manejo integral del desarrollo de parques industriales para la generación eléctrica con aguas...

SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY

“Integration of Water Treatment Systems

with Energy Derived from Municipal Wastes”

Paul Hauck, P.E.CDM Smith

1715 N. Westshore Boulevard

Suite 875

Tampa, Florida 33607

(813) 281-2900

[email protected]

Andesco Conference

June 27. 2012

Cartagena, Columbia

Presentation Outline

• Introduction

• Emerging paradigms

• Proven waste conversion technologies

• Marriage of WTE and water resources

• Emerging waste conversion technologies

• Synergistic opportunities

2

CDM Smith’s U.S. Waste-to-Energy Experience

Introduction3

CDM Smith’s Florida Solid Waste Experience

Introduction4

Intended Consequences of the

Integrated Solid Waste Management Hierarchy

Emerging Paradigms5

The Three Rs of Recycling…Plus Two!

Emerging Paradigms6

Modern Waste-to-Energy (WTE) in the US

• WTE disposes of 13% of the nation’s waste (U.S. EPA)

– 86 operating facilities

– 36 million people served

– 27 states

– Generation capacity in

excess of 2,700 MW

– 16 million MWhrs of

renewable power generated annually

– 259 million tons per year currently disposed of in landfills represents

an additional 142,450,000 MWhrs annually (equivalent to 16,261

MW of capacity)

• Most WTE facilities sell electricity to the local grid at lower prices

than Public Works facilities purchase at commercial rates

Proven Waste Conversion Technologies7

WTE Capacity Factor is Among the Highest of

Renewable / Fossil Energy Options (24/7/365)

• Photovoltaic solar (northern latitudes) 12-15%

• Photovoltaic solar (southern latitudes) 18-20%

• Wind 20-40%

• Thermal solar (parabolic trough) 40%

• Natural Gas Combined Cycle 60-80%

• Biomass 60-85%

• Landfill Gas 80-95%

• Baseload Coal 80-90%

• Waste-to-Energy (WTE) 85–92%

• Hydroelectric 10-99%

Capacity Factor = actual kWhrs produced divided by kWhrs that would have

been produced if operated at design capacity over same period.8

Proven Waste Conversion Technologies

Modern WTE Trends – Improved Efficiency,

Attention to Aesthetics and Sustainability

Increasing

Decreasing

•WTE facility expansions and new construction

•Attention to aesthetics/LEED®/innovation

•More stringent emission limits and GHG reporting

•MSW Higher Heating Value (HHV)

•Boiler/T-G availability

•Use of reclaimed water for cooling

•Gross/net electric generation

•Non-ferrous metal recovery

•Integrated solid waste management/eco-campus

•Resistance to WTE in established communities

•Air emissions

•Reagent consumption

•Water consumption

•Lower payments for renewable electricity

9Proven Waste Conversion Technologies

Dominant WTE Technology in US

is Advanced Massburn Combustion

• ~75% are massburn facilities

• ~ 17% are refuse-derived fuel (RDF) facilities


Massburn WTE requires no pre-processing of MSW

Typical Massburn WTE Facility


Typical Massburn WTE Flow Diagram


Refuse Storage Pit at Massburn WTE Facility


Typically sized for minimum of 3-days storage, up to 7-days maximum

Efficiency of Massburn WTE Technology

Results in Minimal Disposal of Residuals

Typical WTE Ash Residue

• 75% weight reduction• 90% volume reduction


Grizzly Scalper “Overs”

(mostly ferrous metal greater than 6-inch size)


Metals Liberated by the Combustion Process

Can be Recycled for Additional Revenues

Ferrous metals

everything…including the

kitchen sink

Non-ferrous metals

(aluminum, brass,

bronze, copper, gold,

silver, stainless)


Typical Non-ferrous Metals …

Liberated and Recovered After Combustion

Densealuminum nuggets

Aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, gold, and silver


Recovered Products from

WTE Bottom Ash (European Experience)

InAshCo18

Aluminum Products (light non-ferrous)

from WTE Bottom Ash (European Experience)

InAshCo19

Heavy non-ferrous products

from WTE Bottom Ash (European Expereince)

InAshCo

primarily brass

and copper

20

Florida Waste-to-Energy Facilities

12 Facilities – 607 MW of Renewable Electricity


Hillsborough County Resource Recovery Facility1,800 TPD – 46 MW


Original 1,200-TPD construction: 1987

600-TPD expansion completed: 2009

Compatible with the urban landscape Commercial/industrial development has occurred around facility over 24 years!

22

Hillsborough County Resource Recovery Facility1,800 TPD – 46 MW (Located Adjacent to WWTP)


8-MGD WWTP (AWTP)

1,800-TPD WTE

23

Pasco County Resource Recovery Facility

1,050 TPD – 30-MW Electrical


• Construction: 1989-1991

• $90M capital cost

24

Pasco County Florida

Integrated Solid Waste Management Campus


Lee County Resource Recovery Facility

1,800 TPD – 58-MW Electrical


• Original Construction 1994

• 636 TPD Expansion Completed 2006• Original construction: 1994

• 636-TPD expansion completed: 2006

26

Lee County Florida ISWM Campus

27

Construction Underway of 3,000-TPD Massburn

WTE on Palm Beach County Florida Campus


• First new WTE facility in the US in 16 years!

• Located adjacent to a 2,000 tpd RDF WTE

facility on an

Integrated Solid

Waste Management

Campus

Palm Beach County, Florida

New 3,000-TPD Massburn WTE RenderingIncorporating Both Sustainability and Aesthetics


Proposed 3,000-TPD Massburn WTE Facility

Palm Beach County, Florida 2012



New 3,000-TPD Massburn WTE RenderingIncorporating Rainwater Harvest of First 2” of Rain

2 MG


Hennepin County WTE Welcomes

Minnesota Twins into the Neighborhood!


HERC WTE Facility

(1987)

Target Field (2010)

32

Hennepin County WTE Facility…

Compatible with the Urban Landscape!


Hennepin Energy Recovery Center

33

Water – Energy Nexus

Water and Energy are Inextricably Linked!

• Water scarcity is the new paradigm for the 21st century!

• Lower quality water supply sources require higher levels

of treatment

• Higher levels of treatment require greater inputs of energy

– Pumping from greater depths / distances

– Membrane processes require energy for pressure

– Advanced disinfection treatments are often

electrically derived (ultraviolet light, ozone)

• Mutual benefits can be shared between solid waste and

water resource departments!

34WTE and Water Resources

WTE and WWTP Facilities Make Good Neighbors

WTE and Water Resources

12-MGD WWTP (AWTP)

1,800 TPD/46 MW WTE Facility

35

WTEWTEExcess Electricity

Sold to Grid (~37 MW)

Reclaimed Water

Distribution System

Wastewater

Wastewater

Electricity ~2.0 MW

Reclaimed~ 1.1MGD

AWTPAWTP

Municipal

Solid Waste

Hillsborough County, Florida Utility Campus

Reclaimed Water Used at WTE Facility

• Cooling tower makeup ~1.02 MGD

• Scrubber dilution water ~ 0.056 MGD

• Plant wash down water ~ 0.011 MGD

• Equipment cooling water ~ 0.006 MGD

• Facility irrigation as needed

• Fire Protection as needed


WTE Integrated with Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant

Hillsborough County, Florida

Case Study – WTE and WWTP Synergy

Adjacent AWTP powered by energy from WTE (Aug 08), with an additional

5 MW soon to be used for other public works and buildings

Currently saving taxpayers an estimated $600,000 a year in energy costs at AWTP

1,800 tpd WTE

Facility

12 mgd AWTP

2 MW

~ 5 MW

Future

37

37 MW

Currently

Sold to

Grid


Significant Potential Savings to Public Works

by Using Electricity from WTE Facility Internally

$-

$2.000.000

$4.000.000

$6.000.000

$8.000.000

$10.000.000

$12.000.000

$14.000.000

$16.000.000

0 20 40 60 80 100

Po

ten

tia

l A

nn

ua

l S

av

ing

s

Percent of Electricity Used Internally

Potential Net Savings to Public Works

(1,800 TPD WTE with 4 cents / kWh spread)

Current use

~5% of net

generation

Future use of

~15% of net

generation


39

Additional Public Works Services to be Powered by WTE in Near Future

Future

• Warehouse

• Jail

• Animal

Services

• Elections

Supervisor

Office

• Environmental

Laboratory

Currently

• WTE

• AWTP

• Water

Treatment

Plant

• Reclaimed

Water

Pumps


WTEWTEExcess

Electricity

Sold to Grid

Reclaimed Water

Distribution System

Raw Water

Wastewater

Electricity

WWTPWWTP

Municipal Solid

Waste

WTE Integrated with WWTP and WTP

Reclaimed water for

process and irrigation

WTPWTP

Wastewater

Residuals

Potable Water

Distribution

System

Electricity Reclaimed water for

augmented water supply



Sold to Grid

Reclaimed Water

Distribution System

Wastewater

Wastewater

Electricity

WWTPWWTP

Municipal Solid

Waste

WTE Integrated with WWTP (with dewatered biosolids)

Reclaimed Water for

process and

irrigation

Discharge biosolids directly into refuse pit or blend with wood chips

Dewatered biosolids @

15-20% solids


WTEWTEExcess

Electricity

Sold to Grid

Reclaimed Water

Distribution System

Wastewater

Wastewater

Electricity

WWTPWWTP

Municipal Solid

Waste

WTE Integrated with WWTP (with biosolids dried by

solar and non-thermal means)

Reclaimed water

for process and

irrigation

Biosolids

Drying

Biosolids

Drying

Biosolids @ 15-20% solids

Windrow or

Solar Dryers


WTEWTE Excess

Electricity

Sold to Grid

Reclaimed Water

Distribution System

Wastewater

Wastewater

Electricity

WWTPWWTP

Municipal Solid

Waste

WTE Integrated with WWTP (with biosolids dried by

heat via steam from WTE facility)

Reclaimed water for

process and irrigation Biosolids

Drying

Biosolids

Drying

Biosolids @ 15-20% solids

Indirect

Dryer

Steam

Discharge dry biosolids(70 – 95%) directly into

refuse pit


WTE with WWTP, Anaerobic Digestion (Co-digestion)

& Thermal Drying for Fertilizer Production

WTEWTEMunicipal Solid

Waste

WWTPWWTP

Excess

Electricity

Sold to Grid

Wastewater

A/D(CO-DIGESTION)

A/D(CO-DIGESTION)

CNG/LNGOrganic Food Waste

FOG / High Strength Wastes

Electricity

Wastewater

Effluent

Biosolids

Reclaimed

Water

Distribution

Electricity

Excess Biomethane

Reclaimed Water for process and irrigation

Thermal

Dryer

Thermal

Dryer

Excess dry biosolids @ 70-

95% solids discharged directly

into refuse pit Steam

Biomethane

Fertilizer

Soil Amendment

Excess Biosolids


21st Century Sustainable Utility Campus


WTESolid Waste

WWTP

WTP

Excess Electricity to Grid

Electricity to

Utility Complex

Wells

Potable Waterto Grid

Sanitary Waste

Excess Stormwater

ReclaimedWater

Wet WeatherStorage

Reclaimed Water to Grid

Integration of WTE with Water Resources

45

Reclaimed Water Storage Reservoir

Pasco County Florida – Land O’Lakes WWTP


Wet Weather

Storage Reservoir

500,000,000 gallons of

storage constructed in 2009

with 5,000 gpm filtration on

withdrawal system

Estimated Size of Water Resource Treatment

Supplied by Electric Power from 1,000 TPD EfW

330

165

99

50 40

70

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

WTP

Conventional @

1,500 kWh per

MG

AWWTP @

3,000 kWh per

MG

WTP Brackish

Membrane @

5,000 kWh per

MG

WTP Seawater

Membrance @

10,000 kWh per

MG

WRF Membrane

Direct Potable

Reuse @ 12,500

kWh per MG

WTP Thermal

Distillation @

75,000 kWh per

MG

Mil

lio

n G

all

on

s /

Da

y


WTE

Reclaimed

Water

Biosolids & Nutrients

(Fuel & Fertilizer)

Wastewater Treatment Plants Can Be Viewed As

Water/Biosolids/Energy Resource Centers

Synergistic Opportunities

Wastewater

Organic

Waste

Solar and Wind

Energy (Heat, Power)

48

Campus for Management of Solid Waste,

Recycling, and Water Resources


Potable WaterTreatment Plant

WTEWaste-to-Energy

Steam

Loop for

Industrial

Park Tenants

WTE AshProcessing

Facility

MRF

Used Tire / Bulky WasteWood & Yard Waste

Resizing Facility

Construction & DemolitionDebris Processing Facility

WastewaterTreatment Plant

Compost Facility Yard & Wood Waste Processing

Reclaimed Water Reuse

Recycled Products

• compost• mulch• soil amendment

• tire derived fuel• crumb rubber

• sand• crushed asphalt• crushed concrete• metals

• metals• recycled ash

- LF daily cover- road base

• plastics• glass• paper• cardboard• metals

Active Landfill Ash MonofillC&D / Inert

LandfillClosedLandfill

M

Reclaimed Water

Biosolids

Electricity

Cooling & Fire Protection

Low Pressure Steam& Compressed Air

Combustibles•Chipped Tires•Chipped Wood

Electricity

CombustiblesNot Requiring

Resizing

AshResidue

Electricity

Electricity

Lan

dfi

ll L

ea

cha

te t

o W

WT

P

Lan

dfi

ll G

as

& M

ine

d

Co

mb

ust

ible

s

Co

mb

ust

ible

Re

ject

s

Sa

nd

,G

rav

el

Re

ject

s

Cru

she

dC

on

cre

te

Re

ject

s

Shredded Yard& Wood Waste

M

M

M

M

M

M

~

~

Ele

ctri

city

Co

mp

ress

ed

Air

~

Ex

cess

B

ioso

lid

s

~

~

Landfill Gas

49

PILOT SCALE DEMONSTRATION MARKET ENTRY MARKET

PENETRATION

MARKET

MATURITY

Stoker

Co-firing

(utility

boilers)

Fluidized

Bed

Small Gasifier/

IC Engine

Gasification –

Boilers, Kilns

Pyrolysis and

Depolymerization

Other Conversion Processes 1Massburn WTE &

RDF Combustion2

Biomass

Direct

Combustion

Biomass

Gasification

& Pyrolysis

Waste-to-

Energy

1. Includes RDF gasification, plasma gasification, and pyrolysis

2. RDF = Refuse-derived fuel

EMERGING (Higher Risk) PROVEN (Lower Risk)STATE

of

TECHNOLOGY

Co- Digestion Anaerobic Digestion

Emerging Waste Conversion Technologies50

Emerging Waste Conversion Technologies

(None Yet Commercially Demonstrated in US)

Thermal Processes

• Gasification (thermal, plasma, with or without vitrification)

• Pyrolysis / Torrifaction of biomass

Bio – Chemical Processes

• Anaerobic Digestion (co-digestion of WWTP biosolids and

organic wastes)

• Waste-to-Biofuels (ethanol, methanol, other alcohols)

• Depolymerization (synthetic diesel and gasoline)

51Emerging Waste Conversion Technologies

Emerging Waste Conversion Technologies

AlcoholRefiningAlcoholRefining

GrainGrain

CaneCane

BiomassBiomass

MaterialHandling

&Processing

MaterialHandling

&Processing

StarchStarch

SugarSugar

GasificationGasificationCelluloseCellulose

FermentationFermentation

AlcoholRefiningAlcoholRefining

Biomass-to-Ethanol Production Pathways

52

Ineos Waste-to-Biofuel Project Status

Indian River County, Florida

• CDM Smith supporting role– DOE grant application: $50M awarded in 2009

– Prepared NEPA compliance/environmental permit applications

– Civil site/facility infrastructure design

• Anticipated startup 3Q 2012 with full production by 4Q 2012


Thank You for the Opportunity to Share

…and Imagineer!

Conclusion

Paul Hauck, P.E.

CDM Smith

1715 N. Westshore Boulevard, Suite 875

Tampa, Florida 33607

(813) 281-2900

[email protected]

54

Extra Slides

Historical Emission Trends from Large and Small

Municipal Waste Combustors


Pollutant 1990 Emissions

(TPY)

2005 Emissions

(TPY)

Percent Reduction

CDD/CDF TEQ Basis * 44 15 99+%

Mercury 57 2.3 96%

Cadmium 9.6 0.4 96%

Lead 170 5.5 97%

Particulate Matter 18,600 780 96%

HCL 57,400 3,200 94%

SO2 38,300 4,600 88%

NOx 64,900 49,500 24%

Source: EPA, August 2007* Dioxin/furan emissions are in units of grams per year toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ), using

1989 NATO toxicity factors; all other pollutant emissions are in units of tons per year

56

Hillsborough County, Florida Case Study

Hillsborough County integrated solid waste management system

• 1,800 tpd Resource Recovery Facility (EfW)

• Two Transfer Stations with citizen drop off facilities for bulky waste, white goods, yard and wood waste

• Central processing facility for yard and wood waste (recycled as mulch, soil amendment or biomass fuel)

• Community Collection Centers (5) for drop off of solid waste materials

• Household Chemicals and Electronics Collection Centers (3) for citizen drop of materials (not available to commercial customers)

• Waste Tire Processing Program (shredded into chips <2” in size) for recycling as alternate daily cover or supplemental fuel at the EfW facility

• Class I raw waste landfill (179 acres)

• Collection services are provided by three private franchised contractors throughout the unincorporated areas of the County:

– Residential collection of solid waste twice a week

– Residential collection of yard waste once a week

– Residential collection of curbside recyclables once a week (cardboard, newspaper, and mixed paper; plastic and glass bottles, steel and aluminum containers)

• Posted FY 2011 full costs for the Solid Waste Management System are:

– Residential collection: $136.23 / HH / year

– Residential disposal: $94.94 / HH / year

– Residential recycling: $10.89 / HH / year

– Landfill disposal tipping fee: $63.96 / ton

– Tire disposal: $82.61 / ton

– Yard and wood waste disposal: $31.52 / ton

Hillsborough County RRF Fuels

Unacceptable Fuels Acceptable Fuel

Lead acid batteries Confidential documents

Hazardous waste Contraband

Nuclear waste Wood pallets

Radioactive waste Used tires (up to 3% monthly)

Sewage sludge C&D debris

Grease, scum, and grit Oil spill cleanup, used oil filters and

motor oil

Explosives, beryllium containing

wastes, asbestos floor covering

Items suitable for human, plant, and

animal consumption (foodstuffs, feeds,

pharmaceuticals)58

Trend of MSW Higher Heating Value (HHV)

at Hillsborough County Florida EfW

59

Hillsborough County Florida EfW

FY 2011 Environmental Performance

60



61



62



63



64



65



66



67

Estimated Value of WTE Carbon Offsets

68WTE Massburn Economics

$-

$500.000

$1.000.000

$1.500.000

$2.000.000

$2.500.000

$3.000.000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Size of WTE Facility (tons per day)

Based upon WTE availability of 90%, 0.25 ton CO2e/ ton

MSW, and $10.00 per ton CO2e

Estimated Cost of Electricity from Massburn

WTE

$-

$0,050

$0,100

$0,150

$0,200

$0,250

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

$ /

Ww

h

WTE Facility Size (TPD)

Cost of Electricity Without Tipping Fee

WTE Massburn Economics

US Massburn WTE Capital Cost History

$-

$100.000

$200.000

$300.000

$400.000

$500.000

$600.000

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Ca

pit

al

Co

st

($ p

er

Ton

pe

r D

ay

Ca

pa

city

)

Start of Construction

Existing Facility

Proposed

RDF

PBC New WTE

Proposal

Prices

Winning price

WTE Massburn Economics

Water Consumption:

Wet versus Dry Cooling Systems

Air Cooled Condenser

City of Tampa Energy from Waste Facility

1,000 TPD – 22.5 MW

• Original construction: 1975

• Rebuilt as EfW: 1985

• Retrofit for CAAA: 1998-2001


Portions of this

facility are 35

years old and on

their third life!

72

Pinellas County Resource Recovery Facility

3,000 TPD – 75-MW Electrical Output


• Original construction: 1985

• 1,000-TPD expansion: 1987

73

This facility is 27

years old and

recently refurbished

WWTP, Biosolids, and Power Also Integrated

into Pasco County ISWM Campus


ASH MONOFILL

WTE

SCALES

WWTP

(4 mgd)

MRF

Biosolids

Stabilization

Peaking

Power

Plant

74


Proposed Visitors Center


PBC New WTE Project – Sustainability Options

Recycled Water Supply Sources


PBC New WTE Project (2012)

Continuing the Trend to Lower Emission Limits

Emission Unit US EPA MACT PBC WTE Permit Limit

Units Mg/dscm 7% O2

Particulate 20 12

Cadmium 0.010 0.010

Lead 0.140 0.125

Mercury 0.050 0.025

Sulfur Dioxide 30 24

Hydrogen Chloride 25 20

Carbon Monoxide (4 hr) 100 100

Nitrogen Oxide (24 hr) 150 50

Nitrogen Oxide (annual) 90 45*

Dioxin/Furan ** 13 10

**ng/dscm 7%O2 * Month


Potential Annual Net Savings to Public Works

@ 4 Cents/kWh Spread

$-

$5.000.000

$10.000.000

$15.000.000

$20.000.000

$25.000.000

$30.000.000

0 20 40 60 80 100

Po

ten

tia

l An

nu

al S

av

ing

s

Percent of WTE Electricity Used Internally

500 TPD WTE

1000 TPD

WTE

1500 TPD

WTE

2000 TPD

WTE

2500 TPD

WTE

3000 TPD

WTE

WTE and Water Resources78


Sold to Grid

Reclaimed Water

Distribution System

Wastewater

Wastewater

Electricity

WWTPWWTP

Municipal Solid

Waste


Municipal Utility Campus – Energy from Waste

WTE Integrated with WWTP (without biosolids)

Reclaimed Water for

process and irrigation

Pasco County Southeast WWTP

Reclaimed Water Reservoir Filtration Skid


• 5,000 GPM

Filtration Skid

• Two parallel arrays

of “turbo-disc”

filter cartridges

• Backwash

discharged to ???


Regional Biosolids Processing Facility

Synergistic Opportunities81

Municipal Utility Campus

Optimizing Energy and Water Production


Water and electricity production can be

varied by time of day to meet peak demands

Off Peak

Electricity

Production

Electricity

Water

WaterWater

Electricity Electricity

Water

Production

Peak Electric

Demand

Off Peak

Time of Day

82

Recycling

Waste Basement

Recycling Processes Tipping Building Refuse Building Boiler Building Air Pollution Control Bldg. Stack

Options for WTE

Basement Area:

1. Maintenance Shop

2. Ash Processing

3. Special Recycling

WTE

Basement Area

Future WTE Plants Can Include Addition of

Material Recovery and Recycling Processes


Options for Recycling:

1. Single Stream MRF

2. Multi Stream MRF

3. Mixed Waste MRF

4. C&D Recycling

83

ElectricalSwitchyard

Fabric Filter

SDA

Stack

AshProcessing

Building

Fabric Filter

SDA

Combustor No. 2

Fabric Filter

Combustor No. 3

Fabric Filter

Combustor No. 4

Turbine-Generator Building

Combustor No. 1

ControlRoom

Anaerobic

Digestion

Facility

SDA SDA

AdminOffices

Maintenance & Warehouse

Building

Exit RampExit RampEntrance RampEntrance Ramp

SDA

SDA

Fly Ash

Conveyor

Bottom Ash

Conveyor

Site Layout for Future

Integrated Solid Waste Management System

(Massburn WTE with Anaerobic Digestion, Composting,

C&D Recycling, and E-Waste Recycling)

FoodWaste

Pit

Municipal Solid WasteRefuse Pit

Elevated MSW Tipping Floor/BuildingCompost Facility Below

C&D Recycling BuildingC&D Recycling BuildingE-Waste

RecyclingE-Waste

Recycling


Conversion

Processes

– Trees– Grasses– Agricultural Crops– Agricultural Residues– Forest Residues– Animal Wastes– Municipal Solid Waste

PRODUCTSFuels:– Ethanol– Renewable Diesel – Renewable Gasoline– Hydrogen

Power:– Electricity– Heat (co-generation)

Chemicals– Plastics– Solvents– Chemical Intermediates– Phenolics– Adhesives– Furfural– Fatty Acids– Acetic Acid– Carbon Black– Paints– Dyes, Pigments, and Ink– Detergent– Etc.

Food, Feed, Fuel,

Fiber, & Fertilizer

– Enzymatic Fermentation– Gas/Liquid Fermentation– Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation– Gasification– Pyrolysis– Combustion– Co-firing

Biomass

Feedstock

New Industry – BioRefineryUS Department of Energy

Office of Energy Efficiency

and Renewable Energy 2005

S

U

G

A

R

or

H

Y

D

R

O

C

A

R

B

O

N

S

85Emerging Waste Conversion Technologies

Only Time Will Tell…

Enhanced Revenues of Ethanol from MSW

• Potentially 2-3 times the revenue stream of electricity


manejo integral del desarrollo de parques industriales para la generación eléctrica con aguas...

Business

florida waste

modern waste

tpd wte

nations waste

energy wte

wte facilities

wte capacity factor

typical massburn wte