NON-AQUEOUS

SOLUTIONSReporter: Dale Faith O. Dumalagan

Source:Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems

The term solutions are liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents.

Dosage forms are prepared by dissolving the active ingredients in an AQUEOUS or NONAQUEOUS solvents.

What are SOLUTIONS?

Classification of Solution Accoding to Vehicle

Aqueous

NONAQUEOUS

AQUEOUS

-These are homogenous

mixtures that are prepared by

dissolving a solid, liquid or gas in

an aqueous medium (vehicle).

Vehicle: Water, aromatic water,

or extracts.

NONAQUEOUS

- The solutions obtained by

dissolving a solute in any solvent

other than water (non aqueous

means without water).

Vehicle: benzene, alcohol, ether,

carbon, disulphide, carbon

tetrachloride, acetone, etc.,

Aqueous VS Nonaqueous

1. Douches

2. Enemas

3. Gargles

4. Mouthwashes

5. Nasal washes

6. Juices

7. Sprays

8. Otic solutions

9. Inhalations

1. Elixirs

2. Spirits

3. Collodions

4. Glycerins

5. Liniments

6. Oleo Vitamins

AQUEOUS NONAQUEOUS

Phamaceutical Solutions

Are clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hydro alcoholic liquids intended for oral use.

The main ingredients in elixirs are ethanol and water but glycerin, sorbitol, propylene glycol, flavoring agents, preservatives, and syrups are often used in the preparation of the final product.

They are used as flavors and vehicles e.g. Dexamethasone Elixir USP and Phenobarbital Elixir USP.

1. Elixirs

Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile

substances. The active ingredient may be gas, liquid or

solid.

Spirits may be used internally for their medicinal value,

by inhalation but is mostly used as flavouring agents

Spirits should be stored in tight, light-resistant

containers and in a cool place

Spirits are preparation of high alcoholic strength

2. Spirits

Are liquid preparations containing pyroxylin (nitrocellulose) in

a mixture of ethyl ether and ethanol.

They are applied to the skin by means of a soft brush or

other suitable applicator and, when the ether and ethanol

have evaporated, leave a film of pyroxylin on the surface.

The official medicated collodion, Salicylic Acid Collodion

USP, contains 10 % w/v of Salicylic Acid in Flexible Collodion

USP and is used as a keratolytic agent in the treatment of

corns and warts.

3. Collodions

Glycerins are solutions or mixtures of medicinal

substances in not less than 50% by weight of glycerin.

Glycerin is used as the sole solvent for the preparation

of Antipyrine and Benzocaine Otic Solution USP. As

noted under Otic Solutions, glycerin alone is used to

aid in the removal of cerumen.

Glycerins are hygroscopic and should be: stored in

tightly closed containers.

4. Glycerins/Glycerites

Are solutions or mixtures of various substances in oil,

alcoholic solutions of soaps, or emulsions.

They are intended for external application and should

be so labeled.

They are applied with rubbing to the affected area, the

oil or soap base providing for ease of application and

massage.

5. Liniments

Alcoholic liniments are used generally for their

rubefaciant and counterirritant effects. Such

liniments penetrate the skin more readily than do

those with an oil base.

The oily liniments are milder in their action and

may function solely as protective coatings.

Liniments should not be applied to skin that are

bruised or broken.

Oleo vitamins are fish liver oils diluted with edible

vegetable oil or solutions of the indicated vitamins

(usually vitamins A and D).

The indicated vitamins are unstable in the

presence of rancid oils and, therefore, those

preparations, should be stored in small, tight

containers, preferably under vacuum or under an

atmosphere of an inert gas, protected from light.

6. Oleo Vitamins