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Answers to Exercises

Additional Resources..............................................................................................................................1Critical Thinking: The Art of Argument.................................................................................................1

Answers to Exercises...............................................................................................................................iChapter One.............................................................................................................................................1

Exercise 1.1 A.....................................................................................................................................1Exercise 1.1 B.....................................................................................................................................1

Exercise 1.1 C.....................................................................................................................................2Exercise 1.1 D.....................................................................................................................................2

Exercise 1.1 E.....................................................................................................................................3Exercise 1.2 A.....................................................................................................................................3

Exercise 1.2 B.....................................................................................................................................3Exercise 1.2 A.....................................................................................................................................5

Exercise 1.3 A.....................................................................................................................................5Exercise 1.4 A.....................................................................................................................................6

Exercise 1.5 A.....................................................................................................................................8Exercise 1.5 B.....................................................................................................................................9

Exercise 1.5 C...................................................................................................................................10Exercise 1.5 D...................................................................................................................................11

Exercise 1.6 A and 1.6 B..................................................................................................................12Exercise 1.6 C...................................................................................................................................12

Chapter Two..........................................................................................................................................15Exercise 2.1 A...................................................................................................................................15

Exercise 2.1 B...................................................................................................................................16Exercise 2.3 A, 2.3 B, 2.3 C..............................................................................................................17

Exercise 2.4 A...................................................................................................................................17Exercise 2.5 A...................................................................................................................................18

Exercise 2.5 B...................................................................................................................................20Exercise 2.5 C...................................................................................................................................22

Exercise 2.5 D...................................................................................................................................22Exercise 2.5 E...................................................................................................................................22

Exercise 2.6 A...................................................................................................................................23Exercise 2.6 B...................................................................................................................................23

Exercise 2.7 A...................................................................................................................................23

i Copyright ©2012 Cengage Learning Company. All rights reserved.

ii Table of Contents


Exercise 2.8 A and 2.8 B..................................................................................................................27Exercise 2.9 A...................................................................................................................................27


Exercise 2.10 A.................................................................................................................................27Chapter Three........................................................................................................................................29



Exercise 3.1 E...................................................................................................................................30Exercise 3.1 F....................................................................................................................................30



Exercise 3.2 E...................................................................................................................................31Exercise 3.2 F....................................................................................................................................31



Exercise 3.3 E...................................................................................................................................33Exercise 3.4 A...................................................................................................................................33


Chapter Four..........................................................................................................................................35Exercise 4.1 A...................................................................................................................................35

Exercise 4.1 B...................................................................................................................................36Exercise 4.2 A...................................................................................................................................37


Exercise 4.6 A...................................................................................................................................39Chapter Five..........................................................................................................................................41

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Exercise 5.4 B...................................................................................................................................44Chapter Six............................................................................................................................................45




Exercise 6.4 C...................................................................................................................................48Exercise 6.5 A...................................................................................................................................48



Exercise 6.7 B...................................................................................................................................55Chapter Seven........................................................................................................................................57



Exercise 7.2 A...................................................................................................................................60Exercise 7.3 A and 7.3 B..................................................................................................................63


Chapter Eight.........................................................................................................................................67Exercise 8.1 A...................................................................................................................................67



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Exercise 8.5 B and 8.5 C...................................................................................................................84Chapter Nine..........................................................................................................................................85







Chapter Ten...........................................................................................................................................95Exercise 10.1 A.................................................................................................................................95

Exercise 10.2 A.................................................................................................................................95Exercise 10.3 A.................................................................................................................................96

Exercise 10.4 A.................................................................................................................................97Exercise 10.5 A and 10.5 B..............................................................................................................97

Exercise 10.6 A.................................................................................................................................97

CHAPTER ONE

EXERCISE 1.1 A

1. Statement2. Not a statement; it is a question. 3. Statement4. Statement5. Not a statement; it is an imperative. 6. Not a statement; it is an imperative. 7. Statement8. Statement9. Not a statement; it is a question. 10. Not a statement; it is an exclamation. 11. Statement12. Statement13. Not a statement; it’s a Rhetorical Question.14. Two Statements15. Not a statement; it is an imperative.

EXERCISE 1.1 B

Jack: Let’s go up the hill. Not a statement; it is a command.Jill: That’s a bad idea. StatementJack: Why?Not a statement; it is a question. Jill: It’s a very steep hillStatement. Jack: I don’t care about that.Statement. Jill: But I have a heart condition.Statement.Jack: I don’t care about that either.Statement. Jill: Well, I see that you are a heartless human being.Statement. Jack: To the contrary, I have a very healthy heart.Statement. Jill: But you don’t care at all about my heart.Statement. Jack: If you have a heart condition, then you should get a good cardiologist to care for it.Statement.Jill: You’re making stupid jokes about my heart condition.Statement Are you some kind of jerk, or what? Not a statement; it is a question.

1 Copyright ©2012 Cengage Learning Company. All rights reserved.

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EXERCISE 1.1 C

1. 3 statements: Stefan walked to store. Stefan bought a newspaper. Stefan went to café to read it. 2. 1 statement: Mercury is composed of mostly hot gases. 3. No statements. 4. Two statements: 1. you break it, 2. you bought it. 5. 2 statements: The internet has revolutionized the way people communicate. Cell phones have revolutionized the way people communicate. 6. No statements. 7. No statements. 8. 2 Statements: He will have soup. He will have salad. 9. No statements: both are imperatives. 10. 2 statements: Cherokees believed they had a sacred duty to avenge deaths. War parties formed following a death. 11. 1 Statement.12. 3 Statements: I know myself as a creation of God. I am obligated to realize and remember that everyone else and everything else are also God’s creation. Everyone else and everything else are also God’s creation13. 2 statements: The government should not be in the business of limiting speech. An institution should have freedom to restrict the speech of anyone at anytime who utilizes resources within its jurisdiction. 14. 3 statements: There is good reason why it is important to be able to listen to another person. We don’t have to learn to interrupt which comes naturally. It is important to be able to listen to another person15. 3 statements: It does not matter whether a man prospers as an individual. If his country is destroyed, then he is lost with it. If he meets with misfortune, then he is far safer in a fortunate city than he would be otherwise.

EXERCISE 1.1 D

1. Likely to be a premise. 2. Controversial Statement, unlikely to be a premise. 3. Likely to be a premise.4. Not a statement; it’s an imperative.5. Controversial Statement, unlikely to be premise. Could be premise in an appropriate audience. 6. Controversial Statement, unlikely to be premise. Could be premise in an appropriate audience. 7. Controversial Statement, unlikely to be a premise. 8. Not a statement 9. Controversial Statement, unlikely to be a premise. 10. Controversial Statement, unlikely to be a premise. 11. Not a statement12. Controversial Statement, so unlikely to be a premise. 13. Likely to be a premise. 14. Controversial Statement, unlikely to be a premise. Could be a premise in an appropriate audience. 15. Likely to be a premise.


EXERCISE 1.1 E

1. Conclusion. 2. Conclusion. 3. Conclusion. 4. Conclusion. 5. Not a likely conclusion. It’s a request. 6. Not a likely conclusion. It’s not controversial. 7. Conclusion. 8. Not a likely conclusion. It’s question. 9. Conclusion. 10. Conclusion11. Conclusion12. Not a likely conclusion. It’s an imperative. 13. Likely to be a premise, not a conclusion. It’s uncontroversial.14. Conclusion. 15. Not likely to be conclusion. It is an explanans.

EXERCISE 1.2 A

Note to Instructors: there are unstated premises in some of the following, although the section on unstated premises comes subsequent to this Exercise. We have added the unstated premises, although of course, the students would not be expected to do this at this point in the chapter.

(1) It is a steep hill. (2) I have a heart condition. Therefore,(3) It is a bad idea to go up the hill.

(1) You don’t care about my heart. [2] People should care about other people’s hearts.Therefore,(3) You are a heartless human being.

(1) You have a heart condition. [2] A good cardiologist can help you with your heard condition.]Therefore,(3) You should get a good cardiologist to care for it. EXERCISE 1.2 B


1. Argument. (1) Exchange-traded funds result in lower capital gains. Therefore,(2) Exchange-traded funds result in lower taxes. [3]. People with higher tax brackets want lower taxes.Therefore,

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(4) Exchange-traded funds should be considered by investors in higher tax brackets.

2. Argument.(1) Every time you hang out with him, you feel miserable. [2]. You don’t want to feel miserable.Therefore,(3) You shouldn’t go out with him.

3. Argument. (1) I have seen 1,000 swans. (2) All of the swans I have seen are white. Therefore,(3) Most swans are white.

4. Argument.(1) Gas prices will rise. (2) The housing market will continue to slump.Therefore, (3) The U.S. will fall into a recession next year.

5. Argument. (1) Carbon-dioxide emissions are higher. (2) Atmospheric particulates are increased. [3]. If emissions and particulates increase, then global temperatures will increase.Therefore, (4) Global temperatures will rise over the coming century.

6. No argument

7. Argument(1) Mary Wollenstonecraft was a woman. (2) Mary Wollenstonecraft was a famous women philosopher. Therefore, (3) Some famous philosophers are women.

8. Argument(1) I have seen him at Starbucks most days about this time. Therefore, (2) He is probably at Starbucks.

9. No argument.

10. Argument:(1) It is my favorite kind of Vietnamese noodles.[2]. If it is my favorite kind of Vietnamese noodle, you will like it.Therefore,(3) You will like it.

11. No argument.

12. No argument.


13. Not an argument. 14. No argument; it’s a description.

15. Might be an explanation. If taken as an Argument:(1) The table is the same color but appears differently in reflected light(2) If I move, the different parts are reflectedTherefore,(3) The distribution of colors will look different with my movement(4) No two people can see the table from exact same point of view(5) Any change in point of view means some change in the reflected lightTherefore,(6) No two people looking at the table at the same time will see the same distribution of colors.

EXERCISE 1.2 A

Answered above.

EXERCISE 1.3 A


1. Argument(1) Every time you hang out with him, you feel miserable. [2]. You don’t want to feel miserable.Therefore, [3]. You shouldn’t go out with him.

2. Argument[1]. If you don’t buy guns, people who make them will lose their jobs.[2]. People don’t others to become unemployed.Therefore,(3) There are economic benefits to gun sales. (4) People’s lives are saved by guns. [5]. Saving people’s lives is good.Therefore,[6]. You shouldn’t support gun control.

3. Not an argument; it’s an explanation.

4. No argument.

5. Not an argument; it’s an explanation of the fact that people do not save for retirement

6. Argument(1) Murata has more experience. (2) Murata has better communication skills than Johnson. [3]. More experience and education make better employees.Therefore,

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(4) We should hire Murata.

7. Argument(1) 87% of 1000 surveyed college students preferred instant messaging to email. Therefore, (2) The vast majority of college students prefer instant messaging to email.

8. No argument.

9. Argument(1) Young people on average are getting fatter(2) Adult diabetes is rising[3]. Public school lunches are not currently selling healthy food.Therefore,(4) Public schools should stop selling unhealthy food.

10. Argument(1) Most words have multiple interpretations. (2) If laws are their words, then it would leave the meaning of most laws unacceptably ambiguous. [3]. It is undesirable for laws to be ambiguous.Therefore,[4}. Law is not only the words which constitute them. 11. No argument; it’s an explanation.

12. Argument(1) Nongovernmental institutions such as universities are not like governmentsTherefore,(2) The government not being in the business of limiting speech is not relevant to non-governmental institutions.Therefore,(3) An institution should have the freedom to restrict the speech of anyone at anytime who utilizes its resources.

13. Argument(1) The jobless rate of black males in 1948 was 7.6 percent(2) The jobless rate of black males in 1965 was 22.5 percentTherefore,(3) The jobless rate of black males has increased(4) The jobless rate of while male teenagers in 1948 was 8.3 percent(5) The jobless rate of white male teenagers in 1965 was 11.8 percentTherefore,(6) The increase in jobless rate among black males is greaterTherefore,(7) The black communities are becoming more depressed

14. No argument; it’s an explanation.

15. No argument; it’s an explanation.

EXERCISE 1.4 A


[1] Suicides are undesirable

[2] People should do things that make them less likely to victims of crime

3. Two unstated premises (one of which is a conclusion to a subargument and one unstated conclusion to the main argument.[1] Raised costs and decreased quality of care is un-American.[2] and Conclusion An un-American thing is bad.Therefore,[3] A single-payer health care system would be bad.

4. [1] Spending less, having longer lives, and having lower infant mortality rates are desirable results from healthcare.Therefore,[2] Having a single-payer health care system is desirable.]

5. Unstated conclusion. She did not take Bio 101.

6. Unstated premise. In order to graduate, she must complete her academic residency requirements.

7. Unstated premise. Other counties saw this stunning economic progress within a decade of their transition.Unstated premise. China is like other countries.

8. Unstated premise. The precipitate is either calcium or sodium.

9. Four unstated premisesUnstated premise. Venezuela, the Middle East, the conflict in Iraq, the instability in Pakistan, and the looming concerns in Iran constitute major foreign concerns for the president.Unstated premise. The stability demonstrated ameliorates the concerns the president faces.Unstated premise. The presidential candidates will face the concerns if elected to the presidency.Unstated premise. People view the presidential candidates in terms of what they will face in their term, so a change in the global situation changes people’s view of the candidates.

10. Two unstated premises and an unstated conclusionUnstated premise. All investors want excess return.Unstated premise. The risks can cause people to lose money.Unstated conclusion. All investors must accept losing money

11. One unstated premise and unstated conclusionUnstated premise. Romeo and Juliet do not want to be killed.Unstated conclusion. Romeo and Juliet should not elope.

12. Several unstated premises and conclusions.(1) Fossils of amphibians have been found in Antarctica. [2]. Cold-blooded amphibians need to live in warm climates.[3]. Antarctica is currently too cold to support cold-blooded amphibian life.Therefore,[4]. Antarctica must have one time been warm enough to support cold-blooded life. [5]. Antarctica’s location on the planet makes it very cold today.

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[6]. Other landmasses locations on the planet make them warmer than Antarctica.Therefore, [7]. If Antarctica was warmer, then other land masses were warmer as well.Therefore, 8. The world as a whole must have been much warmed in the past than it is today.

13. Four unstated premisesUnstated premise. Planets are larger than other space objects.Unstated premise. Pluto cannot be smaller than other space objects and retain its planet status.Unstated premise. The asteroid Ceres is of comparable size to Pluto and 2003 UB313.Unstated premise. Objects of similar size are categorized together.

14. Unstated premise. Unity is necessary for beautiful architecture.]

15. Two unstated premises and one unstated conclusionUnstated premise. Mature women have income to spend in the clothing marketUnstated premise. If high-street retailers offered options for mature women, they would buy those clothes as well.Unstated conclusion. High-street retailers should meet the demands for clothing styles from the mature women market.

EXERCISE 1.5 A

1. (1) There was a moron named “Jack” who climbed up a beanstalk and came face to face with a giant.(2) The beanstalk in front of us might be the same one that Jack climbedTherefore,(3) There might be a giant on top of this beanstalkTherefore,(4) We should not climb this beanstalk

2. Argument One(1) The patient is having severe chest pain(2) There is a history of heart attacks in his familyTherefore,(3) The patient is having a heart attack and we must operate immediately

Second Argument(1) The patient has a receipt from Joe’s Greasy Fried Chicken Shack for five portions of Greasy chicken wings.(2) The patient’s hands have a lot of grease on themTherefore,(3) The patient is more likely having indigestion than a heart attackTherefore,(4) We should not immediately perform surgery


EXERCISE 1.5 B

1. Argument(1) I-75 is always a mess(2) They are repaving part of I-75 todayTherefore,(3) We should take I-285 instead

2. Not an argument. Description.

3. Argument.(1) Your car is pulling to the right(2) The tires look okTherefore,(3) One of your tie rods is bent.

4. Not an argument. Command.

5. Not an argument. Question.

6. Not an argument. Assertion.

7. Argument.(1) Brown sugar is white sugar with molasses added(2) The molasses adds only minuscule amounts of mineralsTherefore,(3) Nutritionally, brown sugar and white sugar not much different

8. Argument.(1) Every specific political thinker presupposes man to be evil.Therefore,(2) All genuine political theories think men are evil.

9. Argument.(1) The Spaniards appeared for the first time in 1517, whereas Quetzalcoatl was supposed

to have returned in a One-Reed year of the Aztec calendar in 1519.Therefore,(2) Montezuma may not have believed that Cortes was Quetzalcoatl.



12. Not an argument. Assertion.


14. Argument.(1) The fossils of amphibians have been found in Antarctica[2] Amphibians cannot live in extremely cold climatesTherefore,

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(3) The weather in Antarctica at that time must have been warmer than it is now

15. Argument.(1) Melanesians do not believe in physiological paternity(2) Melanesian men are as jealous as men in societies in which procreation is understood[3] Explanations are either genetic or culturalTherefore,(4) Sexual jealousy has a genetic rather than purely cultural explanation

EXERCISE 1.5 C

1. Argument.(1) Students do better when classes are smaller.Therefore,(2) We should decrease class sizes.

2. Explanation.Explanandum: He is getting fatExplanans: He does not Exercise, eats donuts for breakfast and hamburgers every night

3. Argument against an explanation.(1) His parents were divorced before he was two[2] He did not go to school until after he was twoTherefore,(3) The divorce could not have caused the drop in gradesTherefore,(4) There is some other cause for the drop in grades

4. There is an argument and two explanations.(1) The dinosaur’s right foot was deformedTherefore,(2) The dinosaur could barely walk

Explanation One:Explanandum is that the right foot was deformedExplanans is that the foot was broken and healed badly

Explanation TwoExplanandum is that the dinosaur diedExplanans is that the dinosaur could barely walk, which relies on background knowledge that dinosaurs which could not walk would be unable to get food and would die.

5. Neither an argument nor an explanation.

6. Neither an argument nor an explanation.

7. Explanation.Explanandum that the front wheels are not pointing in same direction when you turn the carExplanans that the inside wheel’s track has a smaller radius, making a tighter turn


8. Explanation.Explanandum that War parties formed quickly following a deathExplanans that the Cherokees believed they had a sacred duty to avenge the deaths of fallen comrades

9. Explanation.Explanandum that stocks fell yesterdayExplanans that people are concerned the economy’s expansion will erode due to mortgage industry troubles.

10. Argument.(1) If the Cherokee has rights, this tribunal is not where rights are asserted(2) If wrongs have been inflicted, this is not where redress could be madeTherefore,[3] This court is not able to rule on the case of the Cherokee nation

11. ExplanationExplanandum that humans do not have furExplanans that humans could build shelters, use fire and make clothes that would counter any advantages of having fur like keeping warm

12. Implied explanation that being Protestant (explanans) explains being a scientist (explanandum)

13. ExplanationExplanandum why MLK was increasing compelled to see the war as the enemy of the poorExplanans that the U.S. would never invest in rehabilitating the poor as long as things like Vietnam continued to drain off energy and resources

14. Argument.(1) We do not have to learn to interrupt which comes naturally(2) Interrupting is considered impoliteTherefore,(3) We have to learn not to interrupt[4] We act either naturally or by learningTherefore,(5) It is important that we learn to listen

15. Explanation how.Explanandum how the Pope excommunicates condemned personsExplanans the decrees by the Pope which have to power to stipulate excommunication

EXERCISE 1.5 D

1. Argument(1) Directing radiation to the hippocampus of mice prevented neurogenesis in a study(2) When given fluoxetine, the mice exhibited none of the behavioral changes normally associated with the drugTherefore,(3) Antidepressant combat depression by promoting neurogenesis

Argument Two(1) Shocking the feet of mice is known to erode neurogenesis

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(2) The erosion of neurogenesis would presumably cause the mice to become depressed(3) Not all mice whose feet were shocked became depressedTherefore,(4) There is some evidence depression is not combated by promoting neurogenesis

2. Argument One(1) String theory is capable of describing a large number of different universes.(2) Of those universes, at least one is bound to look like ours.Therefore,(3) String theory can account for why dark energy is so much weaker than it could be.

Argument Two(1) Science has adhered to long standing rules.(2) String Theorists have to change the rules of science to make their theory workTherefore,(3) We should be skeptical of the claims that string theory makes about dark energy

EXERCISE 1.6 A AND 1.6 B

Answered above.

EXERCISE 1.6 C

1. (1) You were playing with your dinosaur in the kitchen less than an hour ago.(2) You have not been out of the house in the last hour.Therefore,(3) Your dinosaur is in the house.

2. No argument.

3. (1) If he goes to work, he’ll get very sick. (2) He won’t go to work.Therefore, (3) He will not get sick.This is an imperfect standardization because it contains pronouns but the passage does not tell us who “he” is.

4. No argument.

5. (1) Napoleon either lost at Waterloo or at Austerlitz.(2) Napoleon did not lose at Austerlitz.Therefore,(3) Napoleon lost at Waterloo.

6. (1) There is some red dirt on Watson’s shoe.(2) There is red dirt on the ground in front of the Seymour Street Post Office that lies in such a way that it is difficult to avoid treading in it in entering. Therefore,(3) Watson has been to the Seymour Street Post Office.


7. (1) God has many earthly children but he does not tenderly care for them and he inflicts wanton cruelty on them.(2) People condemn those who have children and do not tenderly care for them and treat them cruelly.(3) People do not condemn God’s failure to tenderly care for his earthly children and God’s infliction of wanton cruelty on them.Therefore,(4) People do not correctly use their reasoning abilities when they think about religious matters.

8. Not an argument. It could also be an explanation for Holle’s conviction for murder. In that case, the explanandum is that Holle was convicted of murder. The explanans are: the felony murder law, that Holle lent his car to a friend, that this friend used the car to drive to commit burglary, and that someone was murdered during the course of the burglary.

9. This is a series of descriptions of claims made by Peter Singer. It is not an argument. However, someone might be confused into thinking that the passage is making an argument because the authors are describing an argument made by Singer. Here’s is a standardization of Singer’s argument:(1) The reflective, communicative, emotional, and social abilities of severely mentally impaired humans are not any greater than that of a pig or a primate.Therefore,(2) There are no morally relevant differences between some non-human animals and some severely mentally impaired human beings.Therefore,(3) We should treat all these beings in similar ways.

10. No argument.

11. (1) 1964 is an election year.Therefore,(2) 1964 threatens to be the most explosive year America has ever witnessed.

12. No argument.

13. (1) After 45 days, the presence of sesame oil in the diets was observed to have a positive (decreasing) effect on the blood.(2) After 45 days, the withdrawal of sesame oil from the diets of the same patients brought back their initial blood pressure (before the addition of the sesame oil)Therefore,(3) Sesame oil in the diet is correlated with blood pressure levels

14. ExplanationExplanandum why Descartes will begin his overthrow of all his opinions todayExplanans he has waited until such time as he has experience, background knowledge, leisure, age and maturity sufficient to allow him to be able to successfully carry out such an enterprise

15. Mr. Logan’s argument:(1) None of the prior convictions were felonies that led to having his rights revoked(2) Anyone whose rights are not revoked should be treated equally with those who have had their rights restored(3) Those convictions on which rights were restored are exempted from the three prior convictions lawTherefore,

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(4) Mr. Logan’s case should be exemptedTherefore,(5) His sentence should be 10 years, not 15 years

The Court’s argument(1) If something is never lost, it cannot be restored(2) Mr. Logan never lost his rightsTherefore, (3) They were not restoredTherefore,(4) They do not fall under the exemptionTherefore,(5) Mr. Logan’s sentence should be 15 years, not 10

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