managing rangelands rangeland: landscape of grasses and/or scattered trees - uncultivated &...
TRANSCRIPT
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Managing Rangelands
rangeland: landscape of grasses and/or scattered trees
- uncultivated & provides forage for large animals
- gradient in precipitation, soil structure, topography
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Rangelands
- few inputs (contrast with cropland)
forage: standing plant material (grasses, forbs, shrubs) that is edible
Herbivory:
grazing: consuming grasses & forbs
browsing: consuming leaves/twigs of woody plants
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* Manipulate grazing system of large herbivores for plant & animal production
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* Maintain healthy rangeland by controlling # grazing livestock
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* Rangeland Mgt & Wildlife
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* Grazing on Public Lands & Endangered Species
* Sage Grouse – 40 to 80% population declines (overgrazing, invasion of cheat grass)
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* Rangeland Mgt & Predators / Wildlife Damage / Predator Control
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Rangelands:
1) are a renewable resources if managed properly (ecosystem mgt)
2) important site of energy flow / nutrient cycling
ruminants: herbivores with microbes in digestive system needed to digest cellulose (fiber) – transfer plant fiber to another energy source
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Native vs. Domestic Grazing Systems
• Differences in selection & competition among species
Grass Forbs & Browse
Cacti
Horses 100%
Cattle 90% 10%
Sheep 40% 60%
Pronghorn 6% 83% 11%
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117 pronghorns = 1 horse
105 pronghorns = 1 cow
7 pronghorns = 1 sheep
Selectivity among some N.American ungulates
Pronghorn
Sheep
Cattle
BisonLeast
Most
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1) Grassland
2) Forest
3) Savanna
4) Chaparral / Desert Shrubland
5) Tundra
Types of Rangelands
* differences in climate (precipitation/ temperature), vegetation, fauna
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Grassland (prairie, pampas, steppe, veld)
Types of Rangelands
- High productivity of forage
- Grasses (family Gramineae) & forbs (broad-leaved)
- Fibrous root, soil & water conservation, soil
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Grazers: cattle, elk, bison, musk oxen,
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Forest (shrub, temperate, tropical)
Types of Rangelands
- Compared to grassland: wetter conditions/lower fertility
- Browsing habitat, but little grazing benefit
- National Forest, Bureau of Land Mgt (BLM) lands
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Browers: moose, pronghorn, goats, deer
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Savanna (barrens)
Types of Rangelands
- Grasslands with scattered shrubs/trees
- Influence of fire / transitional area
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Chaparral / Desert Shrubland
Types of Rangelands
- arid climate
- low-growing shrubs with deep-root systems
- sensitivity to domestic grazing & riparian zones
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Tundra
Types of Rangelands
- Low-growing vegetation, “tree-less”
- permafrost
- highly sensitive / native herbivores & migration
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Intermediate feeders: sheep, caribou, burros
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Rangeland Ecology
* How does range management (grazing by domestic livestock impact the rangeland community in the long-term?
* Excessive grazing & retrogression
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Rangeland Ecology
• Wet rangelands, such as southern pine forest or the tallgrass prairie = quicker recovery after retrogression (<5 years)
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Rangeland Ecology• Drier rangelands, such as the
Chihuahuan desert, slower recovery after retrogression (20+ years)
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Rangeland Ecology
• Those plants that collectively occupy a site in the absence of severe disturbances – such as excessive grazing, fire and cultivation – are collectively referred to as the climax.
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Grazing & metabolic reserve
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Decreasers = high nutritional value, palatable, decrease with moderate grazing
e.g., sideoats grama, little bluestem
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Increasers= high nutritional value, less palatable, initial increase with heavy grazing pressure
e.g., blue grama, Nebraska sedge
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Invaders = low nutritional value, less (or not) palatable (poisonous), increase with heavy grazing pressure
e.g., Canada thistle, ragweed
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Grazing Systems
• Continuous Grazing: animals graze one area during growing season
• Pros = less labor, cheaper
• Cons = overgrazing possible, damage riparian areas
• Rotational Grazing: alternate grazing between multiple areas within or among growing season(s)
• Pros = better range condition, protect riparian areas
• Cons = more work, more planning
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• Precision Grazing Systems
• similar to precision farming
• GPS technology….map grazing units
• Develop grazing system plan accordingly….
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Protecting Riparian Zones