managing urea- containing fertilizers fertilizer use in wisconsin, 1984 and 2000. tons of n...
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MANAGING UREA-
CONTAINING FERTILIZERS
Larry G. Bundy
Department of Soil Science
University of Wisconsin
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OVERCOMING NITROGEN
VOLATILIZATION LOSSES
Larry G. Bundy
Department of Soil Science
University of Wisconsin
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Nitrogen Fertilizer Use in
Wisconsin, 1984 and 2000.Tons of N (1000’s) % of N use
N source 1984 2000 1984 2000
NH3 75 41 44 25
Urea 45 63 27 38
UAN 50 61 29 37
Total 170 165
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N fertilizer use in Wisconsin
(tons of materials)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
To
ns
of
N (
10
00
's)
Anhydrous Ammonia
Nitrogen Solutions
Urea
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Reactions of urea in soil
(NH2)2CO + 2H20Urea Water
Equation 1.
Urea Hydrolysis
Soil
Urease(NH4)2CO3
Ammonium Carbonate
Equation 2.
(NH4)2CO3 + 2H+ 2NH4 + CO2 + H20Ammonium Ammonium Carbon Water
Carbonate Dioxide (gas)
+
Equation 3.
NH4 + OH-
NH3 + H2OAmmonium Hydroxyl Ammonia Water
+
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 1 2 3 4
Ure
a h
yd
roly
zed
(%
)
79o
62o
50o
Time after urea application (days)
Rates of urea hydrolysis in a silt loam
soil at three temperatures
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Change in soil pH in a urea-treated
silt loam at two temperatures
Time after urea application (days)
50o
79o
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Soil pH effects on percentages of N
present as ammonia and ammonium
Ammoniacal N
Soil pH Ammonia Ammonium
---------------% --------------
6 0.058 99.94
7 0.57 99.43
8 5.4 94.6
9 36.5 63.5
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Ammonia Volatilization Losses
Urea and urea-containing fertilizers
Surface applications only
Tillage or rain in 2-3 days controls loss
Large losses are rare
Maximum loss = 20-30 % of N
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Factors Favoring Ammonia Loss
No rain or irrigation after application
Crop residue on the soil surface
High temperatures
High soil pH
Low clay & organic matter (low CEC)
Initially moist soil followed by drying
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Extent of Ammonia
Volatilization Losses
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Effect of ammonia loss from surface-applied
fertilizers on corn yield, Lancaster, WI
N source Ammonia loss
(%)
Yield
(bu/acre)
None -- 83
Urea 16 122
UAN solution
(28%)
12 125
Ammonium
nitrate
2 132
Oberle & Bundy, 1988. Data from one of four experiments.
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Effect of ammonia loss from surface-applied
fertilizers on grass pasture yield, Lancaster,
WI
N source Ammonia loss
(%)
Yield
(tons/acre)
None -- 0.74
Urea 19 1.09
Ammonium
nitrate
1 1.30
Oberle & Bundy, 1988. N rate = 60 lb N/acre.
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Nitrogen Source and
Management Comparisons
Nitrogen Source Comparisons
in No-till Corn
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Nitrogen source and placement effects
on no-till corn yield and ear leaf N
concentration1
Treatment Yield Ear leaf N
bu/acre %
Ammonia, inj. 138 3.06
UAN injected 135 2.85
UAN surface 118 2.48
Urea surface 123 2.57
1 Ave.of seven expts. Mengel et al., 1982 (Indiana)
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Effect of N source and application
method on corn yield, Janesville and
Winnebago, WI1
Yield
Application method Winnebago Janesville
-------- bu/acre --------
UAN surface broadcast 163 146
UAN surface band 153 139
Anhydrous ammonia 165 146
1 Bundy et al., 1992. Yields are means of 3 yr, 2 N rates, and 4 tillages
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Effect of N source & application
method on corn yield, Arlington, WI1
Year
N source & method 1993 1994 1995
----------- bu/acre ---------
Ammonium nitrate 118 a 177 a 163 a
UAN spray 94 bc 140 b 152 a
UAN spray + rain 105 ab 139 b 159 a
UAN sprinkle 86 bc 148 b --
UAN injected -- -- 157 a
Urea 83 c 155 b 160 a1 Bundy & Andraski, 1997, Rain = 0.5 inch
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Treatments in Nitrogen-Residue
Decomposition Study
Times and rates of N (UAN and
ammonium sulfate)
Sulfur as gypsum applied to
equalize sulfur
Treatments applied to residue of
previous corn crop.
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Nylon mesh bag for residue quantity &
composition measurements
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Nitrogen timing, source, & rate effects on
corn grain yield, Arlington, 1999-2001
N timing & rate (lb N/acre) Yield 1999 Yield 2000 Yield 2001
Fall Spring ---------------- bu/acre ---------------
0 0 167 b 63 e 105 e
30 UAN 160 UAN 219 a 146 abc 191 b
30 AS 160 AS 220 a 158 a 202 ab
0 190 UAN 219 a 148 ab 194 b
0 190 AS 216 a 160 a 208 a
100 AS 90 UAN 220 a 136 bc 207 a
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Nitrogen Source and
Management Comparisons
Urease Inhibitors to Control
Ammonia Loss
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Urease Inhibitor
N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric
triamide (NBPT)
Commercial product - Agrotain
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Grain yield increase from use of a urease
inhibitor with urea-containing fertilizers
Experimental
sites
No.of
sites
Yield increase
Urea UAN
------- bu/acre ------
All sites 78 4.3 1.6
N responsive 64 5.0 2.8
Significant
NH3 loss
59 6.6 2.7
1/ Hendrickson, 1992
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Nitrogen Source and
Management Comparisons
Winter Applications of Urea
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Effect of nitrogen source, time, and
rate on corn yield, Illinois1
Nitrogen treatment Nitrogen rate
Source/method Time 0 120 180 240
------- Yield (bu/acre) -------
None (control) 89
Urea/surface Winter 94 123 126
Urea/Incorp. Spring 140 157 165
Anhydrous
ammonia
Spring 149 157 158
1 Illinois Agronomy Handbook, 2001-2002.
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Nitrogen Source and
Management Comparisons
Preplant Urea Applications
on Sandy Soils
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Effect of N source and timing on
corn yield, Hancock, WI (2-yr ave.)
Preplant
N rate Inhibitor Urea NH3
lb/acre --------- bu/acre ---------
0 35
70 - 61 87
+ 80 99
140 - 101 124
+ 109 134
210 - 98 142
+ 119 137
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Effect of N source and timing on
corn yield, Hancock, WI (2-yr ave.)
Sidedress
N rate Inhibitor Urea NH3
lb/acre --------- bu/acre ---------
0 35
70 - 99 89
+ 106 104
140 - 127 127
+ 129 125
210 - 135 137
+ 142 133
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Summary
Urea-containing fertilizers are widely used (75-80% of the N in Wisconsin).
Ammonia loss can occur from surface applied urea fertilizers
Soil and climate factors influence ammonia loss.
Maximum losses seldom exceed 20% of applied N.
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Summary
N source comparisons sometimes show better performance with non-urea materials
Factors other than ammonia loss may contribute to these results.
Urease inhibitors can reduce ammonia loss from urea fertilizers.
Economic benefits from inhibitors is uncertain.
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Summary
Winter applications of urea on
frozen soils subject to N losses
Preplant applications of urea on
sandy soils should be avoided
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Controlling Nitrogen
Volatilization Losses
Incorporate or inject urea-
containing fertilizers
Use non-urea N sources for surface
applications
Consider a urease inhibitor where
risk of volatile loss is high
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Corn Yield with surface applied
N sources, Lancaster, WI
83
122 125132
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Yie
ld (
bu
/acre)
None Urea UAN Am Nitrate
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Effect of N source and timing on
corn yield, Hancock, WIPreplant Sidedress
N rate Inhibitor Urea NH3 Urea NH3
lb/acre -------------- bu/acre -------------
0 35
70 - 61 87 99 89
+ 80 99 106 104
140 - 101 124 127 127
+ 109 134 129 125
210 - 98 142 135 137
+ 119 137 142 133
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