manipulation of the magnetization of perpendicular magnetized rare-earth-transition ... ·...
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Manipulation of the magnetization of Perpendicular magnetized
Rare-earth-transition metal alloys using polarized light
S. Mangin
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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7th Framework Program for Research
IEF : Intra-European Fellowships
IOF : International Outgoing Fellowships
IIF : International Incoming Fellowships
IIF
IOF
IEF
Optical Probe and Manipulation of Magnetization at the nanometer scale
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Nancy
Nancy
Nancy (France)
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Born from 5 laboratories merging : 400 peoples Nano-science Surface science Nuclear Fusion Metallurgy
Jan 2015 : New common building
Institut Jean Lamour
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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http://www.lpm.u-nancy.fr/nanomag/
2 technicians, 2 CNRS researcher, 7 faculty members, 6 Ph.D & Post-Doc
…
Nanomagnetism /Spintronic
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Magnetization & Spin manipulation
Magnetic Field Polarized Current
Light
Heat
Electric Field Strain
H
E
e-
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Outlines
• Introduction • All optical switching • Our goals
• All optical switching for TbCo • Influence of composition • Influence of thickness
• Devices • How to record magnetization switching in TbCo
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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All optical switching
20 nm thick Gd22Fe74.6Co3.4
40 fs pulses, 1 kHz repetition
C.D. Stanciu et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 047601 (2007) Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Light induced magnetization reversal
All-optical switching with circularly polarized light
Stanciu et al., PRL 99, 047601 (2007)
(40 fs single pulses)
GdFeCo
All-optical writing works without any applied external magnetic field All-optical writing event depends on combination magnetization and laser helicity All-optical switching only works above a certain fluence threshold
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What is (are) the mechanism(s) ?
Light
Magnetic field created by a laser beam
Heat transfer by the laser
Angular momentum transfer by the laser
Still under discussion
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Magnetic field
Could reach several Tesla ?
Short field pulse
From LLG equation 100 ps field pulse is needed LLB ?
Sign depends on polarization
-1.0-0.50.0
0.51.0
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
-1.0-0.50.00.51.0
mz
m ymx
HIFE ~ 0.52kOe J.M. Li et al J. Appl.Phys. 111, 07D506 (2012)
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Heat
Radu et al., Nature 472, 205 (2011)
Ferrimagnetic material is needed
Will depend on pulse length
Doesn’t depends on polarization
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Angular Momentum transfer
Sign depends on polarization
Light transfers little angular momentum
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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What are the Interactions / Time scales
Field switching
Spin Transfer
Slow
Fast
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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What are the important parameters ?
20 nm thick Gd22Fe74.6Co3.4 40 fs pulse 1 kHz repetition
Polarization ?
Pulse length ?
Fluence ?
Repetiton ?
Laser
Thickness ?
Rare earth – Transition metal ?
Ferrimagnetic ?
Composition ? Material
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Why RE-TM alloys ?
ferrimagnetic RE-TM alloy
rare earth transition metal alloy (Gd, Tb) (Fe, Co ,Ni) (GdFeCo)
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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The materials : Ferrimagnetic alloys
M
MTb
MCo
TbXCo1-X
MRE= gRE (γ ) ARE
M
MTb M
MCo MCo
MTb
MTM= gTM (γ ) ATM
gRE = gTM
Angular Momentum Compensation at TA
Magnetization Compensation at TM Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Can we use it ?
Phys Rev B 86, 140404(R) (2012)
Magnetic data storage, Magnetic Memories , Magnetic Logic ?
Low energy 10 fj to switch 20 nm x 20 nm
Fast Magnetizations reversal in 100 fs
High density ?
High Perpendicular Magnetic anisotropy
Detectable ?
Can a current “read” Magnetization orientation
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Our Goal
Demonstrate AOS for other materials
Tune parameters
Better understanding
Find material compatible with application requirement
Build devices
Magnetization
Thickness
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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All-optical switching in TbCo AG Aeschlimann: circular polarized LASER beam, spot size: 20 µm
∼1 mm
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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AOS – TbCo vs GdCo
Tb0.26Co0.74 Ferrimagnetic HC = 6 000 Oe HK = 6 T Close to compensation
t= 20 nm 400 fs and 10ps All-optical switching for a high anisotropy material ( ~ 4x106 ergs/cm3)
Gd22Fe74.6Co3.4 Ferrimagnetic HC = 400 Oe Low HK Close to compensation t= 20 nm 50 fs
= =
=
=
=
=
=
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Amorphous structure of Co1-xTbx alloys
Co1-xTbx (t nm)
Cu(2nm) /Pt(2nm) capping
substrate + Ta(5nm) buffer
25 nm
25 nm 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
0
50
100
150
dTb-Tb=3.52 Å
dCo-Tb=3.01 Å
dCo-Co=2.50 Å
I [a.
u.]
1/d [1/Å]
dC-C = 1.54 Å
Co74Tb26
Au
è Co1-xTbx amorphous for 12% ≤ x ≤ 26%
Transmission electron microscopy:
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Perpendicular anisotropy
-6 -3 0 3 6-400
-200
0
200
400
M [k
A/m
]µ0H [T]
x =16% x =23%
-1 0 1-400
-200
0
200
400 x=16% x=23%
M [k
A/m
]
µ0H [T]
H
H
è Co1-xTbx has PMA for 8% ≤ x ≤ 34% Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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0.72 0.76 0.80 0.84 0.880
200
400
600 MS
M [k
A/m
]
T = 300 K
1-x
Tunable magnetization
0 50 100 150 200 250 3000
50
100
150
200
250
x = 20 %
M [k
A/m
]T [K] Tcomp= 280 K
è 0 ≤ M (x,T) ≤ 600 kA/m
m m │m│ = │mTb-mCo│ Tb
Tb
Co
Co
Tb
Co m
Co
Co
Tb Tb
m
m
m Tb
Co
M. Gottwald, et al J. Appl. Phys 111 083904 (2012)
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Tunable Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy
50 100 150 200 250 300
x = 12 x = 16 x = 20 x = 23 x = 26
T [K]0.72 0.76 0.80 0.84 0.88
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
K [M
J/m
3 ]
1-x [at.%]
Ku Keff
T = 300 K
è Origin of PMA unclear è 50 kJ/m3 ≤ K (x,T) ≤ 1600 kJ/m3
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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15 20 25 300
300
600only
thermal effects
only thermal effects
TcompTCurie
T [K
]
xTb,vol[%]
all-optical
Composition influence on AOS
m Tb
Co
m Tb
Co
AOS observed close to compensation
Conclusion
AOS observed above compensation Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Understanding
At TA any torque is very efficient
Magnetic field created by a laser beam
Heat transfer by the laser
Angular momentum transfer by the laser
Not efficient
Bring the sample to TA
Switching at TA
Stanciu et al, Phys. Rev. B 73, 220402 (2006) Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Influence of the composition
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Influence of concentration and pulse duration
S. Alebrand et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 162408 (2012) Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Thickness dependence
Competition between:
Heat transfer
Angular momentum transfer
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Model
Magnetic field created by a laser beam
Heat transfer by the laser
Angular momentum transfer by the laser
+
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Data Storage
Memories
Logic Read Data
Applications
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Transport measurements to Read
( )2
21
21⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
⋅
⋅⋅=Δ
MMMMGMRMR
Anisotropic Magnetoresistance (AMR)
Extraordinary Hall Effect (EHE)
Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR)
M V+
V-
M2
M1 I
I
M
I θ
ΔR(M) = (R║ - R┴)cos2(θ)
( ) ( )IMeMIRMR z
EHE
⋅
⋅×⋅=Δ
è M ║ I
è M ┴ plane
è θ(M1,M2) Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Transport properties of CoTb alloys
-0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8
0.0
0.3
0.6
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
ΔR/R
[10−
3 ]
µ0H [T]
ρ H/ρ
[%
]
I I
UH
UH
U U
800 µm
200 µm
MgO/Co88Tb12/MgO
-0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8
µ0H [T]
mH m
H m H
m m
H=0 H
èComplementary tools to observe magnetization reversal
1 2 3
1
1 2
2
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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Spin valves
-0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8-0.02
-0.01
0.00
-0.5
0.0
0.5
-1
0
1
GM
R [%
]
µ0H [T]
ρ H/ρ
[%]
m [a
.u.]
Co74Tb26
è Decoupled soft & hard layer
è EHE Sign positive for Co sublattices
è GMR sign : Co sublattices
è Small GMR (low polarization, short electron mean-free path?)
Co88Tb12 800 µm
200 µm
m Tb Co
m Tb Co 1 2 3
1
2 3
1
2 3
1
2
3
M. Gottwald et al Phys. Rev. B 85, 064403 (2012)
C. Bellouard et al Phys. Rev. B 53, 5082-5085 (1996)
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Conclusion
Demonstration of AOS for TbCo
Composition and thickness dependence
Model based on Heat + Angular momentum transfer
TbCo reversal may be probed using transport measurements
S. Alebrand et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 162408 (2012)
M. Gottwald et al Phys. Rev. B 85, 064403 (2012) M. Gottwald, et al J. Appl. Phys 111 083904 (2012)
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Acknowledgments
Martin Aeschlimann Sabine Alebrand
Matthias Gottwald Eric E. Fullerton
Michel Hehn
Daniel Steil Mirko Cinchetti
Daniel Lacour
Jan 31st 2013 IEEE – Magnetic Society
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International French-USA Workshop Toward Low Power Spintronic Devices
July 8th - 12th , 2013 La Jolla, California
http://nanomag.ucsd.edu/iwst/ Contact information: Iris Villanueva
e-mail: [email protected]
A. FERT (Nobel Prize 2007): CNRS/ Thales (France) * S.S.P. PARKIN : Stanford / IBM –Almaden (USA)* H. OHNO: Tohoku University (Japan) * B. DIENY: Spintec (France) *
J. Z. SUN: IBM-Yorktown Height (USA) * J. A. KATINE: HGST-WD- San Jose (USA)* I. SCHULLER : UC San Diego (USA) * A. THIAVILLE: University Paris Sud (France) *
K. LEE: Qualcomm- San Diego (USA)* D. RALPH: Cornell University (USA) * A. HOFFMANN: Argonne National Laboratory (USA)* Y. SUZUKI: Ozaka University (Japan) T.ONO, Kyoto University (Japan)* V. LOMAKIN: UC San Diego (USA)*
Y. OTANI: University of Tokyo and RIKEN (Japan) * L. PREJBEANU : Crocus (France) L.VILA: INAC-CEA (France) * D. APALKOV: Samsung Electronics - Grandis (USA) *
D.L STEIN: New York University (USA)* J.ÅKERMAN: University of Gothenburg (Sweden)* *confirmed speakers
Abstracts (see template online) must be submitted before March 1, 2013. Posters and oral presentations will be selected by the scientific committee and authors will be informed of the selection by April 1st.
Registration will be accepted until June 1st