Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny and a and a

Changing Changing SocietySociety

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny• Began in the 1600’s with the

Puritan belief that it was God’s plan that this new land be claimed by His “chosen people.”

• In the 1800’s it became the popular idea that Europeans were destined to inhabit the entire continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

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Sunrise over the AtlanticSunrise over the Atlantic

Sunset over the PacificSunset over the Pacific

And so we did . . .And so we did . . .

Here’s how . . .

The Louisiana The Louisiana PurchasePurchase

• 1800 – Napoleon Bonaparte of France took the Louisiana territory from Spain, but he needed money to continue his war in Europe.

• 1803 – President Jefferson wanted to buy New Orleans, a port important to American farmers, instead Napoleon offered him all the land west of the Mississippi for $15 million.

• Doubled the size of the US.

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NapoleonBonaparte

Emperor of France

Signing of the Treaty

James Monroe & Napoleon

Treaty of

Cession1803

The U.S. doubles its territory

Present day states included

in the Louisiana Purchase

Lewis & Clark• Congress financed an expedition to explore the

area included in the Louisiana Purchase.

• Their expedition set out in 1804 & returned in 1806, & reached all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

• They were accompanied by a crew of men and later an Indian interpreter, Sacagawea

War of 1812 - When Indians increased their attacks against

settlers moving to their lands, most Americans believed that the British were encouraging & arming them.

- In 1814, 4,000 British troops marched to Washington D.C. & started fires that consumed the city & even gutted the White House as Madison and his wife fled.

- On Dec. 24, 1814, both sides realized war wasn’t what they wanted & so signed the Treaty of Ghent, ending the war.

War of 1812• Before news of the treaty reached the armies,

the British tried to capture New Orleans. • General Andrew Jackson defended the city,

racking up more than 2,000 British casualties , while the American casualties were fewer than two dozen.

• The battle allowed Americans to end the war on a positive note.

• The battle also made Jackson a war hero, possibly winning him the presidency in 1829.

War of 1812

Missouri Compromise 1820• Congress began to debate the admission

of Missouri as a slave state.

• Congress from the North were worried that another slave state would increase the power of the South in the Senate. So they reached a compromise.

• Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, and Maine (Mass. territory), would be admitted as a non-slave state.

Missouri Compromise 1820

FloridaFlorida•1763 - The colonies of West

and East Florida were ceded to Britain at the end of the French and Indian War.

•1781 - Spain recaptured Florida (during the Revolutionary War).

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Spanish Floridas, 1800Spanish Floridas, 1800

• 1818 – General Andrew Jackson was sent to stop Seminole Indian attacks across the northern border into Georgia .

• 1821 - Forced Spain to give up its claim to Florida.

FloridaFlorida

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TexasTexas•1836 - Texas wins.

independence from Mexico.•Texas becomes an

independent republic.•1845 - Annexed by the U.S.•Causes war with Mexico.

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The Republi

c of Texas

1836

The State

of Texas

1845

Mexican CessionMexican Cession•1846 - U.S. wins the Mexican War.

•Mexico cedes 525,000 square miles of land in present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, California, and Nevada. 5

Territory gained in the Mexican Cession

Oregon TerritoryOregon Territory• 1700’s - Both Great Britain and the

U.S. had claimed Oregon.• 1818 – Both nations agreed to

occupy the land together.• 1846 – Oregon Treaty - so many

American settlers had moved there that Britain gave up the land south of the 49th parallel (line of latitude).

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Oregon TerritoryOregon Territory

California Gold RushCalifornia Gold Rush• 1849 – Gold discovered in California.• Population booms from 15,000 to

over 100,000 by late 1849.• Gives CA enough residents to

become a state.• San Francisco becomes a major

financial and market center on the west coast.

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Crowds of miners along the Crowds of miners along the American River, 1851American River, 1851

Advertisement for Advertisement for ship’s passageship’s passage

Miner panning for gold

Gold seekers traveled west on Gold seekers traveled west on the the Oregon Trail Oregon Trail then south then south along the along the California Trail - California Trail - a a

2000 mile trek2000 mile trek

Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase•1853•Small area of flat land south of

Arizona purchased from Mexico.

•Needed for the building of the railroad west.

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Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase

The The Native American Native American

Problem Problem

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson Hero of the Battle

of New Orleans during the War of 1812.

Elected in 1828 as 7th President of U.S.

Introduced the “Spoils System” in American politics.

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Indian Removal ActIndian Removal ActIn 1830, Jackson encouraged

Congress to pass this act so white farmers could claim the fertile lands of the South.

Jackson forcibly relocated about 100,000 members of 5 tribes.

They lost 100 million acres of rich Southern land and were given 32 million acres of dry prairie land in Oklahoma. 10

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears• In 1832 the Cherokees sued the

state of Georgia for the right to remain in their homeland.

•The Supreme Court ruled in their favor.

•Georgia ignored the ruling and President Jackson agreed.

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Trail of TearsTrail of Tears In 1838, the U.S. Army rounded

up over 15,000 Cherokee men, women, and children and forced them to march westward on foot.

The journey took 116 days. ¼ of them died. Over 4,000. They called it the “Trail of

Tears.”11

The Trail of TearsThe Trail of Tears

Indian RemovalIndian Removal

American

Progress

1872 painting by John Gast

Important Important Political & Political &

Social Social IssuesIssues

Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis 1832 - Northern congressmen increased

the tariff on imported goods to discourage foreign trade & encourage U.S. products.

The tariff made imported items more expensive than American-made items.

The tariff benefited the industrial North, but forced the south to pay higher prices for manufactured goods.

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South Carolina refused to pay the tariff and declared the law to be null. (nullify means to reject)

States’ Rights – the right to nullify any law that was unfair to one region of the country.

Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis

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President Jackson threatened to send in the military.

South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union.

Jackson proposed a lower tariff.

Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis

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Reform Reform MovementsMovements

•Reform - to form again; to change.

•Attempts to bring about certain changes for the improvement of society.

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Temperance Temperance MovementMovement

Often led by women or religious groups.

Encouraged people to control their consumption of alcohol.

Drunkenness caused most social evils, such as violence, poverty, family abandonment .

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A woman and her innocent children

campaigning for

temperance

Temperance Literature

People were encouraged to sign a promise to abstain from

alcohol

The Columbian Magazine published

this “moral thermometer

” based on the alcoholic

content of beverages

ProhibitionProhibition A movement to make

alcohol illegal. Some states passed laws

banning alcohol, but these were soon repealed.

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SuffrageSuffrageThe right to vote.Only white male property owners had the right to vote.

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton

& Lucretia Mott& Lucretia Mott Crusaders for women’s suffrage. Organized the first women’s

rights convention in American history. (Seneca Falls)

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Elizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton

Seneca Falls Seneca Falls ConventionConvention

1848 meeting in Seneca Falls, N.Y.

Attended by 300 women and men. Issued a “Declaration of

Sentiments.” by Protested the lack of political

and legal rights for women, including suffrage.

The convention was criticized by the public. 18

AbolitionistsAbolitionists

Reformers who wanted to abolish slavery.

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William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd GarrisonRadical white abolitionistPublished The Liberator, an

antislavery newspaper in Boston.

Founded the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833.

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• William Lloyd Garrison

• Publisher of The Liberator

The Liberator,

William Lloyd Garrison, publisher

Boston, Massachusetts

1831

Frederick DouglassFrederick DouglassBorn into slavery and escaped

to the North.Published abolitionist

newspaper, The North Star.Gave powerful speeches in the

United States and Great Britain.

Wrote autobiography which sold thousands of copies.

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Frederick Frederick DouglassDouglass

Underground Underground RailroadRailroad

A network of secret escape routes that led runaway slaves from the South to freedom in the North.

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Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman•Called “the Black Moses.”•Escaped slave who was a major

“conductor” on the Underground Railroad.

•Made over 30 trips helping over 300 slaves reach freedom.

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Harriet Tubman“Black Moses”

Tubman Rescued Slaves

Harriet Beecher Harriet Beecher StoweStowe

Wrote a novel in 1852 called Uncle Tom’s Cabin which told of the horrors of slavery.

Abe Lincoln later called her “the little woman who started this great war.” (The Civil War)

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Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850 California entered the Union as a

free state. New Mexico and Utah territories

would decide for themselves whether to be free or slave.

Fugitive Slave Act would require free states to help return slaves who had escaped to the North.

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Kansas-Nebraska Kansas-Nebraska ActAct

1854 law which created the new territories of Kansas and Nebraska.

Allowed these territories to decide for themselves whether to be free or slave.

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““Bleeding KansasBleeding Kansas”” Over 1,000 New Englanders were

sent to Kansas to fight against slavery.

Many Southerners crossed into Kansas to vote illegally for slavery.

By 1855 Kansas had two capitals. Topeka: (Anti-slavery, & Lecompton: pro-slavery.)

Many died in violent raids between pro and anti slavery groups.

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““Bleeding Kansas”Bleeding Kansas”

Dred ScottDred ScottA slave living in Missouri.Filed suit against his owner.Claimed he should be free

because he and his wife had once lived in a free territory.

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Dred Dred ScottScott

Supreme Court Justices in the Dred Scott Case

Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott Decision•1857 Supreme Court ruled

that Scott had no right to sue in

court because he was a slave and therefore not a citizen.

Congress did not have the power to ban slavery in states or territories because slaves were private property.

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John Brown

John Brown’s RaidJohn Brown’s Raid White abolitionist from

Kansas. 1859 - Led an attack on the

federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia .

Intended to give guns to slaves for an armed rebellion.

Convicted of treason and hanged. 30

On his way to the

gallows to be hung,

John Brown stops to

kiss a black child