managing livestock manure to enhance water quality and social benefits dr. jeffery lorimor iowa...
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Managing Livestock Manure to Managing Livestock Manure to Enhance Water Quality and Enhance Water Quality and
Social BenefitsSocial Benefits
Dr. Jeffery LorimorDr. Jeffery Lorimor
Iowa State UniversityIowa State University
Ames, IA USAAmes, IA USA
Income from LivestockIncome from Livestock
In Romania – In Romania – – Rural population is 46% of totalRural population is 46% of total– Overall Ag GDP is 18.5% of totalOverall Ag GDP is 18.5% of total– Of 14.8 million hectares, 63% is arableOf 14.8 million hectares, 63% is arable– Meat and egg production has declined Meat and egg production has declined
approximately 40% since 1990 except for milk, approximately 40% since 1990 except for milk, even though adequate feed is available even though adequate feed is available
L. Lordache, senior researcher, World Economy Institute L. Lordache, senior researcher, World Economy Institute
Animal ContributionsAnimal Contributions
Animals play multiple roles Animals play multiple roles by providingby providing– Draft powerDraft power– High quality protein High quality protein
(meat, milk, eggs)(meat, milk, eggs)– Cash income/income Cash income/income
diversificationdiversification– Ability to graze non-cropped Ability to graze non-cropped
groundground– Animal waste productsAnimal waste products
NutrientsNutrients Gas for heating and cookingGas for heating and cooking
IFPRI 2020 Brief no. 61IFPRI 2020 Brief no. 61
Livestock Benefit the Poor MoreLivestock Benefit the Poor More
Livestock benefit the Livestock benefit the poor by alleviating poor by alleviating micronutrient micronutrient deficiencies and by deficiencies and by directly alleviating directly alleviating poverty. poverty.
The rural poor tend to The rural poor tend to get a higher share of get a higher share of their income from their income from livestock than better-livestock than better-off rural peopleoff rural people
Environmental EffectsEnvironmental Effects
The environmental The environmental concerns of increasing concerns of increasing livestock production livestock production are are – Higher concentrations Higher concentrations
of animalsof animals– Water quality Water quality
deteriorationdeterioration– Air quality deteriorationAir quality deterioration
Two Environmental ThreatsTwo Environmental Threats
Two primary threats to water quality may Two primary threats to water quality may exist from animal productionexist from animal production– Direct discharge of collected wastesDirect discharge of collected wastes– Over application of manure nutrientsOver application of manure nutrients
Good management can minimize or Good management can minimize or eliminate both threatseliminate both threats
Direct Discharge EliminationDirect Discharge Elimination
Primary concern for direct discharge from Primary concern for direct discharge from manure to surface watersmanure to surface waters– Acute toxicityAcute toxicity
Oxygen demand (COD/BOD)…kills aquatic lifeOxygen demand (COD/BOD)…kills aquatic life Ammonia NHAmmonia NH33-N-N …kills aquatic life …kills aquatic life
– Chronic effectsChronic effects PhosphorusPhosphorus …excess algae growth …excess algae growth
Direct Discharge EliminationDirect Discharge Elimination
Primary concern for discharge to ground Primary concern for discharge to ground waterswaters– Acute toxicityAcute toxicity
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms e coli, streptococcus, etc.e coli, streptococcus, etc.– Might result from poor well constructionMight result from poor well construction
NitrateNitrate …Blue baby disease…Blue baby disease– Might result from too much nitrogen applied to the landMight result from too much nitrogen applied to the land
Direct Discharge EliminationDirect Discharge Elimination
Solid manure less risky Solid manure less risky than liquid manurethan liquid manure– Direct discharges are Direct discharges are
less likely since the less likely since the manure does not flowmanure does not flow
– Adequate space Adequate space between the manure between the manure and the water source is and the water source is the primary means of the primary means of protectionprotection
Direct Discharge EliminationDirect Discharge Elimination
Most states in the US require separation Most states in the US require separation distances between livestock production/ distances between livestock production/ manure storage facilities and water manure storage facilities and water resourcesresources– Iowa, for example, for liquid manure from Iowa, for example, for liquid manure from
animal buildings and manure storages requires animal buildings and manure storages requires 150 -300 meters separation150 -300 meters separation
Direct Discharge EliminationDirect Discharge Elimination
Solid manure stacksSolid manure stacks– Build stacks on Build stacks on
impermeable floors/soilimpermeable floors/soil– Protect against rainfall Protect against rainfall
with roofs or covers to with roofs or covers to avoid seepageavoid seepage
– Keep stacks away from Keep stacks away from streams, rivers, and streams, rivers, and lakeslakes
Avoid Over Application of ManureAvoid Over Application of Manure
Crops need nutrients to produce wellCrops need nutrients to produce well Nutrients can come from manure, legumes Nutrients can come from manure, legumes
(N), or from purchased fertilizer(N), or from purchased fertilizer We know what the crops needWe know what the crops need We know what the animals “produce” in We know what the animals “produce” in
manuremanure
ClarificationClarification
NOTE: animals do not produce nutrients. NOTE: animals do not produce nutrients. They They useuse nutrients. We say they “produce” nutrients. We say they “produce” because non-grazing animals accumulate because non-grazing animals accumulate nutrients from feed taken from a large area nutrients from feed taken from a large area into manure that accumulates in a small into manure that accumulates in a small area. area.
Basic ObjectiveBasic Objective
To avoid water quality problems we need to To avoid water quality problems we need to redistribute the animal manure back onto redistribute the animal manure back onto approximately the same area that the animal approximately the same area that the animal feed was produced on. feed was produced on.
Research data tells us that properly Research data tells us that properly distributed manure nutrients do not cause distributed manure nutrients do not cause water quality deteriorationwater quality deterioration
Properly Managed Manure Will Properly Managed Manure Will Reduce Nitrates in Shallow GroundwaterReduce Nitrates in Shallow Groundwater
Nitrate Concentrations in Tileline Flowfrom
Land Fertilized With Swine Manure
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Average
Nitrates in TileflowNitrates in TileflowPoultry Manure PlotsPoultry Manure Plots
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Check 1X UAN 1X 2X
Nit
rate
N,
mg
/l
Field plots
Lysimeters
Nitrogen ConcentrationsNitrogen Concentrations
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Per
cent
AnhydrousAmmoniaNitrogen
Urea-AmmoniaNitrogen
Liquid SwineManure
Bedded SwineManure
Typical Nutrients Used by CropsTypical Nutrients Used by Crops
We know the nutrient needs of the We know the nutrient needs of the cropscrops– Corn needs 55-17-14 kg of N-P-KCorn needs 55-17-14 kg of N-P-K– Wheat needs 60-27-14 kg of N-P-KWheat needs 60-27-14 kg of N-P-K
Yearly Nutrients “Produced”Yearly Nutrients “Produced”
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
N P K
Kg
/ a
nim
al
/ y
ea
r
Liquid manure
Solid manure
Animals per HectareAnimals per Hectareto Provide to Provide NitrogenNitrogen needed needed
CornCorn WheatWheat SoybeansSoybeans
Swine Swine beddedbedded
1010 1111 0 (16)0 (16)
Beef Beef beddedbedded
22 22 0 (6)0 (6)
PoultryPoultry 500500 500500 0 (600)0 (600)
Protecting WaterProtecting Water
If we do not apply more nutrients than the If we do not apply more nutrients than the crops need, we will protect water quality. crops need, we will protect water quality.
This applies to both purchased fertilizer and This applies to both purchased fertilizer and to animal manure.to animal manure.
To protect water quality…do not over apply To protect water quality…do not over apply nutrientsnutrients
Other IssuesOther Issues
Good manage must include other issuesGood manage must include other issues– Soil erosion…manure can increase of decrease Soil erosion…manure can increase of decrease
soil erosion, depending on how it is managedsoil erosion, depending on how it is managed– Losses…nitrogen losses can occur if manure is Losses…nitrogen losses can occur if manure is
not covered with soil soon after being applied to not covered with soil soon after being applied to the fieldthe field
– Seepage…seepage from storage piles can be Seepage…seepage from storage piles can be an issue if left uncontrolledan issue if left uncontrolled
SummarySummary
Animals can play a vital role in the well Animals can play a vital role in the well being of a countrybeing of a country
One of the many contributions animals can One of the many contributions animals can make is to concentrate nutrients from feed make is to concentrate nutrients from feed into manure for use as crop fertilizerinto manure for use as crop fertilizer
Good manure management is the key to Good manure management is the key to changing a potential pollutant into a valuable changing a potential pollutant into a valuable natural resourcenatural resource
SummarySummary
The current world bank project near The current world bank project near Calarasi is an excellent example of a Calarasi is an excellent example of a project that can result in improved project that can result in improved manure management and improved water manure management and improved water quality.quality.
I commend you for your efforts I commend you for your efforts
Annual Nutrient AmountsAnnual Nutrient Amounts
Solid (bedded) beef manureSolid (bedded) beef manure– 132-66-132 lb/hd/yr (60-30-60 kg/hd/yr) 132-66-132 lb/hd/yr (60-30-60 kg/hd/yr)
PoultryPoultry– 60-60-40 lb/100 birds/yr 60-60-40 lb/100 birds/yr
(30-30-10 kg/100 birds/yr) (30-30-10 kg/100 birds/yr)
CompostCompost
Proper compost requires four things:Proper compost requires four things:– CarbonCarbon– NitrogenNitrogen– OxygenOxygen– MoistureMoisture
Composting PrinciplesComposting Principles
Composting PrinciplesComposting Principles
105
50Te
mp
era
ture
ºF
Heating Temperature plateau
Substratedepletion
Time
Mesophilic
(degradation)
Psychrophilic (maturation)
Thermophilic (conversion)
Composting PrinciplesComposting PrinciplesEfficient composting requiresEfficient composting requires
A balanced source of energy and nutrients A balanced source of energy and nutrients Typically with a C:N ratio between Typically with a C:N ratio between 20:1and 40:120:1and 40:1
Sufficient moisture Sufficient moisture Typically between 40% and 60%Typically between 40% and 60%
Sufficient oxygenSufficient oxygen
Typically 5% or greaterTypically 5% or greater
A pH range between 6 and 8A pH range between 6 and 8
Composting PrinciplesComposting PrinciplesMoist, high-Moist, high-
nitrogennitrogenprimary primary
ingredientingredient
Bulking agent Bulking agent withwith
large firm large firm particlesparticles
Dry, high-Dry, high-carboncarbon
amendmentamendment
Composting PrinciplesComposting PrinciplesComposting methodsComposting methods
Passive composting pilePassive composting pile
WindrowWindrow
Passively aerated windrowPassively aerated windrow
Aerated static pileAerated static pile
In-vesselIn-vessel
Composting Principles —Composting Principles — In-Vessel Bin In-Vessel Bin
Composting Principles -- Composting Principles -- WindrowsWindrows