mango crop protection

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Pest / Disease in Mango :Anthracnose Causal Organism : Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Symptoms:

Infection occurs – leaves, stems, young

flowers and fruit

Sunken black spots appear on the surface

of the fruit during ripening.

Infection – fruit is usually latent and

manifests itself only as the mango begins

to ripen

The disease is most severe – wet weather.

Mode of spread and survival:

Inoculum remains on dried leaves,

defoliated branches, mummified flowers

and flower brackets.

Spread through air-borne conidia

The fungus can enter the pores of green

fruits.

The latent infection of mature fruits may

take place through lenticles.

The fungus apparently infects the fruits -

green and develops in flesh during

ripening.

The latent infection is carried from the field to

storage.

Management : Pre-harvest control

Spray with mancozeb (800 g/kg at 2 g/L) weekly during

flowering and then monthly until harvest. Stop spraying 14

days before harvest. During dry weather, flower sprays may

be reduced to fortnightly intervals.

Should rain occur during flowering, apply prochloraz (462

g/kg) (Octave, registered trade mark), using 1 g product/L

in a tank mix with mancozeb. Prochloraz only needs to be

applied every 3-4 weeks.

Copper oxychloride sprays (4 g/L) used for bacterial black

spot control also control anthracnose, however copper

oxychloride should not be used during flowering. Where

bacterial black spot is serious, copper oxychloride can be

substituted for mancozeb sprays after flowering.

Notes on dipping

Vigorous agitation before and during

dipping by means of a powerful

recirculating pump is recommended to

keep the fungicide suspended. This is

preferable to stirring or paddling. Agitation

also helps distribute heat from the heating

element.

Bleed sap from fruit before dipping.

Mango sap affects the stability of the

fungicide suspension.

Replace the dip once it becomes

contaminated by sap and dirt or after 3

days continuous use or after 4000 trays

have been treated. Prewashing fruit helps

to prolong dip life.

Dipping temperatures should not exceed

52° as this may result in skin damage.

Allow fruit to cool before brushing. During

wet weather, reduce the dipping

temperature to 50° as susceptibility to skin

damage increases. Disease control will be

reduced at these lower temperatures.

Postharvest control

Hot carbendazim

Hot carbendazim (registered trade mark Spin Flo,

manufactured by Aventis ) is registered for postharvest

treatment of mango in Queensland, Northern Territory,

Western Australia and New South Wales. Spin Flo is a liquid

formulation containing the active ingredient carbendazim.

Dip fruit within 24 hours of harvest by totally submerging

them for 5 minutes in hot water (52°C) to which has been

added 100 mL product /100 L water. Lowering the

temperature of the dip below 52°C will reduce the

effectiveness of the treatment.

Temperature must be carefully controlled to within 0.5° to

prevent fruit damage. Use an accurate thermometer to

monitor temperatures in various parts of the dip during use,

especially near the heat source. Many growers use specially

designed tanks heated by gas or electricity with manual or

thermostatic temperature control. With an approximate

ratio of 3 litres of dip to 1 kg of fruit, no appreciable

temperature drop occurs when fruit is added to the tank.

This dip also partially controls stem end rot.

Epidemiology:

The optimum temperature - 250°C and

relative humidity from 95 to 97 per cent.

Unheated prochloraz

Unheated prochloraz (Sportak, registered trade

mark) spray to control anthracnose can be used as

an alternative to dipping in hot carbendazim (Spin

Flo).

Prochloraz is not effective against stem end rot.

Apply prochloraz 45% at 55 mL/100 L of water at

ambient temperature. Prochloraz has been

approved for use only as a non-recirculated spray

over fruit. Complete coverage of the fruit is essential

for effective control.

Fenthion may be mixed with prochloraz for fruit fly

treatment for Victoria, provided fruit remain wet for

one minute.

Postharvest treatments will not provide complete disease

control.


Disease/ Pest of Mango : Stem End Rot Causal Organism : Lasiodiplodia theobromae

Symptoms

In fruits, the pericarp darkens near the base of the pedicel.

The affected area enlarges to form a circular, black patch

which under humid atmosphere extends rapidly and turns the

whole fruit completely black within two or three days.

The pulp becomes brown and softer.

Management

Postharvest control

Avoid harvesting immature fruit. Postharvest treatment with

hot water and carbendazim (Spin Flo) is partially effective

against stem end rot.

For control of stem end rot during controlled atmosphere

storage, a dual treatment of hot carbendazim (Spin Flo)

followed by prochloraz is necessary.

Fruit from orchards with a history of stem end rot losses should

be rejected for long term storage. The severity of stem end rot

can be assessed as follows.

Harvest 100 mature fruit at random from throughout the

orchard.

Leave them untreated and store at 25° until they are fully ripe.

Ideally, less than one-tenth and certainly no more than one-

third of the fruit should develop symptoms of stem end rot by

the time they are fully ripe.

Disease/ Pest of Mango : Diplodia stem –

end rot

Causal Organism : Diplodia natalensis

Symptom:

Epicarp darkens around the base - pedicel.

Circular, black patch which under humid atmosphere.

Soft rot –aid of pectinolytic & cellulolytic enzymes.

More portions of fruit turns black and soften.

Lose ascorbic acid & non- reducing sugars rapidly

Mode of spread and survival:

The fungus persists in infected plant parts which serve as source of

inoculum

Epidemiology:

RH – 80%, max.& min.temp. of 31.5 and 25.90C

Black mould rot: Aspergillus niger

Symptom:

Yellowing of base – development of irregular, hazy, greyish

spots.

Mesocarp of the rotted area becomes depressed – soft.

The fruit surface – covered – blackish fungal growth.

Decrease in ascorbic acid.

Notes

1. Sodium hypochlorite (liquid)

Most preparations contain from

5% to 12.5% available chlorine.

For a 5% commercial solution,

add 4 mL/L.

For a 12.5% commercial solution

add 1.6 mL/L.

2. Calcium hypochlorite (powder)

Contains approximately 30% active chlorine

First make a stock solution by adding 330 g of powder/L, then

store in a cool, dark place.

Add 2 mL stock solution/L

3. Monitoring the chlorine level

Add 5 mL of wash solution to one litre of water, which should

give a solution of 1 ppm available chlorine.

Use a swimming pool test kit to check the concentration.


Brown spot: Pestalotia mangiferae

Symptoms:

The affected area of fruits becomes olivaceous-black and

shrinks.

Black dots appear at the centre of the spots represent the

acervuli.

On matured green fruits, small brown spots appear with

greyish white centre which later turn to bigger lesions with

large number of acervuli seen as black dots.

Epidemiology:

Temp. between 20 and 250 C.

Mycelial growth with sporulation takes place at pH 5.5 to

6.0.

Wounding leads to more disease incidence.

Black soft rot: Phomopsis mangiferae

Symptom:

Discrete and discoloured areas all over.

Turn dark brown – black at maturity.

Black fruit in bodies appear on the spots.

Spread

Soil-borne

Conidia transmitted by wind & rain water

Bacterial rot :Pseudomonas mangiferae-

indicae

Symptom:

Water-soaked lesions develop – turn dark brown to black.

The spots become black as the disease advances, which

are usually haloes.

In severe cases these spots form in groups and become

necrotic.

Cracks in the skin – badly affected ones drop prematurely.

Mode of spread & survival:

Bacterium enters the leaf through stomata and lenticels in

fruit.

When fruits are found in bunches disease spreads when they

contact each other

Management of other post-harvest

diseases

A few other fungi (Aspergillus

niger, Mucor spp. etc) occasionally cause

losses in fruit during storage. They cause

rots on the sides or at the stem end of fruit.

Rough harvesting and handling can

encourage these diseases. Hot

carbendazim (Spin Flo) used for

anthracnose control, careful handling and

observance of hygiene measures will help

control these problems.

Export requirements

Choose fruit from orchards with low disease levels. Fruit from

orchards with a history of stem end rot or other diseases should not

be exported.

Where carbendazim and prochloraz are not acceptable to the

importing country, export is not recommended unless fruit are

treated with a combination of hot water and vapour heat. Vapour

heat treatment was developed for export markets which require

quarantine security against fruit fly but do not accept chemical

disinfestation treatments such as ethylene dibromide. Vapour heat

treatment will control anthracnose during short term storage, but

will not give adequate control of stem end rot. Dipping fruit in hot

water at 48-52°C for 5 minutes, 24 hours prior to vapour heat

treatment will improve stem end rot control. Sanitation of packing equipment

Sanitisers should be used after equipment

has been cleaned. Steam cleaners or

high-pressure hot water applicators are

very effective. Otherwise, use a hose and

household detergent. If possible, use

chlorinated town water.

Spray packing equipment with a sanitising

agent such as:

(a) Chlorine solution : Use a solution containing 200 ppm (0.02%)

available chlorine.

(b) Quarternary ammonium compounds (e.g. applied 3.300*) :

Use 2 mL/L water. This product has a residual effect. Apply

only to clean surfaces. Avoid inhalation.

(c) Formalin :Use 20 to 50 mLs of formalin/L water. This is a

potent product which is unpleasant to use and should not

be inhaled. In confined spaces, a full face mask with the

correct canister is recommended. Wear protective clothing

Warning : Chlorine may corrode steel and some rubber compounds if used continuously, but 2 or 3 sprays a week

should not cause problems. Avoid inhalation.


Mango stem borer,

(Batocera rufomaculata )

Identification of pest

Grub - Linear, fleshy, apodous

Adult - Grayish beetle with two pink

dots and lateral spine

Symptoms of damage

Grub tunnels in the sapwood on the trunk or branches

Grub bore into the sap wood and macking irregular tunnels.

Feeding the vascular tissues

interruption of nutrient and water transport on the tissue

Drying of terminal shoot in early stage

Frass comes out from several points and some times sap oozes out

of the holes

Wilting of branches or entire tree

Management

Remove and destroy dead and severely affected branches of the

tree

Remove alternate host, silk cotton and other hosts

Grow tolerant mango varieties viz., Neelam, Humayudin.

Swab Coal tar + Kerosene @ 1:2 or Carbaryl 50 WP 20 g / l (basal

portion of the trunk - 3 feet height) after scraping the loose bark to

prevent oviposition by adult beetles.

Padding with monocrotophos 36 WSC 10 ml in 2.5 cm /tree soaked

in absorbent cotton.

If infestations are severe then apply the copper oxychloride paste

on the trunk of the tree.

Hook out the grub from the bore hole - apply monocrotophos 36

WSC 10 to 20 ml/ hole

One celphos tablet (3 g aluminum phosphide) per hole

Apply carbofuran 3G 5 g per hole and plug with mud.

Bark borer, Indarbela tetraonis


Larva - Stout and dirty

brown in colour

Adult

Stout yellowish –brown

moth with brown wavy

markings on the forewings

Hind wings is white colour.

Males are smaller than the

females

Symptoms of damage

Young trees may succumb to the attack.

Caterpillars bore into the trunk or junction of branches

Caterpillars remain hidden in the tunnel during day time and come

out at night, feed on the bark.

Presence of gallery made out of silk and frass

Management

Remove and destroy dead and severely affected branches of the

tree

Remove alternate host, silk cotton and other hosts

Grow tolerant mango varieties viz., Neelam, Humayudin.

Swab Coal tar + Kerosene @ 1:2 or Carbaryl 50 WP 20 g / l (basal

portion of the trunk - 3 feet height)

after scraping the loose bark to prevent oviposition by adult beetles.

Padding with monocrotophos 36 WSC 10 ml in 2.5 cm /tree soaked

in absorbent cotton.

If infestations are severe then apply the copper oxychloride paste

on the trunk of the tree.

Hook out the grub from the bore hole - apply monocrotophos 36

WSC 10 to 20 ml/ hole

One celphos tablet (3 g aluminum phosphide) per hole

Apply carbofuran 3G 5 g per hole and plug with mud. Shoot borer, Clumetia transversa

Identification of pest:

Larva - Caterpillar is dark

pink with dark brown

prothroacic shield.

Adult - Adult is greyish moth with

grey wings having wavy lines.

Symptoms of damage

Terminal shoots show tunnel from top to down wards.

Stunting of seedlings with terminal bunchy appearance.

Management

Field sanitation

Collect and destroy the infested plant parts

Summer ploughing to expose the pupae

Spray carbaryl 50WP 0.1%.


Mango hoppers, Idioscopus niveoparsus,

Idioscopus clypealis, Amirtodus atkinsoni


Nymph - Nymphs pale yellow, very active and

hide in lower shoots or in cracks in the barks.

The insect appears in February when mango

trees come to flowering.

Adult

a. Idioscopus niveoparsus; Adults: dark with

wavy lines on wings and three spots on

scutellum.

b. I. clypealis; Adults: small, light brown with dark

spots on the vertex and two spots on scutellum.

c. Amirtodus atkinsoni; Adults: large, light brown

with two spots on scutellum

Symptoms of damage

Nymphs and adults suck the sap of inflorescence

Withering

Shedding of flower buds and flowers

Presence of honey dew secrecation on lower leaves

and development of sooty mould.

Clicking sound - movement of jassids amidst leaves.

Hoppers provide shelter in the cracks and crevices

of the barks on the tree

MANAGEMENT

Avoid close planting, as the incidence very severe in

overcrowded orchards.

Orchards must be kept clean by ploughing and

removal of weeds.

Spray two rounds of acephate 75 SP@ 1g/lit or

phosalone 35 EC@ 1.5 ml/li

OR

Spray two rounds of imidacloprid 0.2ml/lit or

phosphamidon 40SL 2 ml/lit of water.

First spray at the time of panicle emergence ,

second spray two weeks after first spray.

Wettable sulphur @ 2 g/lit may be sprayed after

spraying carbaryl to avoid mite resurgence.

The mixture toxaphene with sulphur (1:1) have been

reported to be effective against pest.

Neem oil 5 ml/lit of water can be mixed with any

insecticides

Spray 3 per cent neem oil or neem seed kernel

powder extract 5 per cent

Inflorescence midge


Larva - A maggot light yellowish colour

and moults three times.

Adult

a. Dasineura amaramanjarae: Orange red

b. Erosomyia indica: Yellowish fly

c. Procystiphora mangiferae: Light orange fly

Symptoms of damage

Maggots attack the inflorescence stalk, flowers and

small developing fruits

Maggot bore into the bud and feeds on inner

content

Buds fail to open and drop down

Management

Remove and destroy affected flowers and tender

shoots

Spray dimethoate 30 EC @ 0.06%, methyl demeton

25 EC @0.05%

Aphid, Toxoptera odinae Symptoms of damage

Reddish brown aphids suck the sap from leaves,

petiole and fruits

Shedding of flowers.

Management

Collect and destroy the damaged plant parts along

with nymphs and adults

Dimethoate 30 EC or methyldemeton 25 EC 1 ml/l

Release coccinelid predators

Flower webber, Eublemma versicolor


Larva - Greenish yellow with light brown head.

Adult - Moth has purplish pink or light orange

wings.

Symptoms of damage

Webbing of flowers and bore holes in inflorescence stalk.

Management

Spray phosalone 35 EC 2ml/lit for effective control

Loopers, Thalassodes quadraria, Chloroclystis sp


a. Thalassodes quadraria: Grey greenish looper,

Adult: green with angular wings

b. Chloroclystis sp: Brownish looper : Adult:

Greyish moth with wavy lines

Symptoms of damage : Webbed inflorescence and

subsequent drying of inflorescence.

Management

Collect and destroy the damaged leaves

Use light trap 1/ha to attract and kill the adults

Spray malathion 50 EC 2ml/lit


Bud mite, Aceria mangiferae Symptoms of damage

Malformed leaves

Buds giving bunchy top appearance

Leading to bud necrosis. Normally occurs during

summer.

Management

Dicofol 18.5 EC 2.5ml/lit or wettable sulphur 50WP 2 g

/lit

Fruit fly, Bactrocera (Dacus) dorsalis

Maggots of fruit fly dropping out of mango fruit

Mango Fruit fly

Maggots


Larva - Yellowish apodous maggots.

Adult - Light brown with transparent wing

Symptoms of damage

Maggot bore into semi-ripen fruits with decayed

spots and dropping of fruits.

Oozing of fluid

Brownish rotten patches on fruits.

Management

Collect fallen infested fruits and dispose them by

dumping in a pit

Provide summer ploughing to expose the pupa

Monitor the activity of flies with methyl eugenol sex

lure traps.

Bait spray - combing any one of the insecticides and

molasses or jaggery 10 g/l,

fenthion 100EC 1ml/l,

malathion 50EC 2 ml/l,

dimethoate 30 EC 1 ml/l,

carbaryl 50 WP 4 g/l. two rounds at 2 weeks

interval before ripening of fruits.

Prepare bait with methyl eugenol 1% solution mixed

with malathion 0.1%.

Take 10 ml of this mixture per trap and keep them in

25 different places in one hectare

Spray fenthion 100 EC 2 ml/ lit or malathion 50 EC

2ml/lit.

Biological control

Field release of natural enemies Opius

compensates and Spalangia philippines

Mango nut weevil, Sternochaetus mangiferae

Symtom Grub

Grub on mango Adult on Mango

Symptoms of damage

Grub makes zigzag tunnels in pulp

Eats unripe tissue and bore into cotyledons

Fruit dropping at marble stage

oviposition injuries on marble sized fruits.

Tunnelled cotyledons in mature fruit by grubs.


Grub - A full grown grub is legless, fleshly and yellow

with dark head.

Dark weevils after emergence remain inactive,

hidden in the cracks and crevices on the trunk

Adult - Adult is dark brown with a short snout.

Management

Collect and destroy the fallen fruits

Spray application of fenthion 100EC 1ml/l; (first at

marble stage of the fruit second at 15 days interval).

During non flowering season direct spray towards the

base of the trunk


Shoot webber: Orthaga exvinacea

Tip dry Inflorescence

entangled

Nest of dried

leaves


Larva - Pale greenish with brown head and

prothroacic shield.

Adult - Brown moth with wavy lines on fore wings.

Symptoms of damage

Caterpillar webbing of terminal leaves and scrapes

the chlorophyll content

Drying up plants.

Management

Remove and destroy the webbed leaves along with

larva and pupa

Spray carbaryl at 50 WP @ 0.1%

Encourage the activity of predators, carabid

beetle Parena lacticincta, reduvid Oecama sp

Leaf gall midges Amradiplosis amraemyia ; A.

brunneigallicola ; A. viridigallicola, ; Alassomyia

tennuspatha


Maggots – are yellowish

Adult - Tiny mosquito like.

Symptoms of damage

Presence of galls on leaves.

Management

Spray dimethoate 30 EC or methyldemeton 25 EC

@ 2ml/lit.

Leaf twisting weevil, Apoderus tranquebaricus


Grub: yellowish

Adult: Reddish brown weevil with long snout

Symptoms of damage

Twisting, rolling and drying of terminal leaves.

Management

Spray monocrotophos 36WSC 1.5 ml.

Hairy caterpillars, Euproctis fraterna , Prothesia

scintillans

Identification of the pest

Euproctis fraterna

Larva - yellowish with brown head,

yellowish stripe with central red line

black hairs dorsally on first three segments

Adult - yellowish moth with black spots.

Prothesia scintillans

Larva - Reddish with red head surrounded

by whitish hairs

Adult - yellowish moth with transverse line

on the fore wings.

Symptoms of damage

Defoliation.

Management

Collect and destroy egg masses and caterpillars

Use burning torch to kill the congregating larvae

Use light trap to attract and kill the adults

Spray chlorpyriphos 20 EC or quinalphos 25 EC

2ml/lit

Scales,

a. Chionaspis vitis- White elongate hard scale

b. Chloropulvinaria psidii- Females with white

ovisac

Symptoms of damage

Both nymphs and adults desap the leaves cause

yellowing.


Adult - White, elongate, hard scale

Management

Pruning of infested branches and burning

Dimethoate or phosphomidon are effective

Red ant, Oecophylla smaradina

Symptoms of damage

Webbed of leaves with ants forming nests.


Reddish ant, queen – olive green in colour

Management

Nests should be removed and destroyed

mechanically or by spraying any of the contact

insecticides

Monocrotophos 2ml/lit or DDPV 100EC 1ml/lit


Gaint mealybug, Drosicha mangiferae

Infestation on fruit


Pinkish nymph

Symptoms of damage

Drying of leaves and inflorescence

Presence of pinkish nymphs and adult mealy bugs on fruit

and fruit stalk.

Management

Remove weeds like Clerodendrum inflortunatum and

grasses by ploughing during June-July.

Band the trees with 20 cm wide alkalthene of polythene

(400 gauge) in the middle of December

(50 cm above the ground level and just below the junction of

branching).

Stem with jute thread and apply a little mud of fruit tree

grease on the lower edge of the band.

If necessary apply methyl parathion1ml/lit, chlopyriphos

20EC 2.5 ml/l

Release of Australian ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus

montrouzieri @ 10/tree

Deficiency Symptoms – Nitrogen

Symptom :

Yellow undersized leaves, severe retardation of growth, twigs

become yellow in color. Fruits smaller and mature early. Leaves

small with general yellowing

Correction Measures :

Application of recommended nitrogenous fertilizers (80 kg N/ha)

or foliar application of Urea 2-4% at fortnightly intervals.

Deficiency Symptoms – Phosphorous

Deficiency Symptoms

Retarded growth premature dropping of older leaves partial die-

back from the tip small green younger leaves are borne at the tips

of the branches. Some branches show die back. Leaf tip necrosis

and premature abscission of leaves.

Correction Measure

Soil application of single super phosphate or foliar application of

ortho phosphoric acid 0.5 %thrice.

Potassium : Deficiency Symptoms

Deficiency Symptoms

Darkening of leaves, reduced growth and vigour. Appearance of

white, yellow or orange chlorotic spots in older leaves and

distributed irregularly over both under and upper leaf surfaces.

Necrotic areas develop along the leaf margins. Poor growth of

roots. Die back with tip burn with small leaves.

Correction Measure

Foliar spray of KCl 2% at fortnightly intervals.

Calcium : Deficiency Symptoms

Deficiency Symptoms

Abnormal growth of young leaves and growing points resembling

boron deficiency severe deficiency leads to death of the bud.

Correction Measure

Application of gypsum at 50 kg/ha.

Sulphur : Deficiency Symptoms

Deficiency Symptoms

Symptoms first appear on young leaves with fading of green

colour. Growth is stunted. Leaf tip remains green and with severe

deficiency the whole leaf turns yellow.

Correction Measure

Soil application of sulphur fertilizer


Boron : Deficiency Symptoms

Deficiency Symptoms

Deficiency is common in high rain fall areas, high temperature,

soil acidity and calcareous soils. Fruits become brown in colour.

Flesh may become soft and watery which cracks down to the

centre.

Correction Measure

Application of 5-10 kg Borax / ha a foliar spray of 0.25% Borax at

10 days interval or solubor at 300 gm/ 100litres of water.

Copper : Deficiency Symptoms

Deficiency Symptoms

Shoots produced on long drooping S-shaped branches of

previous growth are weak lose foliage and die back.

Correction Measure

Foliar spray of Copper oxy chloride 0.2% at fortnightly intervals.

Magnesium : Deficiency Symptoms

Deficiency Symptoms

Reduction in growth premature defoliation yellowish brown

chlorosis featured by a green wedge down the central part of the

leaf bronzing starting from the edge of the leaf rounded margin

between each pair of lateral veins.

Correction Measure

Soil application of MgSO4 5-10 kg/ha a foliar spray of MgSO4 2%

at fortnightly intervals.

Iron : Deficiency Symptoms

Deficiency Symptoms

Symptoms are first seen in the youngest leaves. Initially the

smallest veins remain green, which produces a reticulate pattern

of green veins on yellow leaves. The leaves eventually turn

completely chlorotic but there is no associated necrosis.

Correction Measure

Soil application of FeSO4 fertilizer

Manganese : Deficiency Symptoms

Deficiency Symptoms

Deficiency appears on the middle of the plant. Interveinal

chlorosis of leaves. Reduced growth leaf symptoms appear very

late leaves show a yellowish green background with a fine

network of green veins on the upper surface and disappearing

after a few weeks mature leaves thicker and blunted. Specks of

light grey to grayish brown colour appear under mid deficiency.

Correction Measure

Foliar application of MnSO4 0.2% at fortnightly intervals.

Soluble polymers & surfaxtans 90% w/w, other ingredients: 10%

w/w.

mango crop protection

Technology

dip fruit

infection fruit

fruit damage

disease control

prewashing fruit

dipping temperatures

mango sap

bacterial black spot