manastash taneum resilient landscapes project: landscape … · 2016-09-27 · the...
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1TheNatureConservancy,Seattle,WA,2WashingtonConservationScienceInstitute,Wenatchee,WA,3UniversityofWashington,Seattle,WA,4USForestServiceOkanogan‐WenatcheeNationalForest,WenatcheeWA,5USForestServicePacificNorthwestResearchStation,Wenatchee,WA
Manastash‐TaneumResilientLandscapesProject:LandscapeEvaluationsandPrescriptions
RyanHaugo1,WilliamGaines2,JamesBegley2,JamesRobertson1,DerekChurchill3,JamesDickinson4,ReeseLolley1,PaulHessburg5,
May2016
TableofContents1.Introduction1.1.TapashSustainableForestsCollaborative............................................................................................11.2.Manastash‐TaneumResilientLandscapeRestorationProjectBackground...........................31.3.Manastash‐TaneumResilientLandscapesRestorationProjectObjectives............................32.LandscapeEvaluationandApproach2.1WhyIntegratedTerrestrialandAquaticLandscapeEvaluations?..............................................52.2ForestandStreamInteractions..................................................................................................................52.3AquaticLandscapeEvaluationMethods.................................................................................................62.4TerrestrialEvaluationMethods.................................................................................................................83.LandscapeEvaluationsSummariesandLandscapePrescriptions3.1AquaticEvaluationSummaries...............................................................................................................133.2TerrestrialEvaluationSummaries.........................................................................................................183.3RestorationOpportunitiesSummary....................................................................................................234NorthForkTaneumSubwatershed4.1NorthForkTaneumAquaticEvaluationandPrescription..........................................................284.2NorthForkTaneumTerrestrialLandscapeEvaluation................................................................294.3NorthForkTaneumTerrestrialLandscapePrescription.............................................................315.TaneumSubwatershed5.1TaneumAquaticEvaluationandPrescription...................................................................................325.2TaneumTerrestrialLandscapeEvaluation........................................................................................335.3TaneumTerrestrialLandscapePrescription.....................................................................................346.NorthForkManastashSubwatershed6.1NorthForkManastashAquaticEvaluationandPrescription.....................................................366.2NorthForkManastashTerrestrialLandscapeEvaluation..........................................................366.3NorthForkManastashTerrestrialLandscapePrescription........................................................387.RobinsonCanyonSubwatershed7.1RobinsonCreekTerrestrialLandscapeEvaluation.........................................................................247.2RobinsonCreekTerrestrialLandscapePrescription.....................................................................408.MonitoringandAdaptiveManagement...................................................................................................409.References............................................................................................................................................................42
FiguresFigure1.Manatash‐Taneumprojectarealandownershipmap.............................................................2Figure2.Exampleterrestriallandscapeevaluationmetricsoutput................................................12Figure3.Roaddistributionandpotentialsteelheadhabitatmap...................................................15Figure4.Roaddensityandpotentialsteelheadhabitatmap..............................................................16
Figure5.Road–streamcrossingdensitymap...........................................................................................17Figure6.Vegetationcovertypesmap...........................................................................................................19Figure7.Vegetationstructuralstagesmap................................................................................................20Figure8.Currentnorthernspottedowlhabitatmap.............................................................................21Figure9.MoistureDeficitmap.........................................................................................................................22Figure10.Aquaticrestorationopportunityareasmap.........................................................................26Figure11.Terrestrialrestorationopportunityareasmap..................................................................27
TablesTable1.Manastash‐Taneumlandownershippersubwatershed.......................................................3Table2.Steelheadlimitingfactors...................................................................................................................6Table.3.Terrestirallandscapeevaluationphotointerpretationderivedmetrics.....................10Table4.Terrestriallandscapeevaluationspatialmetrics...................................................................11Table5.Road‐streaminteractionindicatorvariablespersubwatershed....................................14Table6.Currentandpotentialsteelheadhabitatandcurrentandprojectedstreamtemperaturespersubwatershed...................................................................................................................14Table7.Aquaticrestorationopportunityareas........................................................................................23Table8.Terrestrialrestorationopportunityareas.................................................................................25
AppendicesAppendixA:VegetationandforeststructureattributesAppendixB:CompleteterrestrialevaluationoutputpersubwatershedAppendixC:Completeterrestrialevaluationmaps
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 TapashSustainableForestsCollaborativeTheeasternCascadesofWashingtonStateisanincrediblydiverseandcomplexecoregionthatsupportsabundantfishandwildlife,awiderangeofforestcommunities,andprovidesanarrayofcriticalecosystemservicesincludingwater,woodproducts,forageforgrazing,andawidevarietyofrecreationalopportunities.RangingfromthecrestoftheCascadesdowntotheshrubsteppeoftheColumbiaBasin,thevariabilityintheforestsandrangelandsoftheeastCascadesaredrivenbytheinterplayoftopography,precipitation,soils,anddisturbancessuchasfire,insects,flooding,andwind(Hessburgetal.1999,Stineetal.2014).SimilartoforestsacrosswesternNorthAmericaahistoryofwildfiresuppression,intensivetimberharvesting,andgrazingthroughoutthe20thcenturyhascausedwidespreaddegradationofforest,rangeland,andstreamhabitatsandincreasedtherisksofuncharacteristicallyseverewildfire(Hessburgetal.2000,Buntingetal.2002,Lehmkuhletal.2013,Hessburgetal.2015).Theresultingshiftsintreespeciescompositionandincreasesinforestdensityhaveresultedindecreasedresilienceofforeststodroughtandfireformanyoftheregionsforests,andthisoccursatatimewhenclimatechangeisprojectedtoincreasedroughtstressandwildfirerisks(Hessburgetal.2000,Haugoetal.2014,Littelletal.2010).Twentiethcenturyforestmanagementalsoledtothebuildingofextensiveforestroadnetworkswhichhavedramaticallyalteredwatershedhydrology,increasedsedimentdeliveryintostreams,reducedfloodplainfunctioning,andfragmentedaquatichabitats(Bissonetal.2003,Riemanetal.2010).Thesestressorsofaquatichabitatshaveandwillcontinuetobefurtherexacerbatedbytheincreasesinstreamtemperaturesanddecreasesinsnowpackasaresultofclimatechange(Mote2003;Mantuaetal.2009;Isaaketal.2010,2012).AcrosswesternNorthAmericaandwithintheeasternCascades,thechallengescurrentlyfacingourforestedecosystemsfrompastmanagementandfutureclimatechangehavepromptedawidescaleshiftinlandmanagementtofocuson“ecologicalrestoration”(Riemanetal.2010,Gainesetal.2012,USFS2013,Hessburgetal.2015).Ecologicalrestorationisdefinedas“theprocessofassistingtherecoveryofanecosystemthathasbeendegraded,damaged,ordestroyed”(SER2004).However,effortstoconserveandrestoretheecosystemsoftheeasternCascadesarefurthercomplicatedbyadiversepatchworkofprivate,state,tribal,andfederallandownerships,eachwithdifferentforestmanagementemphasesandobjectives.InresponsetothesechallengestheTapashSustainableForestCollaborative(http://www.tapash.org)wasofficiallyformedin2007throughaMemorandumofUnderstandingbetweenmajorlandownersintheeasternCascadesofsouth‐centralWashingtonState,includingtheUSForestService(USFS),YakamaNation(YN),WashingtonDepartmentofNaturalResources(WDNR),WashingtonDepartmentofFishandWildlife(WDFW),andTheNatureConservancy(TNC).TheTapashcollaborativeprovidesaframeworkforcooperationandcoordinationbetweenTapashpartnerstorestoreecosystems’resistanceandresiliencetoclimatechangeacross3millionacresintheeasternCascadesofsouth‐centralWashingtonState.
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“Toimprovetheecosystemhealthandnaturalfunctionsofthelandscapethroughactiverestorationprojectsbackedbybestscience,communityinputandadaptivemanagement”–TapashMissionStatement.Figure1.TapashSustainableForestCollaborative‐Manatash‐TaneumResilientLandscapeRestorationProjectHUC12subwatershedsandlandownershippatterns
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1.2Manastash‐TaneumResilientLandscapeRestorationProjectBackgroundInthefallof2014,theTapashCollaborativelaunchedtheManastash‐TaneumResilientLandscapeRestorationProjectasaflagshipefforttodemonstratecross‐ownership,integratedterrestrialandaquaticlandscapescaleecosystemrestoration.TheUSFS,WDFW,WDNR,andTNCallhavesignificantownershipswithintheManastash‐Taneumprojectareawhichincludesfour6thfieldsubwatersheds(12CodeHUC)comprisingnearly80,000acres(Figure1,Table1).ThesesubwatershedswereselectedbytheTapashCollaborativebecausetheycontainavarietyofsignificantaquaticandterrestrialresourcesandconservationvaluesinadditiontothediverselandownership.Theseconservationvaluesinclude,butarenotlimitedto,habitatforfederallylistedsteelhead(Oncorhynchusmykiss;NMFS2008,YBFWRB2009),bulltrout(Salvelinusconfluentus;USFWS2015),andnorthernspottedowl(Strixoccidentaliscaurina;USFWS2011).Additionally,inrecentyearsthesesubwatershedshavereceivedsubstantialconservationinvestmentstoprotectformerindustrialtimberlands,restorestreamflowsforfishpassage,andreplenishin‐streamlargewoodtoenhanceaquatichabitatqualityandfloodplainfunctioning.Table1.Manatash‐TaneumOwnershipperHUC12subwatershed Ownership
Total USFS WDFW WDNR TNC Other*Subwatershed ac. ac. ac. ac. ac. ac.NorthForkTaneumCrk. 29,533 21,030 730 7,611 162TaneumCrk. 25,848 3,693 13,465 4,743 16NorthForkManastashCrk. 13,451 1,287 8,467 3,264 433RobinsonCrk. 35,179 11,036 2,713Total 78,650 26,010 33,698 10,720 7,627 595*Note:Asignificantamountofprivate,primarilynon‐forestedlandsintheTaneumCreekandRobinsonCreeksubwatershedswereexcludedfromtheprojectarea.1.3Manastash‐TaneumResilientLandscapesRestorationProjectObjectivesThroughaseriesofTapashlandmanagermeetingsin2015,theTapashCollaborativedevelopedthefollowingManastash‐Taneumprojectobjectives:
TheManastash‐TaneumResilientLandscapeRestorationProjectaimstorestoretheresiliencyofforestandaquaticecosystemsinordertocontinueprovidingcriticalfishandwildlifehabitatandecosystemservices(water,woodproducts,forageforgrazing,andawide‐arrayofrecreationalopportunities),whilereducingtheriskofcatastrophicfiretolocalcommunitiesinthefaceofawarmingclimate.WithintheManastash‐TaneumprojectareatheTapashCollaborativewilldeveloprestorationprojectsusingthebestavailablesciencethateffectivelyworkacrossownershipandmanagementboundariesandrespectthedifferingobjectivesofeachlandowner.Restorationprojectswillseektobalanceecologicalobjectiveswitheconomicviability,producecommercialtimberproductswherepossible,andmaintainadiversityofsustainablerecreationalopportunities.
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Aquaticrestorationprojectswillfocusonimprovingwatershedconditions,functions,andprocessesandrestoringthecomplexaquatichabitatsthatcontributetotherecoveryoffederallylistedfish.Specifically,thisincludesrestoringhabitatconnectivitybetweenheadwatertributaries,streamchannels,floodplains,wetlands,andriparianvegetationandreducingroadandstreaminteractionstoimproveaquatichabitatfunction,in‐streamflowandsedimentregimes,waterquality,andbiologicalfunctions(spawning,rearing,foraging,andmigration).Aquaticrestorationalsoincludesimprovingnaturalstreamchannelfloodplainaccesstorestorethetiming,variability,anddurationoffloodplaininundation.Terrestrialrestorationprojectswillfocusonrestoringpatternsofvegetationandwildlifehabitatsuccessionalpatchesandinherentfireanddisturbanceregimesfromthescaleofindividualpatches(1‐100’sofac.)tolocallandscapes(e.g.,subwatersheds,1,000’sto10,000’sofac.).Restorationofvegetationandwildlifehabitatpatternincludesreestablishingthenaturaldistributionofpatchsizes,treeclumpandgappatternswithinpatches,andafocusonretainingandpromotinglarge/oldtreesandpost‐disturbancelargesnagsanddownlogsacrossthelandscape.Terrestrialrestorationprojectswillbeinformedbybothhistoricandfuturerangeofvariabilityreferenceconditionsaswellfire,insect,anddiseaserisktoecologicalandsocialvalues.Inaddition,terrestrialobjectivesincludetherestorationofhabitateffectivenessbyreducingtheimpactsofroadsonaquaticandterrestrialhabitats.Totheextentpossibleaquaticandterrestrialrestorationprojectswillbeintegrated,orataminimum,coordinated,inordertoincreaseoperationalefficienciesandpromote“wholewatershed”restorationoutcomes.
Manatash‐TaneumobjectivesadaptedfromtheTapashSustainableForestsCollaborativemissionstatement(www.tapash.org),theOkanogan‐WenatcheeForestRestorationStrategy(2012),Hessburgetal.(2015)Restoringfire‐proneInlandPacificlandscapes:sevencoreprinciples,andYeager(2015)SummaryofAquaticResourceObjectivesandRecommendedDesignandImplementationElementsfortheMidandUpperColumbiaAnadromousandBullTroutProducingWatershedsofEasternWashington.
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2.LANDSCAPEEVALUATION&PRESCRIPTIONAPPROACH2.1WhyIntegratedTerrestrialandAquaticLandscapeEvaluations?Buildingupondecadesofresearch,ecologistsandlandmanagersnowunderstandtheimportanceofworkingatlandscapescalesforthemanagementofresilientecosystems(CrowandGustafson1997,WhiteandHarrod1997,Reimanetal.2010,Luceetal.2012,Hessburgetal2015).Whileterrestriallandscapeevaluationtoolsarebecomingwell‐developed(e.g.,Hessburgetal.2013,USDAForestService2012),anintegratedlandscapeevaluationapproachthatconsidersabroadsuiteofbothterrestrialandaquaticecosystemservicesandresourcevaluesisneeded(Dayetal.2009).Riemanetal.(2010)suggestthreestepstomoresuccessfullyintegratethemanagementofforests,fires,watersheds,andnativefishes:1)communicationamongdisciplinaryscientists,managers,andstakeholders,withacleardefinitionofmanagementgoals;2)translationofgoalstoobjectiveswithinthecontextsandconstraintsofthesystemsinquestion;and3)spatiallyexplicitintegrationofterrestrialandaquaticobjectivestoidentifyopportunitiesforconvergentsolutions.Followingthesesteps,theTapashCollaborativeisusingtheManastash‐Taneumprojecttotestanddevelopamorecloselyintegratedaquaticandterrestriallandscapeevaluation.ThisevaluationwillprovidetheTapashCollaborativewiththecontextofwhatisneededfor“wholewatershed”restorationwithineachsubwatershed.Theevaluationwillalsodescribethecontributionthateachlandownercanmaketorestoretheresiliencyoflandscapesandwatershedsthroughcoordinatedtreatmentsacrossownerships.2.2ForestandStreamInteractionsForestsandstreamsaretightlylinkedthrougharangeofcriticalecologicalprocessesandfunctions(NaimanandTurner2000).Theseincludethetransferofmaterialsandenergythatinfluencehabitatstructure(largewoodandsediment),foodwebsandtrophicdynamics(nutrientsandorganiccarbonsupply)andwaterqualityandtemperature(riparianshade)(Riemanetal.2010).Forestscanalsostronglyinfluencestreamhydrologythroughimpactsonsnowpackdynamics,runoff,evapotranspiration,soilmoisture,floodplainfunctioningandgroundwaterinfiltrationamongotherprocesses(Luceetal.2012,Lundquistetal.2013).Aquatichabitatsarestructuredbyinteractionsamongterrestrialandaquaticprocessesandclimate(Bissonetal.2003).Forexample,wildfiresinfluencehillslopeerosion,streamsedimentation,andlargewoodydebrisrecruitmenttostreams(Bendaetal.2003,Milleretal.2003).Certaintypesofdisturbances,suchasfireandlandslides,areessentialinthecreationandmaintenanceofchannelandriparianlandforms(Bendaetal.2003,Milleretal.2003).Whenhumanactivitiessuchasstreamcleaning,logdrives,diking,riparianlogging,anddamminghavesimplifiedchannels,disturbancessuchasfiresandlandslides,maybeabenefitinthelongtermbecausetheymayincreasephysicalandbiologicaldiversity(Bendaetal.2003,Flitcroftetal.2015).Landusessuchastimberharvest,firesuppression,androadnetworks,canalterthefrequencyandmagnitudeofnaturaldisturbances(Bendaetal.2003,Riemanetal.2010).Roadsinparticularhavewide‐rangingeffectsonhydrologicprocesses,watershedfunction,andfishhabitats.Thecompactedsurfaceofroadscanlowerinfiltrationcapacity,alterandconcentrateoverlandflow,andincreaseerosionanddeliveryofsedimenttothestreamsystem,whichcandegradefishhabitatquality(DunhamandRieman1999,Furnissetal.
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1991,LuceandBlack1999,Jonesetal.2000,Luceetal.2001,TrombulkaandFrissell2000,Meredithetal.2014).Roadscanalsointerceptsubsurfaceflowandconvertittorapidsurfacerunoff,extendingchannelnetworksandincreasingwatershedefficiency(LuceandBlack1999,TrombulkaandFrissell2000,Wondzell2001).Roadsreducevegetativecoverinstreamsideareasandacceleratedeliveryofwaterandincreaseerosionandsedimentationintostreams(TrombulkaandFrissell2000,Wondzell2001).Acceleratederosion,runoff,andsedimentdeliveryfromroadsincreasesstreambedfinesediment,whichaffectsaquatichabitatsandmacroinvertebratepopulations,andmakesstreambedsandbanksmoresusceptibletoerosionduringhighflowevents(LuceandBlack1999,Wondzell2001).Atroad‐streamcrossings,excessiveflowvelocitiesandundersizedculvertscanalterstreamchannelfunctionandfragmentfishhabitat(Furnissetal.1998).Otherroad‐relatedimpactsincludereducedpotentiallargewoodavailableforin‐channelwoodandshadefromriparianareas(TrombulkaandFrissell2000,Wondzell2001,Meredithetal.2014).Reducingnon‐climaticstressors,suchastheimpactsofroadsontheaquaticandterrestrialenvironment,hasbeenidentifiedasanimportantadaptivestrategytoreducetheeffectsofclimatechange(Strauchetal.2014,MantuaandRaymond2014).Thethermalenvironmentsthatorganismsexperiencestronglyaffecttheirvitalrates,distribution,andabundance(Kingsolver2009),especiallystreamfishes(Riemanetal.2007,Ruffetal.2011,GrenouilletandComte2014).Toaidmanagersintheassessmentandconservationofhabitatforcold‐waterfishes,currentavailabledataonsummerstreamtemperaturesandprojectedsummerstreamtemperaturesforthe2040sand2080sareavailableforallstreamsinthenorthwesternUS(VerHoefetal.2006,Isaaketal.2010,http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/boise/AWAE/projects/NorWeST.html).Generally,maximumsummerstreamtemperatures<170Careconsideredtobe“favorable”forsalmonrearing,17‐210C“stressful”forsalmonrearing,and>210C“fatal”(MantuaandRaymond2014).Thefutureavailabilityofcold‐waterrefugiaforfederallylistedsalmonidsisofparticularconcernduetoawarmingclimate(MantuaandRaymond2014,Isaaketal.2015).Giventhelargenumberofinteractionsbetweenforestsandstreams,thisinitialphaseoftheManastash‐Taneumprojectfocusesonsomeofthemostimmediatelinksbetweenforestmanagementandaquatichabitatsincludingroad‐streaminteractions,aquatichabitatconnectivity,theavailabilityofcold‐water,andtheinteractionsbetweenupslopeprocesses(e.g.,wildfires,landslides)andstreamfunctions..Table2.ListoflimitingfactorsforsteelheadrelevanttotheNorthForkTaneum,Taneum,andNorthForkManastashwatersheds(YBFWRB2009).
LimitingFactorsforSteelheadDegradedfloodplains AlteredsedimentroutingDegradedchannel ImpairedfishpassageDegradedriparianareaandlargewoodydebris
2.3AquaticLandscapeEvaluationMethodsThroughtheManatash‐TaneumprojectwearedevelopinganaquaticevaluationtocomplimenttheOkanogan‐WenatcheeForestRestorationStrategyterrestriallandscapeevaluationprocess(Hessburgetal.2013).Thisinitialphaseoftheaquaticevaluationfocusesonthefactorsthathavebeenidentifiedaslimitingforsteelheadrecovery(YBFWRB2009;Table2).Theoutcomeofthisprocesswastoidentifyareaswithineach
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subwatershedthatprovideopportunitiestorestorestreamfunction,reducethenegativeimpactsofroadsonthestreamenvironment,improvethequalityofrearinghabitatforsteelhead,andrestoredisturbanceregimes.Wehypothesizedthatbyrestoringenvironmentalconditionsconducivetospawningsteelhead(theycurrentlyspawnintheassessmentarea),itwillalsoresultinmorefavorableconditionsforotherfishspecies(e.g.,bulltrout,historicallybutnotcurrentlypresentintheassessmentarea).Ouraquaticlandscapeevaluationprocessincludedthefollowingsteps:Step1:Rectifytheroadandstreamspatialdata.Thespatialdataavailableforourevaluationdidnotprovideanaccuraterepresentationofroadandstreamlocationsacrosslandownerships.Thus,weusedhigh‐resolutionimagerytorectifytheroadandstreamlayers.Thistaskwasverylaborintensivebutresultedinahighlyaccurateportrayaloftheroadsandstreamsmakingourevaluationmorerealisticandcredible.Thisstepwasimportantbecausemanyoftheaquaticindicators,suchasroad‐streamcrossingsandproximityofroadstocurrentandpotentialfishhabitat,requireaccurateinformationaboutthelocationofstreamsandroads.Asanexample,therewereapproximately20%moreroadsonthelandscapethanweremappedinanyoftheavailableroadsdatalayers.Step2.Identifyandmapfloodplains.WeusedthefloodplainmappingtoolinTerrainWorks(Bendaetal.2007)todevelopafloodplainsspatiallayer.Step3.Identifyandmapcurrentandintrinsichabitatpotentialforsteelhead.WeobtainedfishdistributiondatafromtheWashingtonDepartmentofFishandWildlifetomapcurrentsteelheadrearinghabitat.WeusedtheintrinsicpotentialhabitatmappingtoolinTerrainWorks(Bendaetal.2007),usingthedefaultvaluesforsteelhead,toidentifypotentialhabitatwithineachofthesubwatersheds.Step4.Assessroad‐streaminteractions.Weevaluatedthepotentialforroad‐streaminteractionsinavarietyofways.First,weassessedthepotentialfornegativeroad‐streaminteractionsinareasthatmayinfluencecurrentorpotentialsteelheadhabitat.Wedidthisbyoverlayingroads,trails,streams,andfishhabitatlayersinordertoidentifyportionsofroads(e.g.,segments)thateitheroccurredinfloodplainsorwerewithin300feetofcurrentorpotentialsteelheadhabitat.Thisresultedinamapshowingportionsofroadsandtrailsthatoccurredincloseproximitytocurrentorpotentialsteelheadhabitatthatwecouldreviewinthefield.Second,weintersectedtheroadandstreamlayerstoidentifyroad‐streamcrossings.Weoverlayedstream‐roadcrossingswithcurrentandpotentialsteelheadhabitatandidentifiedroad‐streamcrossingsthatwereviewedinthefieldfortheirpotentialtoprovidefishpassage.Third,weassessedthedensityofroad‐streamcrossingsintheremainderofthesubwatershed(up‐slopefromthemainchannel)inordertoevaluatetheup‐slopeeffectsthatroadsmaybehavingontheaquaticenvironment.Inaddition,thisinformationcanbeusedtoidentifypriorityareasforfocusedfieldevaluationofroad‐aquaticinteractionsusingtoolssuchasGRAIP(GeomorphicRoadAssessmentandInventoryProcess;Blacketal.2012,Cisseletal.2012).TodatehoweverGRAIPinventorieshavenotbeenconducted.
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Finally,asageneralmeasureofwatershedfunction,wecalculatedtheoveralldensityofroadsineachsubwatershed,andthedensityofroadswithinriparianzones(300footbuffer)ineachsubwatershed.WethenusedthemetricsfromtheWatershedConditionFrameworktocategorizeeachwatershedbasedonitslevelof“function”(PotyondyandGeier2010).Step5.Cold‐WaterRefugia.Weassessedmeansummer(August)streamtemperaturesalongmainstemstreamsineachsubwatershedusinginformationfromNorWeST(www.fs.fed.us/rm/boise/AWAE/projects/NorWeST.html).Theinformationavailableforeachstreamincludedasummaryofcurrentsummerstreamtemperatures,andprojectedsummerstreamtemperaturesforthe2040sand2080s.DetaileddescriptionsofhowthestreamtemperatureprojectionsweredevelopedareavailableinVerHoefetal.(2006)andIsaaketal.(2010).Wethencategorizedportionsofstreamsinto“favorable”forsalmonidrearingifthemeanAuguststreamtemperatureswerecurrentlyorprojectedtobe<170C,“stressful”forsalmonidrearingifmeanAuguststreamtemperatureswerecurrentlyorprojectedtobe17‐210C,and“fatal”ifmeanAuguststreamtemperatureswerecurrentlyorprojectedtobe>210C(MantuaandRaymond2014).Step6.NaturalDisturbanceRegimes.Becauseoftheimportantinteractionsbetweennaturaldisturbancessuchasfireandlandslidestothestreamecosystems(Bendaetal.2003,Milleretal.2003),weusedinformationfromtheterrestriallandscapeevaluationtoassesshowcurrentdisturbanceregimeshavedepartedfromhistoricalregimes.Weassumedthatbyrestoringnaturaldisturbanceregimes,theroleoffireandassociatedlandslideswouldalsoberestored(Riemanetal.2010).WeusedboththeStandLevelFireandVegetationCover‐Structurecomponentsoftheterrestriallandscapeevaluation(seebelow)toassessdepartureandhelptoidentifyrestorationopportunities.Step7.Fieldreview.Weconductedafieldreviewinorderto:1)evaluatetheroadandstreamlayer,2)reviewareaswhereroadsortrailswereincloseproximitytostreamsorinfloodplainsthatprovidedcurrentorpotentialsteelheadhabitat,3)reviewroad‐streamcrossingsforfishpassagethatoccurredincloseproximitytocurrentorpotentialsteelheadhabitat,and4)identifyopportunityareasforrestoration.Step8.Identifyrestorationopportunities.Weusedinformationgatheredfromthespatialdataandfieldreviewtoidentifyareaswithineachsubwatershedthatprovidedopportunitiestoimplementrestorativeactions,andtoidentifyareaswhereadditionalfieldsurveyinformationisneeded.Weusedthisinformationtodevelopa“landscapeprescription”,whichisadetailedlistofactionsandlocationsthatcouldbeimplementedtorestoreaquaticandterrestrialecosystemresiliency,andaddresslimitingfactorsforsteelheadrecovery.2.4TerrestrialEvaluationMethodsTheManastash‐TaneumterrestriallandscapeevaluationsandprescriptionsfollowtheOkanogan‐WenatcheeForestRestorationStrategy(OkaWenFRS;USDAForestService2012,Hessburgetal.2013)evaluationprocess.Thisprocessisbasedupontheconceptthatastandbystandapproachtoforestrestorationwithoutestablishingalandscapecontextforthelocation,amount,andtypeofrestorationtreatmentswillnotleadtoresilientforestedlandscapes.TheOkaWenFRSprocessprovidesaframeworktodirectlyapplythesevenprinciplesoflandscaperestorationoutlinedbyHessburgetal.(2015):
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Principle1:Importantecologicalprocesses1operateacrossspatialscales–fromtreeneighborhoodstoregionallandscapes.Implication:Planningandmanagementmustincorporateandlinkthetreeneighborhood,patch,drainage/hillslope,locallandscapes,andregionallandscapes.Principle2:Topographyprovidesanaturaltemplateforvegetationanddisturbancepatternsacrossthelandscapehierarchyscales.Implication:UsetopographytoguiderestorationtreatmentsPrinciple3:Disturbanceandsuccessiondriveecosystemdynamics.Implication:Focusonrestoringtheecosystems’inherentfire/disturbanceregimesandvegetationsuccessionalpatterns;otherecologicalprocesseswillfollow.Principle4:Predictabledistributionsofforest‐patchsizesnaturallyemergefrominteractionsclimate‐disturbance‐topography‐vegetation.Implication:focusonrestoringthenaturaldistributionofforestpatchsizesacrosslandscapes.Principle5:Patchesare“landscapeswithinlandscapes:Implication:focusonrestoringcharacteristictreeclumpandgappatternswithinstands/patches.Principle6:Widelydistributedlarge,oldtrees,provideacriticalecologicalbackboneforforestedlandscapes.Implication:focusonretainingandpromotinglarge/oldtreesandpost‐disturbancelargesnagsanddownlogs.Principle7:Traditionalpatternsoflandownershipandmanagementdisruptinherentlandscapeandecosystempatterns.Implication:developrestorationprojectsthateffectivelyworkacrossforestownershipandmanagementallocations.
CurrentconditionswithineachoftheManastash‐Taneumsubwatershedsweremappedacrossownershipsthroughinterpretationofrecenthigh‐resolutionaerialphotography.Successionalpatches(sensuHessburgetal.2015)weredelineatedfromtheaerialphotographyandforeachsuccessionalpatch,23derivedattributesrepresentingarangeofvegetation,wildlifehabitat,andfire,insect,anddiseasesusceptibilityratingswerecalculatedfromthephoto‐interpretedattributes(Hessburgetal.2013;Table3).Photo‐interpretationswereinitiallyconductedbyPeteOlsen(Okanogan‐WenatcheeNationalForest).JamesBegley(WashingtonConservationScienceInstitute)subsequentlyconductedfieldreviewandrefinementofthephoto‐interpreteddatalayers.Thenextstepintheevaluationprocessassessedthedepartureofpresentdayconditionswithineachwatershedfromboth“HistoricRangeofVariability”(HRV)and“FutureRangeofVariability”(FRV)referenceconditionsforeachderivedattribute(Table3).HRVdescribestherangeofconditionsmayhaveexistedwithinaparticularsubwatershedbaseduponitsbiophysicalsettingspriorto20thcenturymanagement(Landresetal1999,Keaneetal.2009).FRVisa“climatechangeanalogue”referenceconditionthatestimatestherangeofconditionsthatmaydevelopwithinasubwatershedifhistoricecosystemswereallowedtoadaptnaturallytoapredictedwarmer‐drierclimateinabsenceof20thcenturymanagement(Gartneretal2008;Keeneetal2009).Bycomparingcurrentconditionsto
1Fishandwildlifedispersal,hydrology,andthefrequency,severity,andextentofdisturbancessuchasfire,insects,disease,wind,andfloods.
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boththehistoricandfuturereferenceconditions,managersarebetterabletoassessoptionsthatmimicpatternsandprocessesunderwhichspecieshaveevolved,butalsoconsiderwhatresilientlandscapesmaylooklikeinthefuture(Hessburgetal.2013,2015).Table3.Okanogan‐WenatcheeForestRestorationStrategyterrestriallandscapeevaluationphoto‐interpretationderivedattributes.Vegetation* WildlifeHabitatcont.Struct.ClassxCoverTypexPVG N.SpottedOwlPotentialStruct.ClassxCoverType WhiteHeadedWPStructureClassxPVG WildfireHazardCoverTypexPVG CrownFirePotentialPhysiognomictype RateofSpreadCoverType FlamelengthStructureClass FireLineIntensityMed‐LargeTreePresence FuelLoadingLateSuccessional‐OldForest FuelConsumptionRemnantLargeTree SmokePM10
SmokePM5WildlifeHabitat InsectHazardMarten Douglas‐firBeetleHazard
N.SpottedOwlCurrent W.SpruceBudworm*Note:SeeAppendixAforsummaryanddescriptionofvegetationandforeststructuralattributes.TheHRVandFRVreferenceconditionswerefromearlytomid‐20thcenturyaerialphotographythatwasconductedaspartoftheInteriorColumbiaBasinEcosystemManagementProject(ICBEMP;Hessburgetal.1999).TheICBEMPprojectphoto‐interpreted337subwatershedsacrosstheinteriorColumbiaBasin.Thesesubwatershedswerenestedwithinaclassificationof“EcologicalSubRegions”(ESR’s;Hessburgetal.2000).TheESR’srepresentedabroadclassificationofbio‐geo‐physicalsettings.EachESRineasternWashingtonhasasetof8‐20referencesubwatershedswithhistoricairphotointerpretationfollowingthesameinterpretationprotocolsanddevelopingthesamederivedattributes(Table3)asthepresentdayManastash‐Taneumcurrentconditionmapping.HRVreferenceconditionswerethendevelopedforeachManastash‐TaneumsubwatershedthroughcomparisonwiththehistoricdatafromsubwatershedsinthesameESR.HistoricdatafromsubwatershedsinthenextwarmeranddrierESRwereusedtodeveloptheFRVreferenceconditions(Gartneretal.2008).Centraltothelandscapeevaluationprocessiscomparingnotjusthowtheabundanceofthevegetation,wildlifehabitat,wildfireandinsectmeasuresmayhavedepartedfromHRV/FRV,buthowthespatialpatternsmayhavedeparted.“Spatialpattern”referstothesize,shape,andconfigurationofpatchesasdefinedbyvegetation,wildlifehabitat,wildfireandinsectmeasures.Thesespatialpatternsareacriticaldriverofecosystemprocessesandfunctioning(Hessburgetal.2015).Forexample,simplyevaluatingtheamountofnorthernspottedowlhabitatwithinasubwatersheddoesnotcapturewhetherthathabitatisfragmentedacrossmanysmallpatchesoraggregatedtogetherinfewlargepatches.Similarly,thedistributionofvegetationpatchsizeshasasignificantinfluenceonthespread
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 11
offireacrossalandscape(Hessburgetal.2015).WithineachoftheManastash‐Taneumsubwatersheds,weused6differentspatialmetricsinadditiontooverallabundancetocompareeachvegetation,wildlifehabitat,wildfire,andinsectmeasuretoHRVandFRVreferenceconditions(Table4,Figure2).ThedeparturesofcurrentconditionsfromHRVandFRVreferenceconditionsforeachsubwatershedaredescribedinthefollowingLandscapeEvaluationSummariesandLandscapePrescriptionssection.Weidentifiedpotential“LandscapeTreatmentAreas”(LTA’s)withineachsubwatershedbasedupontheLandscapePrescriptionsandusedanevaluationofsoilmoisturedeficit(sensuStephenson1998)tohelpaligntheLTA’swithnaturaltopographicandsoilpatterns(Principle2,Hessburgetal.2015).Basedupontopographicpositionandsoilwaterholdingcapacity,soilmoisturedeficitestimatesvegetationstressduetoseasonallackofwaterandhasbeenfoundtocorrelatewellwitharangeofecologicalimportantattributesincludingforeststructureandcomposition,fuelmoisture,andfirebehavior,(Lutzetal.2010,Kaneetal.2015).DeficitwascalculatedfollowingChurchillelal(2013)usinga10mdigitalelevationmodel,SSURGOsoilsdata(http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/)andClimateWNAclimatedata(http://www.climatewna.com/)).Table4.SpatialmetricsusedinOkanogan‐WenatcheeForestRestorationStrategyterrestriallandscapeevaluations.ClassMetrics BasicInterpretationPercentLand Percentageofthelandscapeoccupiedbyagivenclasstype.
Ecologicallyimportantindescribinglandscapecomposition
MeanPatchSize Averagepatchsizeforaclasstypeacrossasubwatershed.Representsthetypicalpatchsize.Animportantcomponentofhabitatquality.
PatchDensity Numberofpatchesonthesubwatershedbypatchtype(class).Indicateshowfragmentedisagivenclasstype.
MeanNearestNeighbor
Averagedistancebetweenanygivenpatchandtheclosestpatchofthesameclass.Representstheisolationofindividualpatches.
EdgeDensity Thetotallengthofedgeofagivenclasstyperelativetothesubwatershedsize.Aproxyforedgeeffectandfragmentation.
LandscapeMetricsContagion Howeasyitistomovewithinapatchtype,aggregatedacrossall
patchtypespresentonthelandscape.Ameasureoftheconnectivitywithineachclasstype.
Interspersion‐Juxtaposition
Howintermixedpatchesareacrossthesubwatershed.Reflectstheabilitytomovefromonepatchtypetoallotherpatchtypes.
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Figure2.ExampleoftheterrestriallandscapeevaluationmetricsoutputforforestcovertypeswithintheNorthForkTaneumsubwatershed.VerticallinesrepresentcurrentconditionsandhorizontalbarsrepresentHRV(green)andFRV(yellow)referenceconditions.SeeAppendixBforcompleteterrestrialevaluationoutputforallsubwatersheds.
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3. LANDSCAPEEVALUATIONSUMMARIESANDLANDSCAPEPRESCRIPTIONS
3.1AquaticEvaluationSummariesAcrossManastash‐Taneum,themeasuredindicatorssuggestthatroads(andothertravelroutes)arehavingaconsiderableinfluenceontheaquaticenvironmentinallsubwatersheds,butespeciallythosethathaveexistingorpotentialrearinghabitatforsteelhead(Figures3‐5,Table5).Therearemanyopportunitiestoreducetheroad‐streaminteractions,restorehydrologicfunctionsandprocesses,addresslimitingfactorsforsteelhead,andrestorenativedisturbanceregimes.Sections4–7belowprovidedetailedsummariesoftheAquaticEvaluationsforeachsubwatershed.Generally,habitatconnectivitywithinthecurrentandpotentialsteelheadhabitatwasgoodintheTaneumdrainage.However,welimitedourfieldreviewofroad‐streamcrossingstotheTaneumandNorthForkTaneum,becausesteelheadcurrentlyoccupyportionsofthesesubwatersheds.ThereisoneundersizedculvertintheNorthForkTaneum(seefurtherdetailsbelow)thatcouldpresentapassagebarrierduringcertaintimesoftheyear,suchaslowflow.Inaddition,thisculvertisnotsizedtohandleanticipatedhighflows.EffortsarecurrentlyunderwaytoaddressstreamflowsinthelowerreachesoftheNorthForkManastash,whichwouldprovidesteelheadaccesstoabout8milesofadditionalhabitat.Thisrestoredaccessmaywarrantfurtherevaluationofroad‐streamcrossingsaswasconductedintheTaneumdrainage.HeadwaterstreamsintheNorthForkTaneumandNorthForkManastashsubwatershedsarelikelytobecomeincreasinglyimportantcold‐waterrefugiaasstreamtemperaturesinlowerreachesareprojectedtoincrease(Isaaketal.2012).ThesechangesareprojectedtobemostdramaticintheTaneumsubwatershed,wherenearlytheentireportionofthestreamthatiscurrentlyusedasrearinghabitatbysteelheadislikelytoreachsummertemperaturesconsideredtobe“stressful”forrearingsalmonids(Table6).Itwillbecomeincreasinglyimportanttoreducenon‐climaterelatedstressorsonsteelheadhabitat.ForestandroadrestorationprojectsintheupperportionsoftheNorthForkTaneumandNorthForkManastashtorestorelargetreestructure,streamshade,andreducenegativeroad‐streaminteractions(e.g.,potentialforfine‐sedimentdelivery)wouldhelptoconservecold‐waterhabitats..
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 14
Table5.Acomparisonofindicatorvariablesshowingtheroad‐streaminteractionsforeachsubwatershedintheManastash‐TaneumLargeLandscapeRestorationProject.Sub‐watershed RouteDensity
(mi./sq.mi.)RoadDensityConditionRating1
MilesSteelheadPotentialHabitat2
MilesSteelheadRearingHabitat3
RouteMilesin100mBufferofSteelheadHabitat
NumberofCrossingswithin100mofSteelheadHabitat
NorthForkTaneum
4.4 Poor 14.2 0 19.5 89
Taneum 6.5 Poor ‐‐‐‐ 14.1 14.9 25NorthForkManastash
5.1 Poor 7.7 0 11.3
RobinsonCanyon 1.5 Fair 0.3 0 NA NA
1/BasedonForestServiceWatershedConditionFramework(PotyondyandGeier2010).2/Potentialhabitatisnotcurrentlyusedforrearingbysteelheadbuthasthepotentialtobeinthefuture.3/RearinghabitatiscurrentlybeingusedbySteelheadbasedonmostcurrentsurveyinformationTable6.Milesofcurrentorpotentialsteelheadrearinghabitatbystreamtemperaturecategorywithineachsubwatershedbasedoncurrentandprojected(2040,2080)meanAuguststreamtemperatures1(datanotavailableforRobinsonCanyon).Subwatershed MilesofCurrentorPotentialSteelheadRearingHabitatwithinStreamTemperatureCategories2
Current 2040s 2080s Favorable Stressful Fatal Favorable Stressful Fatal Favorable Stressful FatalNorthForkTaneum
14.2 0 0 14.2 0 0 14.2 0 0
Taneum 13.1 1.0 0 8.1 6.0 0 0 13.6 0.5NorthForkManastash
7.7 0 0 7.2 0.5 0 5.7 2.0 0
1/Streamtemperaturefromwww.fs.fed.us/NorWeST2/CategoriesbasedonMantuaandRaymond(2014)
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 15
Figure3.DistributionofroadsandcurrentandpotentialhabitatforsteelheadwithintheManastash‐Tanuemprojectarea.
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 16
Figure4.RoaddensitiesinrelationtocurrentandpotentialsteelheadhabitatwithintheManastash‐Taneumprojectarea.
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 17
Figure5.Densityofroad‐streamcrossingsintheManastash‐Taneumlandscaperestorationprojectarea(noteroad‐streamcrossingdensitieswerenotcalculatedforNorthForkManastashorRobinsonCanyonduetopoorqualityroaddata)
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3.2TerrestrialEvaluationSummariesAlthoughtheManastash‐Taneumprojectareacontainsverylargeenvironmentalgradients,theterrestriallandscapeevaluationsrevealedseveralcommontrends.Asisexpectedgiventhemanagementhistoryofthesesubwatersheds,thetrendsareconsistentwiththeimpactsofpastwildfiresuppressionandindustrialforestmanagementSections4–7belowprovidedetailedsummariesoftheTerrestrialEvaluationsforeachsubwatershed..AcrossallsubwatershedsexceptRobinsonCanyon,Douglas‐fircoverwasoverabundantcomparedtoHRVandFRV(Figure6).Similarly,closedcanopyconditionsgenerallyandtheYoungForestMulti‐Storystructuralstagespecifically(seeAppendixAforstructuralstagedefinitions)weretypicallyoverabundantcomparedtobothHRVandFRVreferenceconditions(Figure7).Slightlycomplicatingtheinterpretationoftheseresultsisthattheforeststructuralstageandcovertypedepartureswhereoftenspecifictoaparticularpotentialvegetationgroup(e.g.,coldforest,moistforest,dryforest;seeAppendixAfordefinitions)withinthesubwatershed.Assessingthespatialpatternsofforestedvegetationrevealedgeneraltrendstowardsfragmentation.WithintheNorthForkTaneum,Taneum,andNorthForkManastashsubwatershedspatchdensities(toohigh),meannearestneighbordistances(toolow),andedgedensity(toohigh)spatialmetricsdepartedfromHRVandFRVformanyvegetationmeasures.Trendsinwildlifehabitatabundancevariedconsiderablyamongstthesubwatershedreflectingtheunderlyingenvironmentalgradients.BothcurrentandpotentialfuturenorthernspottedowlhabitatsareconcentratedintheNorthForkTaneumsubwatershedwherethemajorityofmoistforests(potentialvegetationgroup)arefound(Figure21).WhiletheabundanceofcurrentnorthernspottedowlhabitatiswithintheHRV(butexceedingFRVinNorthForkTaneum),itisoverlyfragmentedwithtoomanysmall,disconnectedhabitatpatchescomparedtoHRVandFRVacrossallsubwatersheds.Similarly,mostcommondeparturesforwhite‐headedwoodpecker,goshawk,andAmericanmartenhabitatwasfragmentationwithtoomanysmall,disconnectedhabitatpatchescomparedtoHRVandFRV.TheHRVandFRVreferenceconditionsforthewildfireandinsectdisturbancemeasurestendedtobeextremelywidewiththeonlytruedeparturesfoundintheNorthForkTaneumsubwatershed(elevatedcrownfireandwesternsprucebudwormhazard).Nevertheless,mappingofcurrentconditionwildfireandinsecthazardscanandshouldbeintegratedintotheplanningofrestorationmanagementactions.
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 19
Figure6.Manatash‐Taneumvegetationcovertypes.SeeAppendixCforcompletesetofmapsforeachterrestrialmeasures.
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Figure7.Manatash‐Taneumterrestrialvegetationstructuralstages.SeeAppendixCforcompletesetofmapsforeachterrestrialmeasure.
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Figure8.Manatash‐Taneumcurrentnorthernspottedowlhabitat.SeeAppendixCforcompletesetofmapsforeachterrestrialmeasure.
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Figure9.Manatash‐Taneummoisturedeficit.SeeAppendixCforcompletesetofmapsforeachterrestrialmeasure.
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 23
3.3RestorationOpportunitiesSummaryAcrosstheManastash‐Taneumprojectareawehaveidentifiedaseriesofaquaticandterrestrial“restorationopportunityareas”baseduponthelandscapeevaluationsandprescriptions(Tables6and7,Figures10and11).Theopportunityareaspresentpotentiallocationsforactivemanagementprojectstoaddressthekeylandscapeevaluationdeparturesandprescriptions.However,theyarenotexclusiveandactiverestorationactivitieswithinotherlocationsintheManastash‐Taneumprojectareamayalsoaddressthekeylandscapedeparturesandprescriptions.Eachrestorationopportunityareawillrequireadditionalin‐fieldscoping,evaluation,andenvironmentalreviewpriortoprojectimplementation.Alsoimportantly,additionalfieldreviewmayleadtosignificantmodifications/adjustments.WithintheNorthForkTaneumCreekandTaneumCreeksubwatershedswehaveidentified5distinct“opportunityareas”foraquaticrestorationprojects(Figure10,Table7).Eachoftheseaquaticrestorationopportunityareasfocusesonissuesrelatedtoroad‐streaminteractionsandpotentialnegativeimpactsonsteelheadhabitat.Table7.AquaticrestorationopportunitiesareaswithintheManastash‐Taneumlandscaperestorationprojectarea.
AquaticRestorationOpportunityAreaApplicableOwnerships
NFTaneumArea#1:Section21,ConfluenceofLookoutCreekandNorthForkTaneum
‐Water/sedimentdrainagefromroadintostream‐Potentialneedforculvertimprovements‐Highdensityofroad/streamcrossings
TNC
NFTaneumArea#2:Section23,ConfluenceofButteCreekandNorthForkTaneum
‐Undersizedmainculvert,potentialbarriertofishpassage‐Burnedareadeliveringsediment‐Smallculvertsreceivingfromburnedarea,crushedandoccluded‐Highdensityofroad/streamcrossings
TNC
NFTaneumArea#3:Sections33,34,27alongSouthForkTaneumCreek ‐Streamadjacentroad(3300‐135)confiningstreamchannel,
contributessediment,andreduceslargewoodydebrisinstreamsectionwithinpotentialsteelheadhabitat
USFS
NFTaneumArea#4:Sections26,27ConfluenceofFirstCreekandNorthForkTaneum
‐3300‐116roadwithsignificantchanneling,gullyingleadingtopotentialsteelheadhabitat.‐Dispersedcampsitesdeliveringsedimenttomainchannel
USFS
TaneumArea#1:Sections29,30ConfluenceofCedarCreekandTaneumCreek ‐Incisedchanneldeliveringsedimenttoexistingsteelheadhabitat
‐CulvertssmallandpartiallyoccludedWDFW&USFS
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Table7:Continued.
AquaticRestorationOpportunityAreaApplicableOwnerships
TaneumArea#2:Sections29TaneumCreek ‐Dispersedcampingdeliveringsedimenttoexistingsteelheadhabitat WDFW&
USFSTaneumArea#3:Sections28,29TaneumCreek
‐Sedimentfromroadanddispersedcampingintoexistingsteelheadhabitat
WDFW&USFS
TaneumArea#4:ConfluenceofFirstCreekandNorthForkTaneum
‐Streamadjacentroad(mainline3300)confiningstreamchannel,contributessediment,andreduceslargewoodydebrisinstreamsectionwithinexistingsteelheadhabitat‐Dispersedcampingsitesdeliveringsedimentwithinexistingsteelheadhabitat
WDFW&USFS
TaneumArea#5:Sections36,1,TaneumCreek
‐Streamadjacentroad(mainline3300)confiningstreamchannel,contributessediment,andreduceslargewoodydebrisinstreamsectionwithinexistingsteelheadhabitat
WDFW&USFS
AcrosstheentireManastash‐Taneumprojectareawehaveidentifiedover17,000acresofterrestrialrestorationopportunityareaswhereactivemanagementmaybeusedtoaddresskeyecologicaldeparturesandfurthertheobjectivesofthelandscapeprescriptions(Table8,).WithinFigure11weidentifythreegeneralcategoriesofterrestrialrestorationopportunities.TerrestrialOpportunitiesCategoryA–Variabledensitythinning(mechanicalorprescribedfire)ofmostlyyoungforestmulti‐storyandstemexclusionclosedcanopystructuralstages,convertingtostemexclusionopencanopyforlong‐termdevelopmentintooldforestsinglestory.Generallypromotingponderosapineandwesternlarch(wherealreadypresent)andreducingDouglas‐fircover.Theseareasoccurpredominatelyonsoutherlyaspects.Restorationactivitiesneedtoincludeprotectionsforriparianareas,floodplains,andwetpatchesofcedar.LongtermtheselandsareNOTtargetedtoprovidenorthernspottedowlsourcehabitat.But,presentdayactivitiesneedtoavoidanyareaswithcurrentowlactivity.TerrestrialOpportunitiesCategoryB‐Generallypre‐commercialthinningofstandinitiationstructuralstagetoencouragedevelopmentofdesirabledominantsandco‐dominants.Long‐termtargetsmaybeeitheropencanopysinglestoryorclosecanopymulti‐story.TerrestrialOpportunitiesCategoryC‐Variabledensitythinning(mechanicalorprescribedfire)inpredominatelyyoungforestmulti‐storytoacceleratedevelopmentofcomplexmulti‐canopylayerstructure.Atthisstageoftheanalysis,wehavenotidentifiedwhichacresaresuitableforthinningviatractoryarding,cableyarding,prescribedfire,etc.Silviculturalprescriptionswillvarydramaticallyamongstterrestrialrestorationopportunityareasbaseduponthelandscapeprescriptionsandobjectivesforwithin‐standspatialpatterns.Techniquessuchasthe
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 25
“Individuals‐Clumps‐Openings”approachcanbeusedtoquantify,prescribe,andimplementappropriatewithinstandspatialpatterns(Churchilletal.2013).Table8.TerrestrialrestorationopportunitiesareaswithintheManastash‐Taneumlandscaperestorationprojectarea. TreatmentCategory Acres ApplicableOwnershipsNorthForkTaneumCreek
‐A&C;Variabledensitythinninginmoist‐forestYFMStoeitherpromoteopen‐canopyconditions(A)ormulti‐layer(C)
~4,000 USFS
‐B;Pre‐commercialthinninginmoist‐forestSItoacceleratestructuraldevelopment
2,000+ TNCprimarily,alsoUSFS
TaneumCreek
‐A;Variabledensitythinninginmoist&dryforestYFMS&SECCtopromoteopen‐canopyconditions
4,600+ WDFW,USFS,alsoWDNR
‐B;Pre‐commercialthinningindry‐forestSItoaccelerateopencanopystructuraldevelopment
1,500+ MostlyWDFW,alsoWDNRandUSFS
NorthForkManastashCreek ‐A;Variabledensitythinningindryforest
YFMS&SECCtopromoteopen‐canopyconditions
2,000+ WDFW,WDNR
‐B;Pre‐commercialthinningindry‐forestSItoaccelerateopencanopystructuraldevelopment
1,200+ MostlyWDFW,alsoWDNRandUSFS
RobinsonCrk. ‐A;Variabledensitythinningindryforest
YFMSandSItopromoteopen‐canopyconditions
2,300+ MostlyWDFW,alsoWDNR
Total 17,600+
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Figure10.AquaticrestorationopportunitiesareaswithintheManastash‐Taneumlandscaperestorationprojectarea.
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 27
Figure11.TerrestrialrestorationopportunityareaswithintheManastash‐Taneumlandscaperestorationprojectarea.
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 28
4NorthForkTaneumSubwatershed4.1NorthForkTaneumAquaticEvaluationandPrescriptionTheNorthForkTaneumsubwatershedis29,537acresinsizeandincludesaconsiderableamountofpotentialhabitatforsteelhead,inboththeNorthandSouthForksofTaneumCreek(Fig.6),thatiscurrentlynotbeingusedforrearing.ThedownstreambarriersthatpreviouslypreventedaccessforfishtotheTaneumandNorthForkTaneumhavebeenaddressed.Theoverallroaddensityishigh,givingthewatershedapoorconditionrating.However,roaddensitiesarenotevenlydistributedacrossthewatershed(Fig.7).Roaddensitiesareespeciallyhigh(>5miles/squaremile)inthewesternportionofthesubwatershed,andonthenorthsidesofboththeNorthandSouthForksofTaneumCreek.Themainroad(Rd33)alongtheNorthForkTaneumCreekoccurswithinfloodplains,isconfiningthechannel,reducingthepotentialforlargewoodrecruitment,andcreatingasituationthatcancausechronicdeliveryofsedimenttothestream.
TheterrestriallandscapeevaluationshowedthatforestedhabitatsaregenerallyoverlyfragmentedcomparedtoboththeHRVandFRV,andthattheabundanceofyoungforest‐multi‐story(YFMS)andstandinitiation(SI)areoverabundantcomparedtoHRVandFRV.Thecrownfirepotential“high”categoryisconsiderablyabovetheFRV,indicatingaconsiderableriskoflarge‐scalefire,makingthissubwatershedsusceptibletolarge‐scaledisturbancesandincreasestheriskofeffectstohydrologicandwatershedfunctions.Theterrestriallandscapeprescriptionidentifiedopportunitiesacrosslandownershipstorestoreforestvegetationstructureandcompositiontomoreresilientconditions,whichinturnwouldreducetheriskofuncharacteristicallyseverefiresandcontributetotherecoveryoflistedfishspecies(Bissonetal.2003,Reissetal.2008).
Weidentifiedfourrestorationopportunityareasalongthemain‐stemoftheNorthandSouthForksofTaneumCreek(Fig.8).Inaddition,weidentifiedareaswithhighdensitiesofroadsandroad‐streamcrossingswhereadditionalfieldworkcouldidentifyopportunitiestoreduceroaddensitiesandrestorewatershedprocessesandfunctions(Fig.9).Finally,thereisanopportunitytoreviewthecurrentlocationofthemainroad(Rd33)anddetermineifitcouldberelocatedtoreducethenegativeimpactsthisroadishavingontheaquaticenvironment.
Collectivelytheseprojectswouldaddressthefollowinglimitedfactorsidentifiedforsteelheadrecovery:degradedfloodplains,degradedchannel,degradedriparianareaandlargewood,alteredsedimentrouting,andimpairedfishpassage.
OpportunityArea1–Section21,confluenceofLookoutCreekandNorthForkTaneum
‐Waterandsedimentdrainsontobridgethengetsroutedintothestream(NFTphotos1.1and1.2).Waterandsedimentalsodrainsintoditchalongsidetheroadandthendeliveredintothestream(NFTphotos1.3,1.4,and1.5).Therearealsootherareaswithculvertsthatneedconsiderationforimprovement(NFTphotos1.7,1.8,and1.9).Generalareahasahighamountofroad/streamcrossings(10‐15crossingspersquaremile).
OpportunityArea2–Section23,confluenceofButteCreekandNorthForkTaneum
‐Culvertmaybeundersizedandcouldpotentiallybeabarriertoanadromousfishpopulations(NFTphoto2.1)duringperiodsoflowflows.AreasdirectlynorthwereburnedintherecentTaneumRidgefireandcontributesedimentimmediatelydownstreamfromtheaforementionedculvert(NFTphoto2.2and2.3).Smallculvertsreceivingwaterand
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 29
sedimentfromthepreviouslyburnedareaarecrushedandoccluded(NFTphotos2.4,2.5,and2.6).).Generalareahasaveryhighamountofroad/streamcrossings(>15crossingspersquaremile).
OpportunityArea3–Sections33,34,27alongSouthForkTaneumCreek
‐The3300‐135roadisimmediatelyadjacenttothestreamwithinpotentialsteelheadhabitat.Thisroadparallelsdirectlyalongsidethestreamandconfinesthechannel,contributessediment,andhasreducedthesourceforlargewood.Fieldsurveyofthisroadwouldrevealthebestoptionsforrestorationactions.
OpportunityArea4–Sections26,27,confluenceofFirstCreekandNorthForkTaneum
The3300‐116roadhassignificantchannelingontheroadsurfaceandgullyingonthesideleadingtothemainchannelandpotentialsteelheadhabitat(NFTphotos4.1and4.2).Therearedispersedcampingsitesdirectlyadjacenttothestreamthathaveroadsdeliveringsedimenttothemainchannel(NFTphotos4.3and4.4).
ReduceRoadDensityandRoad‐StreamCrossings
Conductfieldsurveystoidentifyspecificroads/motorizedtrailsandroad‐streamcrossingsforrestoration,includingintegrationwithareasidentifiedforterrestrialrestorationtreatments.TheseareasincludetheareasadjacenttoandupslopefromOpportunityAreas1‐4(Fig.8)
4.2NorthForkTaneumTerrestrialLandscapeEvaluationTheNorthForkTaneumsubwatershed(UYK_0503)is29,537acrescomprisedprimarilyofmoistforests(20,923ac.)withsmalleramountsofcoldforests(5,540ac.),dryforests(2,530ac.),andothernon‐forestedvegetationtypes(540ac.).OwnershipisdominatedbytheUSForestService(21,030)withalesseramountmanagedbyTheNatureConservancyfollowingrecentacquisitionfromPlumCreekTimber(7,611ac.).HistoricalRangeofVariability(HRV)referenceconditionswerebaseduponEcologicalSubRegion(ESR)4,andFutureRangeofVariability(FRV)referenceconditionswerebaseduponESR11.
Vegetation Overall,vegetationpatchesareoverlyfragmentedwithpatchdensity,meannearest
neighbor,andedgedensityspatialmetricsdepartedfromHRVandFRVformanyvegetationmeasures.
CoverofDouglas‐firisfaroverabundantcomparedtobothHRVandFRVwhilethecoverofPonderosapine(365ac.current)isonthelowendofHRVandisextremelylowcomparedtoFRV.
Withinmoistforests,theabundanceoftheyoungforestmulti‐story(yfms)andstandinitiationstructuralstages(si)areoverabundantcomparedtoHRVandFRV.
VegetationVariable Current HRV FRVCover‐(acres)Douglas‐fir 21,933 1,500‐15,600 0‐15,700ponderosapine 352 0‐2,900 1,500‐22,900
StructuralStage‐(acres)MoistForest–YFMS 9,604 0‐6,000 0‐5,300MoistForests–SI 4,004 0‐1,500 0‐3,000
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 30
WildlifeHabitat Theamountofwhite‐headedwoodpeckerandgoshawkhabitatiswithinHRVandFRV
butisoverlyfragmented. TheamountofAmericanmartenhabitatisoverFRVandisoverlyfragmented. TheamountofcurrentnorthernspottedowlhabitatiswithinHRVbutisover‐abundant
comparedtoFRVandisoverlyfragmented. TheamountofpotentialfuturenorthernspottedhabitatiswithinHRVandFRV,butis
alsooverlyfragmented.
Wildlifemeasure Current HRV FRVHabitat‐PercentLand(acres)spottedowl‐current 7,598 970‐12,000 0‐5,400spottedowl–future 8,076 1,700‐18,100 760‐18,100
Habitat‐PatchDensity(patchesper10khectares)spottedowl‐current 35 9‐47 0‐35spottedowl–future 91 9‐47 2‐45
Habitat‐EdgeDensity(metersperhectare)spottedowl‐current 34 4‐27 0‐25spottedowl–future 36 8‐30 1‐35
Disturbance Crownfirepotential“high”categoryiswayaboveFRV. Westernsprucebudworm“moderatehazard”isaboveHRVandFRVwhilethe“low
hazard”categoryisatthelowerendoftheFRVrange.Disturbancemeasure Current HRV FRVCrownFirePotential(acres)Low 6,671 4,200‐16,100 12,000‐27,000Moderate 7,270 23,400‐8,300 1,500‐10,700High 15,592 5,700‐19,200 0‐7,100
WesternSpruceBudwormHazard(acres)Low 6,657 1,800‐10,600 27,100‐28,200Moderate 9,103 1,200‐8,200 3,300‐8,000High 13,773 13,700‐24,700 9,600‐23,300
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 31
4.3.NorthForkTaneumTerrestrialLandscapePrescription Reconnectvegetationandhabitatpatchesbasedonpatternsoftopography/soil
o Acrossthewatershed,focusonconnectingsimilarpatchesformostcover‐structureandwildlifehabitatstoreducetototalnumberofpatchesandedgedensitiesbaseduponinherentpatternsoftopographyandsoilwithinthewatershed.
Treatmoist‐foreststandinitiation:o Usepre‐commercialthinningtoacceleratesuccessionaldevelopmentofmoist
forestsi,whichisfoundpredominatelyonTheNatureConservancy(2,684ac.,67%ofallmf‐si)andUSForestService(1,002ac.,25%ofallmf‐si)ownerships.
Treatmoist‐forestyoungforestmulti‐story:o Withinmoistforests,convert~4,000acresofyfmstostemexclusionopen
canopy(seoc)inordertoacceleratedevelopmentofoldforeststructureswhilereducingcrownfirepotentialandwesternsprucebudwormhazard.
o Dependingupontreatmentandsuccessionrateswithinthecurrentsi,another~1,000acresofyfmsmaybeconvertedtostandinitiation
o Treatmentsofmoistforest‐youngforestmulti‐storywillnecessarilybefocusedonUSForestServicelandswhichcontain91%(8,773ac.)ofthemoistforest‐yfms.
Decreasedisturbancehazards.o Usetreatmentsinmoistforest–youngforestmultistorytoreducefireand
insecthazards,particularlyinlocationswheretreatmentcanbeusedtoprotectnorthernspottedowlcurrentandfuturehabitat.
Promoteponderosapineandwesternlarchcovero Wherepossible,usetreatmentswithinsiandyfmstoreduceDouglas‐fircover
andpromoteponderosapineandwesternlarch.Thisisparticularlyvaluablewithinrelativelydrierlocationsbasedupontopographyandsoils,andcanbeusedtocreatelargerpatchesofhabitatforwhite‐headedwoodpeckers.
Long‐termhabitatshiftsacrosssubwatershedo Planforalongtermshiftofnorthernspottedowlandotherlatesuccessional
habitatsfrommesicanddryforests“lower”inthesubwatershed(easternhalfofsubwatershed)tothemoistandcoldforests“higher”inthewatershed(westernhalfofthesubwatershed)wheretheywillbemostsustainable.
o Identifylandscapelocationsinthedryandmesicforests,suchasnorthslopesandvalleybottoms,whereclosed‐canopymulti‐layeredhabitatsaremostlikelytobesustainedandcanbemanagedforfuturereplacementhabitat.
Increasewildlifehabitateffectivenesso Developanintegratedapproachtoaccessmanagementthatreducesoverall
effectsoftravelroutesonaquaticandterrestrialhabitats,whileprovidingaccessneededforrecreationandforestmanagement.
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 32
5.TaneumSubwatershed5.1TaneumAquaticEvaluationandPrescriptionTheTaneumsubwatershedis25,726acresinsizeandincludesaconsiderableamountofcurrentrearinghabitatforsteelhead(Fig.6).Theoverallroaddensityishigh,givingthewatershedapoorconditionrating.Roaddensitiesarefairlyevenlydistributedacrossthewatershed(Fig.7).Themainroad(Rd33)alongTaneumCreek,occurswithinfloodplains,isconfiningthechannel,reducingthepotentialrecruitmentoflargewood,andhasthepotentialtochronicallydeliversedimenttothestream.
TheterrestriallandscapeevaluationshowedthatforestedhabitatsaregenerallyoverlyfragmentedcomparedtoboththeHRVandFRV,andthatwithinthedryforests,theabundanceofstemexclusionclosedcanopy(SECC),youngforest‐multi‐story(YFMS)andstandinitiation(SI)areoverabundantcomparedtoHRVandFRV.Theterrestriallandscapeprescriptionidentifiedopportunitiesacrosslandownershipstorestoreforestvegetationstructureandcompositiontomoreresilientconditions,whichinturnwouldreducetheriskofuncharacteristicallyseverefiresandcontributetotherecoveryoflistedfishspecies(Bissonetal.2003,Reissetal.2008).
Weidentifiedfiverestorationopportunityareasalongthemain‐stemTaneumCreek(Fig.8).Inaddition,weidentifiedareaswithhighdensitiesofroadsandroad‐streamcrossingswhereadditionalfieldworkcouldidentifyopportunitiestoreduceroaddensitiesandrestorewatershedprocessesandfunctions(Fig.9).Finally,thereisanopportunitytoreviewthecurrentlocationofthemainroad(Rd33)anddetermineifitcouldberelocatedtoreducethenegativeimpactsthisroadishavingontheaquaticenvironment.
Collectivelytheseprojectswouldaddressthefollowinglimitingfactorsidentifiedforsteelheadrecovery:degradedfloodplains,degradedchannel,degradedriparianareaandLWD,andalteredsedimentrouting.
OpportunityArea1–Section29,30,confluenceofCedarCreekandTaneumCreek
Incisedchannelsdeliversedimenttomainchannelwithinexistingsteelheadhabitatandculvertsaresmallandpartiallyoccluded(Tphotos1.1,1.2,and1.3).
OpportunityArea2–Section29,TaneumCreek
Therearedispersedcampingsitesinthefloodplaindirectlyadjacenttothestreamdeliveringsedimenttothemainchannelintoexistingsteelheadhabitat(Tphotos2.1.2.2,and2.3).
OpportunityArea3–Sections28,29,TaneumCreek
Thereisanunnamed/numberedroadwithabridge.Sedimentisdeliveredfromtheroadsurfaceanddispersedcampsitesintoexistingsteelheadhabitat(Tphotos3.1,3.2,3.3,and3.4).
OpportunityArea4–Sections33,34,TaneumCreek
‐Themainline3300roadisimmediatelyadjacenttothestreamwithinexistingsteelheadhabitat.Thisroadparallelsdirectlyalongsidethestream,confinesthechannel,reducesfloodplainpotential,contributessediment,andhasreducedthesourceforLWD(Tphotos4.1and4.2).Therearedispersedcampingsitesinthefloodplaindirectlyadjacenttothestreamdeliveringsedimenttothemainchannel(Tphotos4.3and4.4).
OpportunityArea5–Sections36,1,TaneumCreek
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 33
Themainline3300roadisimmediatelyadjacenttothestreamwithinexistingsteelheadhabitat.Thisroadparallelsdirectlyalongsidethestream,confinesthechannel,reducesfloodplainpotential,contributessediment,andhasreducedthesourceforLWD(Tphotos5.1and5.2).
ReduceRoadDensityandRoad‐StreamCrossings
Conductfieldsurveystoidentifyspecificroadsandroad‐streamcrossingsforrestoration,includingintegrationwithareasidentifiedforterrestrialrestorationtreatments.Theseinclude:theareasadjacenttoandupslopefromOpportunityArea1;theareatothesouthofTaneumCreekandOpportunityArea3alongShadowCreek;theareatothesouthofTaneumCreekandOpportunityArea4betweenShadowCreekandYahneCanyon(Fig.8).
5.2TaneumTerrestrialLandscapeEvaluationTheTaneumCreeksubwatershed(UYK_0504)is25,726acrescomprisedprimarilyofdryforests(12,109ac.)withsmalleramountsofmoistforests(6,194ac.)andothervegetationtypes(7,545ac.).WashingtonDepartmentofFishandWildlifeislargestlandowner(WDFW;13,465ac.)followedbyWashingtonDepartmentofNaturalResources(WDNR;4,743ac.),USForestService(USFS;3,693ac.)andothers(3,931ac.).HistoricalRangeofVariability(HRV)referenceconditionswerebaseduponEcologicalSub‐Region(ESR)11,andFutureRangeofVariability(FRV)referenceconditionswerebaseduponESR90.Vegetation Overall,vegetationpatchesareoverlyfragmentedwithpatchdensity,meannearest
neighbor,andedgedensityspatialmetricsdepartedfromHRVandFRVformanyvegetationmeasures.
CoverofDouglas‐firisatthehighendbothHRVandFRV,especiallywithindryforests,whilethecoverofponderosapineisonthelowerendofHRVandFRV.
Withindryforests,thestemexclusionclosedcanopy(secc),standinitiation(si),andyoungforestmulti‐story(yfms)structuralstagesareoverabundantcomparedtoHRVandFRV
VegetationVariable Current HRV FRVCover‐(acres)Douglas‐fir 11,399 0‐13,700 0‐11,400ponderosapine 6,515 1,400‐20,000 0‐16,300Dryforest‐Douglas‐fir 5,750 0‐3,000 0‐2,300
StructuralStage‐(acres)Dryforest–SI 3,062 0‐2,600 0‐2,200Dryforest–SECC 1,419 0–200 0‐130Dryforest–YFMS 4,221 0‐2,300 0‐2,300
WildlifeHabitat Theamountofwhite‐headedwoodpecker,goshawk,andnorthernspottedowlcurrent
habitatisatthelowerendofHRVandFRV. TheamountofpotentialfuturenorthernspottedowlhabitatiswithinHRVandFRV,but
isoverlyfragmented.
Wildlifemeasure Current HRV FRV
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 34
Habitat‐PercentLand(acres)spottedowl‐current 492 0‐4,700 0‐4,100spottedowl‐future 8,896 700‐15,800 0‐14,600
Habitat‐PatchDensity(patchesper10khectares)spottedowl‐future 88 3‐45 0‐27
Habitat‐EdgeDensity(metersperhectare)spottedowl‐future 53 1‐35 0‐33
Disturbance FireandinsecthazardvariablesareallwithinverywideHRVandNRVranges.5.3TaneumTerrestrialLandscapePrescription Reconnectvegetationandhabitatpatchesbasedonpatternsoftopography/soil
o Acrossthewatershed,focusonconnectingsimilarpatchesformostcover‐structureandwildlifehabitatstoreducetototalnumberofpatchesandedgedensitiesbaseduponinherentpatternsoftopographyandsoilwithinthewatershed.
o Inparticular,focusonconnectingpatchesofnorthernspottedowlpotentialfuturehabitatandwhite‐headedwoodpeckerhabitat.
Thinningdryforestclosedcanopypatchestocreateopencanopyconditionso Withindryforest,convert900+acresofstemexclusionclosedcanopyand
3,700+acresofyfmstoopencanopyconditions(likelytostemexclusionopencanopy,seoc)inordertoacceleratethedevelopmentofoldforestsinglestory(ofss)andtoreducedfirepotentials.Prioritizethinningwherelarge(25”+dbh)ponderosapineand/orwesternlargearealreadypresent. ThinningofdryforestyfmscanincludeWDFW(2,471ac.total),USFS
(1,042ac.)andWDNR(684ac.total)ownerships. EssentiallyalldryforestsecccouldbethinnedonWDFW(388ac.total),
USFS(193ac.total)andWDNR(277ac.total)ownerships.o Withindryforests,thinstandinitiationwhereverpossibletoaccelerate
successionaldevelopmentandpromoteopencanopystandconditionswithponderosapine/westernlarchcover. IncludesdryforestsionWDFW(1,888ac.),USFS(177ac.)andWDNR
(957ac.)ownerships. Promoteponderosapineandwesternlarchcover
o Wherepossible,usethinningtreatmentstoreduceDouglas‐fircoverandpromoteponderosapineandwesternlarch.Thisisparticularlyvaluablewithinrelativelydrierlocationsbasedupontopographyandsoils,andcanbeusedtorestorehabitatabundanceandpatchsizesforwhite‐headedwoodpeckers.
Balancethinningandwildlifehabitato Thinningofclosedcanopypatchesneedstobebalancedwiththemaintenanceof
northernspottedowlandgoshawkhabitat.Usethinningtoprotectclosedcanopywildlifehabitatsfromtransmissionoffireandinsectdisturbances.
o Duetothetransientnatureofclosed‐canopy,multi‐layeredhabitatswithinthedryandmesicforests,consideredidentifyinglandscapelocations,suchasnorthslopesandvalleybottoms,wherethesehabitatsaremostlikelytobesustainedandcanbeusedforfuturereplacementhabitat.
Increasewildlifehabitateffectiveness
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 35
o Developanintegratedapproachtoaccessmanagementthatreducesoveralleffectsoftravelroutesonaquaticandterrestrialhabitats,whileprovidingaccessneededforrecreationandforestmanagement.
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 36
6. NorthForkManastash
6.1NorthForkManastashAquaticEvaluationandPrescriptionTheNorthForkManastashsubwatershedis13,447acresinsizeandincludesabout8milesofpotentialhabitatforsteelhead(Fig.6).Theoverallroaddensityishigh,givingthewatershedapoorconditionrating.Theroaddensitiesarenotevenlydistributedacrossthewatershed,withthehighestdensitiesoccurringinthewesternportion(Fig.7).
TheterrestriallandscapeevaluationshowedthatforestedhabitatsaregenerallyoverlyfragmentedcomparedtoboththeHRVandFRV,andthatwithinthedryforests,theabundanceofstemexclusionclosedcanopy(SECC),youngforest‐multi‐story(YFMS)andstandinitiation(SI)areoverabundantcomparedtoHRVandFRV.Theterrestriallandscapeprescriptionidentifiedopportunitiesacrosslandownershipstorestoreforestvegetationstructureandcompositiontomoreresilientconditions,whichinturnwouldreducetheriskofuncharacteristicallyseverefiresandcontributetotherecoveryoflistedfishspecies(Reissetal.2008).
ReduceRoadDensityandRoad‐StreamCrossings
Conductfieldsurveystoidentifyspecificroadsandroad‐streamcrossingsforrestoration,includingintegrationwithareasidentifiedforterrestrialrestorationtreatments.
6.2NorthForkManastashTerrestrialLandscapeEvaluationTheNorthForkManastashsubwatershed(UYK_0509)is13,447acrescomprisedprimarilyofdryforest(8,127ac.)withsmalleramountsofmoistforest(1,291ac.)andothervegetationtypes(4,033ac.).OwnershipisdominatedbyWashingtonDepartmentofFishandWildlife(WDFW,8,467ac.)alongwithWashingtonDepartmentofNaturalResources(WDNR,3,264ac.),USForestService(USFS,1,287ac.)andotherownerships(433ac.).HistoricalRangeofVariability(HRV)referenceconditionswerebaseduponEcologicalSubRegion(ESR)11,andFutureRangeofVariability(FRV)referenceconditionswerebaseduponESR90.Vegetation Overall,vegetationpatchesarefragmentedwithpatchdensity(toohigh),meannearest
neighbordistances(toolow),andedgedensity(toohigh)spatialmetricsdepartedfromHRVandFRVformanyvegetationmeasures.
CoverofDouglas‐firisinexcessofbothHRVandFRV,particularlywithindryforests.PonderosapineandwesternlarcharebothatthelowendofHRVandFRV.
Particularlywithindryforests,theabundanceofstandinitiation(si),stemexclusionclosedcanopy(secc),andyoungforestmultistory(yfms)structuralstagesareattheupperendorexceedingHRVandFRV.Thestemexclusionopencanopy(seoc),oldforestsinglestory(ofss)andoldforestmultistory(ofms)structuralstagesareallatthelowendofHRVandFRV.
Vegetationmeasure Current HRV FRVCover(acres)Douglas‐fir 6,608 0‐7,100 0‐6,000ponderosapine 2,526 700‐10,420 0‐8,500Dryforest‐Douglas‐fir 5,458 0‐1,600 0‐1,200
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 37
StructuralStage(acres)Dryforest‐SI 2,043 0‐1,300 0‐1,100Dryforest‐SECC 511 0‐0 0‐0Dryforest‐YFMS 2,213 0‐1,200 0‐1,200
WildlifeHabitat TheamountofwhiteheadedwoodpeckerhabitatisatthelowendofHRVandFRVis
overlyfragmented.AbundanceofgoshawkhabitatisalsoatthelowendofHRVandFRV.
TheamountofcurrentandpotentialfuturenorthernspottedowlhabitatarebothwithinHRVandFRV,butarealsobothoverlyfragmented.
Wildlifemeasure Current HRV FRVHabitat(acres)whiteheaded
woodpecker 532 0‐2,300 0‐1,700spottedowl‐current 1,116 0‐2,500 0‐2,200spottedowl‐future 3,337 350‐8,300 0‐7,700
Disturbance Crownfirepotential“high”categoryisaboveHRVandFRVwhilethe“low”categoryisat
lowendofHRVandFRV. Westernsprucebudworm“moderatehazard”isaboveHRVandFRVwhilethe“low
hazard”categoryisatthelowerendoftheFRVrange.
Disturbancemeasure Current HRV FRVCrownFirePotential(acres)low 7,615 5,400‐12,261 5,900‐13,400moderate 2,420 700‐4,900 0‐4,300high 3,416 0‐3,200 0‐2,800
WesternSpruceBudwormHazard(acres)low 5,743 1,200‐12,900 1,400‐13,400moderate 5,032 150‐1,600 0‐3,500high 2,676 400‐10,600 0‐9,200
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 38
6.3NorthForkManastashTerrestrialLandscapePrescription Reconnectvegetationandhabitatpatchesbasedonpatternsoftopography/soil
o Acrossthewatershed,focusonconnectingsimilarpatchesformostcover‐structureandwildlifehabitatstoreducetototalnumberofpatchesandedgedensitiesbaseduponinherentpatternsoftopographyandsoilwithinthewatershed.
o Inparticular,focusonconnectingpatchesofwhiteheadedwoodpecker,northernspottedowlcurrent,andnorthernspottedowlpotentialfuturehabitat.
Thinningdryforestclosedcanopypatchestocreateopencanopyconditionso Withindryforest,convert500+acresofstemexclusionclosedcanopyand
1,500+acresofyfmstoopencanopyconditions(likelytostemexclusionopencanopy,seoc)inordertoacceleratethedevelopmentofoldforestsinglestory(ofss)andtoreducedfirepotentials.Prioritizethinningwherelarge(25”+dbh)ponderosapineand/orwesternlargearealreadypresent. ThinningofdryforestyfmscanincludeWDFW(1,072ac.total),WDNR
(925ac.total),andtoalesserextent,USFS(73ac.)ownerships. EssentiallyalldryforestsecccouldbethinnedonWDFW(307ac.total),
USFS(148ac.total)andWDNR(55ac.total)ownerships.o Withindryforests,thinstandinitiationwhereverpossibletoaccelerate
successionaldevelopmentandpromoteopencanopystandconditionswithponderosapine/westernlarchcover. IncludesdryforestsionWDFW(1,672ac.),USFS(124ac.)andWDNR
(218ac.)ownerships. Promoteponderosapineandwesternlarchcover
o Wherepossible,usethinningtreatmentstoreduceDouglas‐fircoverandpromoteponderosapineandwesternlarch.Thisisparticularlyvaluablewithinrelativelydrierlocationsbasedupontopographyandsoils,andcanbeusedtorestoretheabundanceandspatialpatternofwhite‐headedwoodpeckerhabitat.
Decreasedisturbancehazards.o Usethinningtreatmentsindryforeststoreducefireandinsecthazards,.
Balancethinningandwildlifehabitato Thinningofclosedcanopypatchesneedstobebalancedwiththemaintenanceof
northernspottedowlandgoshawkhabitat.Usethinningtoprotectclosedcanopywildlifehabitatsfromtransmissionoffireandinsectdisturbances.
o Duetothetransientnatureofclosed‐canopy,multi‐layeredhabitatswithinthedryandmoistforests,consideredidentifyinglandscapelocations,suchasnorthslopesandvalleybottoms,wherethesehabitatsaremostlikelytobesustainedandcanbeusedforfuturereplacementhabitat.
Increasewildlifehabitateffectivenesso Developanintegratedapproachtoaccessmanagementthatreducesoverall
effectsoftravelroutesonaquaticandterrestrialhabitats,whileprovidingaccessneededforrecreationandforestmanagement.
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 39
7. RobinsonCreek
7.1RobinsonCreekTerrestrialLandscapeEvaluationTheRobinsonCreeksubwatershed(UYK_0507)is35,131acresandhassomedryforest(6,628ac.),nomoistorcoldforest,andispredominatelycoveredwithothervegetationtypes(28,551ac.).OwnershipissplitbetweenWashingtonDepartmentofFishandWildlife(WDFW,11,036ac.),WashingtonDepartmentofNaturalResources(WDNR,2,713ac.),andotherownerships(21,430ac.).HistoricalRangeofVariability(HRV)referenceconditionswerebaseduponEcologicalSubRegion(ESR)11,andFutureRangeofVariability(FRV)referenceconditionswerebaseduponESR90.Vegetation Withindryforests,theabundanceoftheyoungforestmultistory(yfms)structuralstage
isabovebothHRVandNRV. Treespeciescoverisdominatedbyponderosapine,in‐linewithHRVandNRV. Relativelylowlevelofforestvegetationcoveracrossthesubwatershedcomplicates
comparisonsofpresentdayandHRV/NRVvegetationreferenceconditions.Vegetationmeasure Current HRV FRVCover(acres)ponderosapine 6,244 1,900‐27,200 0‐22,400
StructuralStage(acres)Dryforest‐YFMS 3,596 0‐3,200 0‐3,100
WildlifeHabitat TheamountofwhiteheadedwoodpeckeriswithinHRVandFRVbutisoverly
fragmented. Theamountsofcurrentnorthernspottedowlandpotentialfuturenorthernspottedowl
habitatareatthelowendofHRVandNRVrangesandareoverlyfragmented.Wildlifemeasure Current HRV FRVHabitat(acres)whiteheadedwoodpecker 2,681 0‐5,800 0‐4,600spottedowl‐current 486 0‐6,400 0‐5,700spottedowl‐future 3,487 900‐21,600 0‐20,000
Disturbance Disturbancemeasuresincludingcrownfirepotentialandwesternsprucebudhazard
categoriesarewithinHRVandFRVranges.However,themajorityofcurrentlyforestedlandshave“high”westernsprucebudwormhabitat.
Disturbancemeasure Current HRV FRVCrownFirePotential(acres)low 33,942 14,400‐32,000 15,400‐35,100moderate 891 1,800‐12,800 0‐11,100high 346 0‐8,500 0‐7,400
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 40
WesternSpruceBudwormHazard(acres)low 31,070 3,200‐33,600 3,700‐35,100moderate 70 390‐9,500 0‐9,100high 4,039 1,100‐27,800 0‐24,000
7.2RobinsonCreekTerrestrialLandscapePrescription Reconnectvegetationandhabitatpatchesbasedonpatternsoftopography/soil
o Acrossthewatershed,focusonconnectingsimilarpatchesformostcover‐structureandhabitattypestoreducetototalnumberofpatchesandedgedensitiesbaseduponinherentpatternsoftopographyandsoilwithinthewatershed.
o Inparticular,focusonconnectingpatchesofwhiteheadedwoodpecker,northernspottedowlcurrent,andnorthernspottedowlpotentialfuturehabitat.
Thinningdryforestclosedcanopypatchestocreateopencanopyconditionso Withindryforest,convert2,000+acresofyfmstoopencanopyconditions
(likelytostemexclusionopencanopy,seoc)inordertoacceleratethedevelopmentofoldforestsinglestory(ofss)andtoreducedfirepotentials.Thinningmayalsoincludeclosedcanopystandinitiation(si).Prioritizethinningwherelarge(25”+dbh)ponderosapineand/orwesternlargearealreadypresent. ThinningofdryforestyfmscanincludeWDFW(2,660ac.total),WDNR
(699ac.total)ownerships. Decreasedisturbancehazards.
o Usethinningtreatmentsindryforeststoreducefireandinsecthazards,particularlyfocusingonsprucebudwormhazard.
Balancethinningandwildlifehabitato Thinningofclosedcanopypatchesneedstobebalancedwiththemaintenanceof
northernspottedowlhabitat.Usethinningtoprotectclosedcanopywildlifehabitatsfromtransmissionoffireandinsectdisturbances.
o Duetothetransientnatureofclosed‐canopy,multi‐layeredhabitatswithinthedryandmesicforests,consideredidentifyinglandscapelocations,suchasnorthslopesandvalleybottoms,wherethesehabitatsaremostlikelytobesustainedandcanbeusedforfuturereplacementhabitat.
Increasewildlifehabitateffectivenesso Developanintegratedapproachtoaccessmanagementthatreducesoverall
effectsoftravelroutesonaquaticandterrestrialhabitats,whileprovidingaccessneededforrecreationandforestmanagement.
8. MonitoringandAdaptiveManagementMonitoring and adaptive management are important components of collaborative landscape restoration (Salafsky et al. 2005, Stankey et al. 2005, Gaines and Lehmkuhl 2015, Hessburg et al. 2015). Monitoring and adaptive management provide a framework for the evaluation of how restorative aquatic and terrestrial actions add up to more resilient landscapes and watersheds (Salafsky et al. 2005). By using the terrestrial and aquatic indicators that were developed to evaluate landscape and watershed conditions, managers can periodically assess progress towards restoration across landownerships. For the Tapash Manastash-Taneum Landscape Evaluation Project, it is suggested that once land managers have developed relatively concrete ideas of
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 41
projects to implement the landscape prescriptions (e.g., Proposed Actions) that the landscape terrestrial and aquatic indicator metrics be re-run to assess the cumulative impacts of these projects on moving the landscapes and watersheds towards more resilient conditions. In this manner, project proposals may be modified or future projects identified so the collaborative can continue to meet or make progress towards their Mission and Objectives.
TapashManastash‐TaneumLandscapeEvaluationandPrescription 42
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