– Restraint– Safety Controls

• Safety trip control– Pressure-sensitive body bar– Safety tripod– Safety tripwire cable

• Two-hand control• Two-hand trip

– Gates• Interlocked• Other

DevicesPresence Sensing

• Stops the machine from operating when someone or something enters the sensing field or when a set amount of weight is applied

Pullback Devices• Allows access to the point of

operation when the slide/ram is up and withdraws hands when the slide/ram begins to descend

Devices

Restraint Devices• Uses cables or straps attached

to the operator’s hands and a fixed point so that they cannot travel beyond a safe point

Safety Trip Controls• provide a quick means for

deactivating the machine in an emergency situation

Location or Distance

• locate the machine or its dangerous moving parts so they are not accessible or do not present a hazard to a worker during normal operation. Workers must maintain a safe distance from the danger area

Feeding and Ejection Methods

– Automatic feed– Semi-automatic feed– Automatic ejection– Semi-automatic ejection– Robot

Feeding and Ejection Methods

Automatic Feed Systems• automatic feeds reduce the

exposure of the operator during the work process, and sometimes do not require any effort by the operator after the machine is set up and running

Semi-Automatic Feeding Systems

• the operator uses a mechanism to place the piece being processed under the ram at each stroke. The operator does not need to reach into the danger area, and the danger area is completely enclosed

Robot Systems

• Robots are used for replacing humans who were performing unsafe, hazardous, highly repetitive, and unpleasant tasks

Can create hazards themselves.

Miscellaneous Aids• While these aids do not give complete protection from machine

hazards, they may provide the operator with an extra margin of safety

• Shields may be used to provide protection from flying particles, splashing cutting oils, or coolants

• Awareness barrier does not provide physical protection, but serves only to remind a person that he is approaching the danger area

Miscellaneous Aids

• Special hand tools may be used to place or remove stock, particularly from or into the point of operation of a machine. A typical use would be for reaching into the danger area of a press or press brake.

Training

• Training on machine guarding offered by employers should include the following:

• Information about all potential hazards in your work area.

• The correct use of workplace machines and their safeguards.

• Safe operating procedures and work practices. • Personal protective equipment that may be required. • Methods for reporting unsafe conditions.

Personal Protective Equipment

• Personal protective equipment is designed to protect many parts of the body (i.e., eyes, head, face, hands, feet, and ears). Includes specialized clothing or equipment worn by employees for protection against health and safety hazards (respirators, gloves, and hearing protectors are examples).

Personal Protective Equipment

Safety glasses

Face shield

Safety industrial helmet

Safety Shoes

Insulating gloves

Video

• http://www.oshatrain.org/courses/mods/726m2.html

• http://www.oshatrain.org/courses/mods/726m1.html