manual cge558 geology & drilling lab

8/17/2019 Manual CGE558 Geology & Drilling Lab

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Geology and Driling Laboratory

Reporting of Practical Work

1. Raw Data

Students must submit to the instructor/lecturer their raw data, graph or drawing at the end of

each experiment. Raw data should be a table containing all the measurements performed

according to instructions, written on an A4 paper. Particulars such as below should be

included:

Name of experiment

Name of present students in the group

Date experiment performed

A short comment is expected on whether the results substantiated the theory and factors

which contribute to discrepancies. A full report must be submitted within two weeks after

the completion of the experiment.

2. Full Report

The general order of the various sections of a full Iaboratory report is set out below:

Front cover

Table of content

Abstract / Summary

Introduction

Aims / Objectives

Theory

Procedures

Apparatus

Results

Sample Calculations

Sample of calculation of errors (if necessary)

Discussions

Conclusions

Recommendation

References

Appendices


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“Summary” but will be more detailed in that it will include the opinion reasoning of the

author about various aspects of the experiment. The limitation of the experiment must be

discussed and the accuracy of the results noted.

This section must show the significance of the experimental findings has been appreciated.

Recommended journals, textbooks or lecture notes will provide an aid to such an

understanding.

9. Conclusions

The analysis must be objective, keeping in mind experimental problems or deviations from

conditions reported in published work and making a conclusion, if possible, in the light of

this.

10. Recommendations

The recommendations could indicate how the experimental technique or apparatus should be

improved, considering what conclusions were arrived at and what consistency with

expected performance the experimental results showed. It is also wise to include the

observations that cause errors occurred during the experiment.

11. References

Reference provides the reader with sources of information that were used during the writing

of the experimental report. Thus reported data or formulae checked for validity etc.

Book and journal references must follow a standard format that includes the author, title,

journal, volume, pages, date and publisher.

12. Appendices

Appendices contain material that is not an integral part of the report or cannot be included

conveniently in the body of the report.

These should include material such as supporting information, mathematical derivations,

answers to question included on the typed experimental sheet or similar material that would

overload the body of the report without contributing significantly to the immediate line of

thought.


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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

GEOLOGY AND DRILLING LABORATORY

(CGE 558)

NAME :

STUDENT NO :

EXPERIMENT :

DATE PERFORMED :

SEMESTER :

PROGRAMME/ CODE :

GROUP :

No Title Allocated Marks % Marks

1 Abstract/ Summary 5

2 Introduction 5

3 Aims/ Objectives 5

4 Theory 5

5 Apparatus 5

6 Procedure 10

7 Result 10

8 Calculations 10

9 Discussion 2010 Conclusions 10

11 Recommendations 5

12 References 5

13 Appendices 5

TOTAL 100

Remarks:

Checked by:


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LABORATORY SAFETY AND REGULATIONS

A. General Laboratory Rules.

1. Always wear the lab coat before performing any experiments and a suitable

protective gear to ensure your safety in the laboratory. Students are not allowed

to perform the experiments without wearing the lab coat.

2.

Always wear appropriate shoes, never wear sandals or shorts, exposure of legs

and feet to spilled chemical is the main cause of chemical burns.

3. Do not eat, smoke or chew gum or tobacco in the laboratory or chemical storage

areas. Do not use laboratory glassware for food or beverages, including the

refrigerators.

4. Never work alone in the chemical laboratory and storage area.

5. Do not fool around in the laboratory. Horseplay and pranks can be dangerous.

6. Students are not allowed to use hand phones in the laboratory.

7. Observe good housekeeping in the laboratory.

8.

Never pipette with your mouth.

9. Report any accident or near miss to the lab technician (e.g. broken glassware or

equipment, any fire or chemical spillage).

10.

Always wash your hands before and after working in the laboratory, and also

after cleanup of spillage.

11. Never leave heat sources unattended (eg. Gas burners. hot plates, heating

mantles, sand baths, etc.)

12. Never lean into fume hood.

13.

Do not perform unauthorized experiments.

14.

Read all procedures and anticipate for possible hazards.

15. In case of any emergency please call these numbers for help: 03-55436303/6304

(FKK General Office)


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B. Lab Attendance

Attendance to the lab is compulsory to each student and for all lab sessions. Students who do

not attend any of the lab sessions without a valid reason will not be allowed to do

replacement labs. In other words, the submission of lab report will not be allowed withoutthe attendance to the lab. Students who are late for more than 15 minutes wil l not be

all owed to perform the exper iments.

C. Experimental Data

Students must verify the experimental data with the respective lecturer at the end of every

experiment. The experimental data sheet must be signed by the respective lecturer before

leaving the lab session.

D. Submission of Lab Reports

The lab reports should be submitted within two weeks after the date of conducted

experiments to the respective lecturer. Marks will be penalized for late submission.

Individual evaluation will be done on each student.

Please identify your group’s lecturer. Submission of lab report to the wrong lecturer will

affect your grade. Lecturers will not be responsible for missing lab reports by the students.

DO NOT submit the lab reports to the FKK general office/ Technician Office

DO NOT submit the lab reports in the lecturer’s pigeon holes in the FKK general office.

Students shall submit the lab reports directly to the lecturer during the following lab session

or in the respective lecturer’s office. To avoid missing lab reports, always discuss with your

lecturer the best place to hand over the lab reports.

E. Plagiarism

Plagiarism is totally not allowed in lab reports. Students who are caught cheating or who

plagiarized the lab reports will be penalized without any notice or warning.


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LABORATORY 1

DETERMINATION OF DRILLING MUD DENSITIES

1. Objectives

To determine the densities of different sample of drilling mud

2. Overview

Density is a measurement of fluid weight per unit of volume. For drilling fluid (drilling

mud) it is often referred to as “mud weight”. The mud densities are usually reported to the

nearest 0.1 lbs/gal or “ppg”. Mud density is monitored closely to fulfill the dual role of

opposing formation pressures while avoiding excessive lost returns to the formation.

Two types of equipments those can be used to determine density of drilling fluid are

hydrometer and mud balance. A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific

gravity (SG) of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water.

The introduction of mud balance in the late 1930’s was one of the most important

technological advances in the drilling fluids industry. Not only was the mud balance is much

easier to use than the hydrometer, but it was more accurate. The mud balance can directly

give the measurement of the mud density. The common units for the mud densities given by

the mud balance are lbs/ft3, psi/1000ft and Specific Gravity (SG).

The density of the drilling fluid must be controlled to provide adequate hydrostatic head to

prevent influx of formation fluids, but not so high as to cause loss of circulation or adversely

affect the drilling rate and damaging the formation.

Proper control of drilling fluid density can improve drilling/ penetration rates, reduce

formation/ aquifer damage and improve hole stability.


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LABORATORY 2

MUD VISCOSITIES AND OTHER RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

(Viscosity, Gel Strength and Yield Point)

PART A: MUD RHEOLOGY DETERMINATION USING VISCOMETER

1. Objectives

To determine the viscosity, gel strength and yield point of each of the samples.

2. Overview

Rheology refers to the deformation and flow behaviour of all forms of matter. Rheologicalmeasurements made on fluids, such as Plastic Viscosity, Gel Strength and Yield Point help

to determine how this fluid will flow under a variety of different conditions. Such

information is important in the design of circulating systems required to accomplish certain

desired objectives in drilling operations.

Rheology is an extremely important property of drilling muds, drill-in fluids, workover and

completion fluids, cements and specialty fluids and pills. It refers to the deformation and

flow behavior of all forms of matter. Certain rheologic measurements made on fluids, such

as viscosity, gel strength and yield point help to determine how this fluid will flow under a

variety of different conditions. This information is important in the design of circulating

systems required to accomplish certain desired objectives in drilling operations.

Mud rheology is measured on a continual basis while drilling and adjusted with additives or

dilution to meet the needs of the operation. In water-base fluids, water quality plays an

important role in how additives perform. Temperature affects behavior and interactions of

the water, clay, polymers and solids in a mud. Downhole pressure must be taken into

account in evaluating the rheology of oil muds.

A)

Viscosity:

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shearstress or tensile stress. It is measured as the ratio of the shearing stress to the rate of shearing

strain.

Viscosity is measured with various types of rheometers. Close temperature control of the

fluid is essential to accurate measurements, particularly in materials like lubricants, whose

viscosity can double with a change of only 5 °C.

There are two types of fluid characterizations:

1.

Newtonian (true fluids) where the ratio of shear stress to shear rate or viscosity isconstant, e.g. water,light oils, etc. And


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2. Non-Newtonian(plastic fluids) where the viscosity is not constant, e.g. drilling muds,

colloids, etc.. Their viscosity cannot be described by a single number. Non-

Newtonian fluids exhibit a variety of different correlations between shear stress and

shear rate.

B) Gel strength

The Fann Viscometer is also used to determine the gel strength, in lb/100sq.ft of a mud. The

Gel strength is a function of the inter-particle forces. An initial 10-second gel and 10-minute

gel strength measurement give an indication of the amount of gellation that will occur after

circulation ceased and the mud remains static. The more the mud gels during shutdown

periods, the more pump pressure will be required to initiate circulation again.

Most drilling muds are colloids or emulsions which behave as plastic or non-Newtonian

fluids. The flow characteristics of these differ from those of Newtonian fluids (i.e. water,light oils etc.) in that their viscosity is not constant but varied with the rate of shear, as

shown in Figure 2.1. Therefore, the viscosity of plastic fluid will depend on the rate of shear

at which the measurements were taken.

C) Yield point

This is the measure of the electro-chemical or attractive forces in the mud under flow

(dynamic) conditions. These forces depend on (1) surface properties of the mud solids, (2)

volume concentrations of the solids and (3) electrical environment of the solids. The yield

point of the mud reflects its ability to carry drilled cuttings out of the hole.


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PART B: DETERMINATION OF MARSH FUNNEL VISCOSITY

1. Objectives

To measure funnel viscosity of drilling fluid.

2. Overview

Viscosity of fluid by definition is its resistance to flow. In drilling, it is one of the most

important mud properties to be controlled to ensure smooth drilling operation. Drilling mud

must have high enough viscosity to transport the drill cuttings from bottom hole to the

surface. This is to ensure that the cuttings could be removed at the minimum velocity of the

mud pump.

Marsh Funnel is used on rig to provide a quick test on the viscosity of the mud. It has become the standard instrument for the field measurement. The viscosity given by the Marsh

Funnel is not a true viscosity, but serves as a qualitative measure of how thick the mud

sample is. The funnel viscosity is useful only for relative comparisons. It indicates the

changes in viscosity and cannot be used to quantify the rheological properties such as Yield

Point and Plastic Viscosity.

For field measurements the marsh funnel has become the standard instrument. The marsh

funnel is a simple device for indicating viscosity on a routine basis. When use with a

measuring cup the funnel gives an empirical value for the consistency of a fluid. The

number obtained depends partly on the effective viscosity at the rate of shear prevailing in

the orifice, and partly on the rate of gelation.

The Funnel Viscosity is defined as time, in seconds for one quart of mud to flow through a

Marsh funnel which has a capacity of 946 cm3. For calibration, the funnel viscosity for fresh

water at 75ºF is 26 sec/quart. The dimension for standard funnel is 12” long, 6” diameter at

the top and 2” long, 3/16” diameter tube at the bottom.

Questions

1.

What is Plastic Viscosity? (b) What does it characterize?

(c) What is the difference between the Plastic Viscosity and Apparent Viscosity of a

drilling fluid.

2. Which role does Gel Strength play in the drilling process?

3. What type of fluids does drilling fluid belong to?

4. What is the Yield Point?

(b) What does it characterize?

(c) What is the difference between Gel Strength and Yield Point of a drilling mud?


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5. Explain what you know about one point and two points curve fluids? Give one example

of each type of fluid.

6. Discuss the difference between Plastic Viscosity and Funnel Viscosity.


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LABORATORY 3

SOLID &LIQUID CONTENT AND EMULSION CHARACTERISTIC OF

DRILLING MUDS

PART A: EMULSION TEST

1. Objectives

To determine the Electrical Stability (ES) of drilling mud samples

2. Overview

Emulsion tester is used in the evaluation of inverted emulsion drilling fluids, cement and

fracturing fluid. This test indicates the stability and types of emulsion whether water-in-oil

or oil-in-water. Time stability and resistance to electrolyte contamination of these systems

can be predicted from a measurement of relative emulsion stability.

Electrical Stability (ES) test is a test that applied to oil-base and synthetic-base muds that

indicates the stability of the emulsion and oil-wetting capacity of the sample. The electrical

stability is determined by applying a steadily increasing sinusoidal alternating voltage across

a pair of parallel flat plate electrodes submerged in the oil base drilling fluid. Maximum

voltage that the mud will sustain across the gap before conducting current is displayed as the

ES voltage.

The composition of the oil base drilling fluid controls the absolute magnitude of (ES).Several conditions influence the Electrical Stability of a given drilling fluid such as

resistivity of the continuous phase, conductivity of the non-continuous phase, properties of

suspended solids, temperature, droplet size, type of emulsifier used, dielectric properties of

the fluids and shear history of the sample. It is advised to take several readings of ES of the

samples to establish a trend. This series of (ES) measurements will reflect a more accurate

condition of the drilling fluid on which drilling fluid treatments can be based.


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PART B: SOLID&LIQUID CONTENT

1. Objective

To determine the liquid and solid contents of each of the drilling fluid samples.

2. Overview

Drilling fluid composition consists of liquid (oil and water) and solid. Knowledge of solids

content is fundamental to proper control of mud properties such as rheology, density and

filter cake building properties. The amounts of solids need to be controlled to avoid drilling

problem such as pipe sticking. The Oil & Water Retort provides a simple, direct field

method for directly measuring the percent by volume of oil and water in samples in drilling

mud. The volume of solids is found by subtraction from 100%.

Knowledge of the liquid and solids content of a drilling mud is essential for good control of

the mud properties. Such information will often explain poor performance of the mud andindicate whether the mud can best be conditioned by the addition of water or whether

treatment with chemical thinner or the removal of the contaminant is required. Similarly,

proper control of an oil emulsion mud depends upon knowledge of the oil content.

For muds containing only water and solids, the quantity of each can be determined from the

mud density and from the evaporation of a weighed sample of mud. Oil and water content

can also be obtained by measuring the liquid fraction. The latter method is only applicable to

oil emulsion muds.

The retort kit working principle is based on the heating, vaporisation and condensation. The

mud is heated up to 500ºC until all the liquid is vaporized. The vapour then flow into thecondenser and condensed back to liquid form.


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LABORATORY 4

DRILLING FLUID CONTAMINATION TEST

1.

Objectives

In this test we will study the effect of contamination of Gypsum (CaSO4 - 2H2O) to

the density, Plastic Viscosity and Yield Point of water-based mud. This salt is commonly

encountered during drilling, completion or workover operations.

2. Overview

In preparing a bentonite slurry using fresh water, the bentonite will hydrate and agitation

furnished by a mixer is sufficient to separate the hydrated clay plate lets and result in a

viscosity and gel strength increase, if the bentonite is placed in salty water or watercontaining dissolved hardness (calcium or magnesium) the hydration and subsequent

dispersion by agitation is reduced.

A mud is said to be contaminated when a foreign material enters the mud system and

causes undesirable changes in mud properties such as the density, the viscosity, and/or

filtration. In general, water-based mud systems are the most susceptible to contamination

of various types. Mud contamination can result from overtreatment of the mud system

with additives or from material entering the mud during drilling.

3. Experimental Procedures

1. Measure 200 ml base mud in a beaker

2. Test the base mud for weight, Plastic Viscosity (PV), and Yield Point (Yp) using

viscometer. Record the value in a proper table.

3. Contaminate the base mud with 5 grams of Gypsum.

4. Stir the sample for 3 minutes. Age the sample for 15 minutes and stir again for 2 - 3

minutes. Determine the viscosity, yield point, density and pH.

5. Prepare another sample of base mud (200 ml) in a beaker.

6. Repeat step (3) to (4) using 10, 15 and 20 grams of Gypsum.

7. Record the data and plot proper graph of density, PV and Yp versus amount of

Gypsum added to see the effect of Gypsum contamination to the mud properties.


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4. Expected Results & Sample Calculations

Apparent viscosity, (μa) =Φ600/2 (cP)

Plastic viscosity (μ p) =Φ600−Φ300 (cP)

Yield point ( y p) =Φ300−μ p 0.5 N/m2 (lb/100 ft2)


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LABORATORY 5

VOLUME AND CAPACITY OF A RESERVOIR

1. Objective

The objective of this experiment is to determine the capacity of oil reservoir if map showing

contour lines (isopach) for the area of the reservoir is available.

2. Overview

After the discovery of a reservoir, a petroleum engineer will seek to build a better picture of

the accumulation. If an isopach map is available, the volume or capacity of the reservoir can

be determined using planimeter. Isopach is a contour that connects points of equal thickness.Commonly, the isopachs, or contours that make up an isopach map, display the stratigraphic

thickness of a rock unit as opposed to the true vertical thickness.

The planimeter is a simple instrument for the precise measurement of areas of plane figures

of any shape. In this experiment, planimeter is used to determine the capacity of the

reservoir. The capacity (in terms of volumetric value) can be determined by multiplying the

area and the depth/structural elevation of the reservoir.

Volumetric estimation is also known as the “geologist’s method” as it is based on cores,

analysis of wireline logs, and geological maps. Knowledge of the depositional environment,

the structural complexities, the trapping mechanism, and any fluid interaction is required toestimate the volume of subsurface rock that contains hydrocarbons. The volume is

calculated from the thickness of the rock containing oil or gas and the areal extent of the

accumulation with these reservoir rock properties and utilizing the hydrocarbon fluid

properties, original oil-in-place or original gas-in-place volumes can be calculated.


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LABORATORY 6

THIN SECTION AND PETROGRAPHY

1. Objective

The objective of this experiment is to study the rocks and minerals using a microscope.

Cross sections are useful for the identification of rocks, minerals and ores.

2. Overview

There are two types of specimens prepared for petrographic analysis, thin sections and

polished bulk specimens. In this lab thin section being use as for the analysis of rocks and

minerals. Thin section will be observed with a transmitted polarized light microscope.

The general preparation sequence for making transparent thin sections is as follow:

sectioning, vacuum impregnation, grinding, cementing to a slide, resectioning, grinding and

polishing. Generally a thin section must be prepared to a thickness of approximately 30µm.

(Courtesy of Buehler LTD)

manual cge558 geology & drilling lab

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