managing stone fruit diseases and updates on the...
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Managing Stone FruitDiseases and Updates on
the Spray Guides
Mohammad BabadoostUniversity of [email protected] February 2015
Stone Fruit Diseases_________________________________
Bacterial spot Brown rot Updates in the spray guides
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Updates in the Spray Guides__________________________________
New fungicide registrations Important notes
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New Fungicides/Bactericides for Fruit Crops, 2015Common Name Trade Name Crop Diseases
Kasugamycinhydrochloride
[FRAC Code: 24]
Kasumin 2L Apple Fire blight
Pear Fire blight
Fluazinam
[FRAC Code: 29]
Omega500F
Apple Scab, sooty blotch, flyspeck,bitter rot, black rot, white rot,rust, Alternaria blotch (alsomites)
Dodine
[FRAC Code: M]
Syllit FL Apple Scab, powdery mildew, rust
Fluopyram
[FRAC Code: 7]
LunaPrivilege4.16FL
Apple Scab, powdery mildew, sootyblotch, flyspeck
Cherry(sweet &tart)
Brown rot, shot hole,powdery mildew, scab,cherry leaf spot, Botrytis fruitrot
Strawberry Powdery mildew
New Fungicides/Bactericides for Fruit Crops, 2015Common Name Trade Name Crop Diseases
Azoxystrobin +Difenoconazole
[FRAC Code:11+3]
Quadris Top1.67SC
Stone fruit(apricots,cherries,nectarines,peaches, plums,prunes)
Alternaria spot,anthracnose, brown rot(blossom blight andfruit rot), leaf rust,powdery mildew, scab,shot hole
Blueberry,Strawberry, andother berries (seethe label)
Anthracnose, leaf rust,leaf spot, powderymildew
Grape Several diseases
Quadris Top is phytotoxic to some apple cultivars (e.g.,McIntosh). Be extremely careful of the drift of Quadris Toponto apples. Do not use the same sprayer for apples andstone fruit, if you are using Quadris Top .
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New Fungicides/Bactericides for Fruit Crops, 2015Common Name Trade Name Crop Diseases
Azoxystrobin +Propiconazole
[FRAC Code:11+3]
Quilt Xcel2.2SC
Stone fruit(apricots,cherries,nectarines,peaches,plums, prunes)
Alternaria spot,anthracnose, brown rot(blossom blight and fruitrot), cherry leaf spot, leafrust, powdery mildew,scab, shot hole
Blackberry,raspberry, andother berries(see the label)
Anthracnose,Botryosphaeria canker,rosette (Cercospora spot),leaf and cane spot,powdery mildew, rust
Strawberry Anthracnose, leaf rust, leafspot, powdery mildew
Quadris Top is phytotoxic to some apple cultivars (e.g.,McIntosh). Be extremely careful of the drift of Quadris Toponto apples. Do not use the same sprayer for apples andstone fruit, if you are using Quadris Top .
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Important Notes______________________________________
Use streptomycin (e.g., Agri-Mycin17). If the pathogen is resistant tostreptomycin, then use Kasumin 2L(kasugamycin)
Azoxystrobin (Abound, Quadris,Quadris Top, Quilt Xcel, …) arephytotoxic on some apple cultivar.
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Bacterial Spot of StoneFruit Diseases
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Lesions on upperleaf surface
Lesions on lowerleaf surface
Bacterial spot of peach: leaf symptoms
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Bacterial spot of peach: leaf chlorosis
Infected Fruit
Infected Fruit Infected Fruits at Harvest
Bacterial Spot: Fruit Symptoms
26 Jun 1 Jul 8 Jul 15 Jul
24 Jul 30 Jul 5 Aug
Bacterial spot: symptom developmenton an individual peach fruit
NC State University
Bacterial Spot of Stone Fruit______________________________________
Pathogen:Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni
Pathogen survival: in buds, cankers,cracks in barks, and leaf scars
Disease development is favored by:moist and warm conditions. Higherdisease severity in sandy soil.
Management of Bacterial Spot_______________________________________
Control of the disease: challenging
Disease resistance: resistance ofpeaches and nectarines varies insusceptibility/resistance (seeattached handout)
Nutrient stress: higher disease severity
Sandy soil: prevent sand blowing
Chemical use: copper, oxytentracycline
THEY CAN:- Prevent/delay the start of the epidemic- Slow the progress of the epidemic
THEY CANNOT:- Stop the epidemic as long as conditions
remain favorable for infection anddisease development
- Eradicate/cure infections
What Coppers Can and Cannot Do
Early bud-break Pink-bud Blossoms opening
Applications of Copper Sprays2.0-2.5 lb Cu/A 1.5-2.0 lb Cu/A 1.0 lb Cu/A
Applications of Copper Sprays
Petal-fall Shuck-split/Shuck-off
Copper phytotoxicity may begin to occur
0.50 lb Cu/A 0.10-0.25 lb Cu/A (+ Mycoshield)
Copper (Cu) in the Compounds______________________________________
Kocide: Cu(OH)2,64 Cu/98 Cu (OH)2For 2 lb Cu, 3 lb Kocide needed
Copper sulfate: CuSO4,64 Cu/160 CuSO4For 2 lb Cu, 5 lb copper
sulfatge
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Controlling Bacterial Spot(Summary)- Bacterial spot occurs on twigs, leaves, and fruit.
- Infections of fruit can cause significant economic loss.- Fruit infection is most severe in years when frequent
periods of rainfall occur during the 3 to 4 weeksfollowing petal fall (until pit-hardening).
- Sprays of fixed copper from dormant bud throughshuck split can reduce fruit infection. Coversprays containing Mycoshield and/or low rates ofcopper can reduce fruit loss.
- Time of applications is critical; sprays should beapplied prior to rainfall, but with sufficient time forthe chemicals to dry.
- Chemical sprays, however, are not totally effective onhighly susceptible cultivars in years whenconditions for bacterial spot are very favorable.
Bacterial Spot vs Scab
Peach bacterial spot Peach scab
Bacterial Spot vs Scab
Scab Pathogen: A fungus
(Cladosporium carpophyllium)
Symptoms: spots on fruit and twigs.Spot on fruit are circular, dark brownfuzzy appearance, no fruit surfacepitting, skin cracking may occur. Noleaf symptoms.
Brown Spot of Stone Fruit
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Brown rotof stonefruit
Characteristics of Brown Rot_______________________________________
Pathogen: Monilinia fructicola
Crop losses: up to 100%
Major symptoms: blossom blight,spur blight, fruit rot
Fruit rot: at ripening
Favorable conditions: wet, warm
Inoculum: ascospores, conidia
Inoculum sources: mummies,twig canker
Disease cycle of brown rot of stone fruit
Overwintering of Monilinia fructicola
Sporulation ofMonilinia fructicolain spring
Blossom infection by Monilinia fructicola
Managing Brown Rot
Of Stone Fruit___________________________
Disease management
(general):
Minimize the primary inoculum (X0)
Minimize spread of the disease (r)
Brown rot management:
Minimize the primary inoculum (X0)
Management of Stone Fruit Brown Rot___________________________________________________
Sanitation
Destroy rotted fruit
Remove mommies
Prune blighted twigs
Use clean containers for harvesting
Cultural practices
Prune to ensure spray coverage and air-movement
Disk the ground in spring to prevent sporeproduction
Remove wild and neglected stone fruit trees
Management of Stone Fruit Brown Rot___________________________________________________
Spray application Fungicide applications from pink bud until
petal fall Control insects Fungicide applications prior to harvest
Varieties No variety is immune Japanese and American plumes are less
susceptible Thin-skinned and soft-flesh peaches are more
susceptible
Harvest and packing Avoid bruising, scratching, and abrasions Cool and refrigerate (32F) immediately
Fungicide Efficacy for Stone Fruit Brown Rot
Fungicide
BrownR.
BloomBrownR. Fruit Fungicide
Brown R.Bloom
BrownR. Fruit
Adament E E Procure* G
Bravo G --- Rally* E G
Captan G F-G Rovral E ---
Captevate E E Quash G E
Elevate E E Quadr. Top E E
Fontelis E E Quilt Xcel E E
Indar* E E Scala G G
Inspir Super E E Sulfur F P
Luna Sensa. E E Syllit* --- P
Merivan E E Topguard E E
Orbit* E E Topsin-M* E E
Pristine G G Vangard G G
P = poor; F = fair; G = good; E = excellent; --- = unknown.* = resistance reported.
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Illinois Peach
Questions/Comments