Manual

PERSONAL COMPUTER VERSION WITH DATABASE OF THE

STUDY “LAND IN TROPICAL AMERICA”. Version para PC’s del estúdio “La Tierra em América Tropical”

con banco de datos Versão para PC’s do estudo “A Terra em América Tropical”

com banco de dados

Thomas T. Cochrane Thomas A. Cochrane

Belle H. Wallace Cochrane Timothy Killeen

Agrotecnologica Amazônica S.A., Casilla 6329, Santa Cruz, Bolívia

e-mail: amazon@agteca.com

Center for Applied Biodiversity Science at

Conservation International

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Contents 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ...................................................................................3

2. THE DIGITAL VERSION OF THE TEXT, DATABASES, AND MAPS OF “LAND IN TROPICAL AMERICA” ...............................................................................................................5

2.1. CONTENTS OF THE CD-ROM ........................................................................................................5 2.2. BOOK VERSION .............................................................................................................................7 2.3. THE ATTRIBUTE DATABASE. .........................................................................................................8 2.4. GIS MAPS ...................................................................................................................................10 2.5. ARCVIEW MAPS..........................................................................................................................12

2.5.1. Land Systems map .................................................................................................................12 2.5.2. Land Systems Facets legend maps.........................................................................................13 2.5.3. Land Systems Facet data maps..............................................................................................14 2.5.4. Meteorological Stations.........................................................................................................17 2.5.5. Meteorological Data Maps....................................................................................................18

2.6. IDRISI MAPS ................................................................................................................................19 2.7. CARTALINX MAPS.......................................................................................................................20

3. GLOSSARY OF THE CODING OF THE LAND SYSTEMS ATTRIBUTES .......................20

4. REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................29

Index of Figures Figure 1. Land Systems map of the Amazon region.......................................................... 3 Figure 2. CD-ROM content directory and file structure.................................................... 7 Figure 3. Delineation of Facets from Land Systems.......................................................... 9 Figure 4. Regional map sets............................................................................................. 11

Index of Tables Table 1. Database field names and description of data associated with ArcView Shape

file “landsystems.xxx”. .................................................................................... 13 Table 2. Database field names and description of the land facet summary legend data

associated with ArcView Shape files “Ls_legend_facet*.xxx”....................... 14 Table 3. Database field names and description of the land facet complete data associated

with ArcView Shape files “Ls_data_facet*.xxx” ............................................ 15 Table 4. Meteorological database field names and description for use with ArcView

Shape file “met_stations.xxx”.......................................................................... 18 Table 5. Relationship database between land system and meteorological station

“ls_met.xxx”. ................................................................................................... 18 Table 6. ArcView file names and descriptions for Meteorological data. ........................ 18 Table 7. Meteorological data field names and descriptions for ArcView files

“met_*.xxx”..................................................................................................... 19

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1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

In 1977 the senior author was contracted by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture CIAT, to carry out a land resource study of the savanna and forest regions of tropical South America (Figure 1). The purpose of the work was to “meet the growing concern with deviation from the expected performances of so-called improved varieties of tropical crops when they were grown in locations different from where they were developed” (Metz and Brady, 1980). Consequently the work was to provide a geographical and agro-ecological base to guide selection and breeding priorities for crops. The work was carried out with the collaboration of the Ministries of Agriculture of Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru and especially the – Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária dos Cerrados (EMBRAPA-CPAC), Brazil.

Figure 1. Land Systems map of the Amazon region.

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The methodology used for the study was an adaptation of Christian and Stewart’s “land systems” approach for the study of the Katherine-Darwin region of Northern Australia (1953). It summarized land resource information on a common base by defining a land system as “an area or group of areas throughout which there is a recurring pattern of climate, landscape and soils”. The methodology was adapted to computerization by developing a Land Resource Geographic Information System (LR-GIS) (Cochrane et al. 1981). This was essentially a database for recording the many terrain, soil, vegetation, meteorological and land use attributes (features) that was linkable to a land system map database (Figure 1). The attribute database was compiled in SAS that used the Relational Database Concept (Barr et al., 1976). Features were linked to raster maps of the land systems. The latter were designed by the authors using the FORTRAN programming language with 4 x 5 minute rectangular pixels. (Digital mapping software was not available at the time the work was started.) The methodology is detailed in the introduction to Volume 1 of the printed version of “Land in Tropical America”, which has been recorded as a part of the digital version of the text of “Land in Tropical America”. Details of the computerized database descriptors or “attributes” may be found in the “glossary to coding”, Part 1 of Volume 3, which records the computer print-outs of the Land System properties and a series of representative soil profiles. For the convenience of readers, this glossary has also been recorded with this booklet under section 3, entitled “Glossary of the coding of the land systems attribute database”. The delineation of the land systems was facilitated using the then recently available 1:1,000,000 satellite imagery (black and white photographic prints of spectral bands 5 and 7), together with the side-looking radar imagery that covered a large part of the Brazilian Amazon (Projeto RadamBrasil, 1973), and some larger scale aerial photography. The land systems were drawn on the imagery and transposed to maps with a Lambert Conical Conformal Projection derived from the World Aeronautical Charts of the region. These were subsequently digitized. Fieldwork was carried out to record the characteristics of the land systems on computer input forms and to revise boundaries (Cochrane et al. 1981). A Piper Super Cub STOL (Short Take Off and Landing) aircraft was piloted by the senior author over representative transects of the Amazon during the course of the studies, and numerous spot checks were made on the ground. Although by modern Geographic Information System GIS, standards the LR-GIS developed was rudimentary, it in fact incorporated the basic components of modern GIS. The original study was completed in 1981 and published 4 years latter in book-form with the title “Land in Tropical America” (Cochrane et al. 1985). At that time the database was only available to institutions with access to mainframe computers. However, in this version of the study, the map files have been re-digitized for use in ArcView (ESRI, 1998) and Idrisi (Eastman, 1993), and the attribute database has been re-digitized for use in MS Access.

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2. THE DIGITAL VERSION OF THE TEXT, DATABASES, AND MAPS OF “LAND IN TROPICAL AMERICA”

The digital version of “Land in Tropical America” is a set of files that contain the text of the original published version of “Land in Tropical America”, the databases associated with the land systems, and maps in ArcView, Idrisi, and Cartalinx format. The purpose of the Personal Computer version with Database of the study Land in Tropical America is to provide workers access to that study via their Personal Computers, and especially to the land system map and attribute database that was previously only accessible via mainframe computers. It should be noted that the original study was largely based on information available in the late 1970s. Nevertheless, it contains a wealth of valuable data, and should serve as a benchmark study to compare land use change in tropical South America, including the Amazon and the savanna lands of central Brazil over the past 20 odd years. It contains information for agronomists, foresters, ecologists and administrators alike. As a sequel to the study, the authors are currently working on an update, which should be completed within the next 2 years. In the mean time, the present PC version of the original study provides much useful information. All the text files, databases, and GIS maps, have been recorded on a CD-ROM.

2.1. CONTENTS OF THE CD-ROM The CD attached to this booklet contains 3 sets of files. 1. Text files prepared for reading with Adobe Acrobat Reader that reproduces most of the original text of “Land in Tropical America”. It also contains a “Manual.pdf” file that is a copy of the present text. 2. The database map files prepared for use in Geographic Information System software, specifically ArcView, Idrisi, and the mapping program Cartalinx. These include sets of the original 60 longitude by 40 latitude land systems maps, a concatenated land systems map covering the entire region studied and a selection of some thematic maps. 3. The attribute database files that describe the many properties of the land systems and their principal facets, which have been prepared for use in MS Access. The CD created is an Auto-run CD which should bring up Microsoft Internet Explorer when it is placed in the CD-ROM drive. The files have been organized into the following directories on the CD:

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a) Programs: The following two Freeware programs have been included with the CD: Adobe Acrobat Reader and ArcExplorer 2.0. The Adobe Acrobat reader is used to view all text files in the CD in PDF format. ArcExplorer is used to view the ArcView shape map files. However, the following additional programs are needed to view the database and maps: MS ACCESS, ArcView and/or IDRISI and Cartalinx.

b) Book Version: The text for the book is divided into 3 Volumes. The files are in

HTML and ADOBE Acrobat PDF format, which requires the use of internet explorer and Adobe Reader.

c) GIS Maps: GIS maps have been provided in three different formats.

1. ARCVIEW MAPS (ArcView shape files) 2. CARTALINX MAPS (Cartalinx file sets) 3. Idrisi MAPS (Idrisi file sets in two formats, Idrisi 16 and 32)

d) Database: MS Access file LANDSYS.MDB contains the entire database for the

“Land in Tropical America” study. The attribute database can be linked with the map files of either ArcView or Idrisi.

e) Manual: Contains this manual. f) Photo_gallery: Contains regional maps and other images for use in the Book

version.

A schematic of the content of the CD-ROM is presented in Figure 2.

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Index.htm Authors.htm Manual/

Manual.pdf Programs/

ArcExplorer2/ Ae2setup.exe

AdobeReader5/ Ar505enu.exe GIS_Maps/

ArcView_maps/ Amazon_climate/ Met_temp (shape files) Met_humi Met_sun Met_radm Met_rain Met_peth Met_pdef Met_pdep Met_stations Amazon_Land_Systems/ Landsystems (shape files) Landsystems_blank LS_data_facet1 LS_data_facet2 LS_data_facet3 LS_legend_facet1 LS_legend_facet2 LS_legend_facet3 LS_legend_facet0 Amazon_Thematic/ Regional_Maps/ All regional maps (NA18-SF21) Cartalinx_maps/ Idrisi_maps/ Idrisi16_maps/ Idrisi32_maps/ LS-TSA_CAR-IDR32/ Databases/ Landsys.mdb (MS Access database) Book_Version/ Volume1/ Contain Adobe Acrobat (PDF) files of the original text and some tables and figures in JPEG format Volume2/ Contains Adobe Acrobat (PDF) files of the original text Volume3/ Contains Adobe Acrobat (PDF) files of the original text

Figure 2. CD-ROM content directory and file structure.

2.2. BOOK VERSION The original text was re-digitalized and saved in Adobe Acrobat PDF format and is presented interactively through a WEB browser. Each chapter within each volume was

Key: Programs/ = Main directoriesAmazon/ = Sub-directories Landsystems = Files

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saved under a separate file name. The following is a description of the contents of the directories. 1) Volume 1. This reproduces the original text of Volume 1 of ‘Land in Tropical America”. Volume 1 summarizes some important findings of the study, but by no means is an exhaustive analysis of the work. Each chapter is presented as a separate Adobe PDF file. 2) Volume 2 Part 1 of Volume 2 is a ready reference legend of the soils of the land systems and can be used with printouts of the land systems maps or with the Land Systems Map summarizing the physiography, climate, vegetation topography and soils of the central lowlands of tropical South America. Part 2 of Volume 2 contains the black and white printed land systems maps covering the study region as 60 longitude by 40 latitude segments (36 maps) which were reduced in scale from the original 1:1,000,000 scale maps for recording as Volume 2 Part 2 of the original printed study, are reproduced in this file. It should be noted however, that the set of Land System maps in Volume 2 Part 2 of the original published study have also been recorded as map files prepared for use in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). (Refer to the subheading, “GIS Maps” for further details). 2) Land Systems map. This directory contains the files that reproduce the colored

printed map at the scale of 1:5,000,000 that was appended to Volume 2 titled “LAND SYSTEMS MAP - Physiography, Climate, Vegetation, Topography and Soils of the Central Lowlands of Tropical South America”. It has been prepared as a series of segment maps “A to T” starting from the top left hand portion of the original map.

3) Volume 3. Part 1 of Volume 3 of the original published study is essentially a series of the original printouts of the database information of the land systems. This information has been re-prepared as the attribute database for used in MS Access, as detailed below. Part 1 also contains a Glossary of the descriptors (attributes) used to describe the land systems. Part 2 of Volume 3 is a series of selected meteorological printouts. It should be noted that that this data has also been digitized as an integral part of the attribute database. Part 3 of Volume 3 is a series of typical soil profile descriptions found throughout the region.

2.3. THE ATTRIBUTE DATABASE. The attribute database has been prepared as the MS Access file Landsys.mdb. This contains the following tables:

• data_landscape_facets_engl : database of all facets within land Systems describing physical and chemical attributes (in English)

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• data_landscape_facets_port : database of all facets within land Systems describing physical and chemical attributes (in Portuguese)

• data_landsystems_legend : Land Systems legend database describing climate, land form, altitude, texture, fertility class, US Taxonomy Great Group soils, and FAO legend soils.

• data_landsystems_met : database showing Land System and Meteorological climate stations associated to each land system.

• data_landsystems_sumario_port : Land Systems summary database in Portuguese.

• data_landsystems_summary_engl: Land Systems summary database in English. • data_meteorological : database with monthly data from each meteorological

station. • data_met_stations : description of each meteorological station.

The following figure shows the division of Land Systems into terrain Facets:

Figure 3. Delineation of Facets from Land Systems.

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Coding tables enables actual descriptions to be substituted in place of the attribute codes. The coding tables have been created in 3 main languages (English, Spanish, and Portugues). This database can be linked with either ArcView or Idrisi GIS’s, or used independently for analyzing the characteristics of the region. The thematic maps produced with this work, are examples of the linkage of the database to the GIS’s.

2.4. GIS MAPS

The land system map database files were prepared for use in ArcView, Idrisi, and CARTALINX.

The following sets of 36 files of the original 1:1,000,000 land system maps covering the region studied (Figure 4) have been prepared for use in ArcView, Idrisi, and Cartalinx respectively with the following prefixes:

NC19.xxx (Caracas)

NC20.xxx (Boca del Orinoco) NB18.xxx (Bogotá) NB19.xxx (Río Meta) NB20.xxx (Roraima) NA18.xxx (Cali) NA19.xxx (Pico da Neblina) NA20.xxx (Boa Vista) NA21.xxx (Tumucumaque) NA22.xxx (Macapá) SA18.xxx (Iquitos) SA19.xxx (Içá) SA20.xxx (Manaus) SA21.xxx (Santarem) SA22.xxx (Belém) SB18.xxx (Javari) SB19.xxx (Juruá) SB20.xxx (Purus) SB21.xxx (Tapajos) SB22.xxx (Araguaia) SC18.xxx (Contamana) SC19.xxx (Río Branco) SC20.xxx (Porto Velho) SC21.xxx (Juruena) SC22.xxx (Tocantins) SC23.xxx (Río São Francisco) SD19.xxx (Puno – Rio Beni)

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SD20.xxx (Guapore) SD21.xxx (Cuiabá) SD22.xxx (Goiás) SD23.xxx (Brasília) SE20.xxx (Sucre) SE21.xxx (Corumbá) SE22.xxx (Goiânia) SE23.xxx (Belo Horizonte) SF21.xxx (Río Apa)

Figure 4. Regional map sets.

b) Files that are concatenations of the above sector map files covering the entire region studied have also been prepared for use in ArcView and Idrisi, and are useful for the production of thematic maps to diagnose and illustrate overall characteristics of the region. Clearly workers may wish to prepare alterative concatenations of parts of the region, and this can readily be carried out using the individual map segments.

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Alternatively, “windows” may be extracted from the concatenated maps covering the entire region studied. c) In addition to the concatenated Land Systems maps, some example thematic maps have been prepared for use in ArcView by assigning a chosen attribute to the land systems.

2.5. ARCVIEW MAPS A set of ArcView shape maps was created based on the set of 36 files of the original 1:1,000,000 land system maps covering the region studied. These files are presented in the CD-ROM as part of the ArcView Maps. A complied ArcView Shape map of the Amazon was created based on the original delineation of these 36 maps with land systems units. Additional compiled ArcView Shape maps were then created using the various databases associated to the Land Systems. These maps can be viewed using the Arc Explorer program in the CD-ROM. However for additional analyses and interpretations of these maps, ArcView 3.2 or later should be used. The following sections of this manual describe the complied ArcView Shape maps.

2.5.1. Land Systems map The base Land Systems map, complied from the 36 original regional maps, is recorded in the CD-ROM with the following name: Land_systems_blank.shp (plus accompanying ArcView files). This ArcView Shape file only contains the polygons representing the land systems units and its land system unit identification number. An additional file was created that contains the overall description of the land systems called: landsystems.shp (plus accompanying ArcView files) This ArcView Shape file contains the database field names and descriptions shown in Table 1. The actual description of attributes within each field can be obtained from the “Glossary of the coding of the land systems attributes” (section 3) or from the coding tables in the database. This ArcView shape file was created from the database table: data_landsystems_sumario_port.

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Table 1. Database field names and description of data associated with ArcView Shape file “landsystems.xxx”.

Database Field Name

ArcView Database Field Name Description

--- Shape ArcView shape field --- Land_sys Land Systems (numerical) --- Count ArcView count field Sist Terra Sist_Terr Land Systems (as string) Reg-fisio Reg_Fisio Physiographic region Cód Reg-fisio Cód_Reg_f Physiographic region code Unid-fis Unid_fis Physiographic unit Cód Unid-fis Cód_Unid_f Physiographic unit code Reg Clim Reg_Clim Region climate Clas Reg-clim Cla_Reg_cl Region climate class code Estação meteo Estação_me Meteorological climate station Des Sis Terra Des_Sis_Te Terrain system description

2.5.2. Land Systems Facets legend maps Each Land System unit was subdivided into regions with common characteristics, which were termed land FACETS. Within each land system unit there are a maximum of 3 land facets is described, representing variations in the landscape features. These variations, although not mapped because of scale limitations of the original study, are described in the databases provided here. The portion (percentage) of each land facet within the land systems was estimated from a study of the imagery. ArcView Shape maps were created for each of these facets. The following files represent the facets. The data contained in each of these maps is shown in Table 2. Ls_legend_facet1.shp Ls_legend_facet2.shp Ls_legend_facet3.shp Ls_legend_facet0.shp “Ls_legend_facet1.shp” contains the information of the main facet of the land system unit and the other maps represent the subsequent facets 2 and 3. Each land system unit may contain 1, 2, or 3 facets. Facet 0 represents land systems containing no data at the time of the study. This ArcView Shape file was created from the database table: data_landsystems_legend.

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Table 2. Database field names and description of the land facet summary legend data associated with ArcView Shape files “Ls_legend_facet*.xxx”

Database Field Name

ArcView Database Field Name

Description

Shape ArcView shape field Landsys Land Systems (numerical) Count ArcView count field REG-FIS REG_FIS Physiographic region SIS-TER SIS_TER Land Systems (as string) REG-CLI REG_CLI Regional Climate classification FACETA FACETA Land Facet

%FACETA P_FACETA Percent of land system comprised by the land facet

FORM-TER FORM_TER Land form ALTITUDE ALTITUDE Altitude TEXT-A/S TEXTURA Soil texture CLAS-FER CLAS_FER Fertility classification ST-GG ST_GG Soil Taxonomy classification LEG-FAO LEG_FAO FAO soil legend classification

2.5.3. Land Systems Facet data maps Detailed data for each facet are presented in the following ArcView Shape maps: Ls_data_facet1.shp Ls_data_facet2.shp Ls_data_facet3.shp The database field names and descriptions of these maps representing the facets, are shown in Table 3. The main data categories are as follows:

• Generalized Landscape Information • Landscape Facet Information • Original Vegetation Classification • Induced Vegetation • Soil Classification • Soil Physical Properties • Soil Chemical Properties • Elements of Importance mainly to Animal Nutrition • Fertility Capability Classification

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Further description of the attribute database of each of these fields is presented in the “Glossary of the coding of the land systems attributes” (section 3).

Table 3. Database field names and description of the land facet complete data associated with ArcView Shape files “Ls_data_facet*.xxx”

Database Field Name

ArcView Database Field Name

Description

Generalized Landscape Information Faceta Faceta Land Facet Faceta_ID Faceta_ID Land Facet ID Sist Terra Sist_Terra Land Systems

Landscape Facet Information Form-ter Form_ter Landform description Cód form-ter Cód_form_t Landform code % Sist Terra P_Sist_Ter Percent of land system comprised by the land facet

% mal dren P_mal_dren Percent of land facet comprised of soils with poor drainage

% decliv <8% P_decliv_8 Percent of land facet with well-drained soils almost flat, slope <8%

% decliv 8-30% P_dec_8_30 Percent of land facet with undulating to rolling, slope 8-30%

% decliv >30% P_dec_30 Percent of land facet with steep, slope >30% Alt em metros Altura Approximate median altitude for each land facet

Original Vegetation Classification

% Tem In Pamp P_Tem_In_ P Percent seasonally inundated pampas (poorly drained savannas)

% CL + CS P_CL_CS

Percent Campo limpo (grassland) and campo sujo (grassland with occasional shrubs) (well drained savannas)

% Campo Cer P_Camp_Cer Percent Campo Cerrado (open savanna) (well drained savannas)

% Cerrado P_Cerrado Percent Cerrado (intermediate savanna) (well drained savannas)

% Cerradão P_Cerradão Percent Cerradão (closed savanna with almost continuous forest canopy) (well drained savannas)

% Fl Tr Chuv P_Fl_Tr_Ch Percent Tropical rain forest % Fl Tr SS Ve P_Fl_Tr_SV Percent Semi-evergreen seasonal forest % Fl Tr S Dec P_Fl_Tr_SD Percent (semi)-deciduous seasonal forest

% CAAT P_CAAT Percent Caatinga (scrubby woodland with some savanna species)

% Outra Veget P_Outra_Vê Percent other vegetation Induced Vegetation

% Past Cultiv P_Past_Cul Percent Pastures (Estimated from satellite imagery 1977-1981)

% Colheitas P_Colheita Percent Crops (Estimated from satellite imagery 1977-1981)

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Soil Classification

ST Ordens ST_Ordens U.S. Soil Taxonomy (soil Survey Staff, 1975) classification of Order

ST Sub-orden ST_Sub_ord U.S. Soil Taxonomy (soil Survey Staff, 1975) classification of Suborders

ST Grupo Gran ST_Gr_Gran U.S. Soil Taxonomy (soil Survey Staff, 1975) classification of Great Group

FAO Leg Solos FAO_Leg FAO soil legend classification Soil Physical Properties

Declive Declive Slope Prof do solo Prof_solo Depth Taxa infil in Taxa_infil Initial infiltration rate Cond hydraul Cond_hydr Hydraulic conductivity Drenagem Drenagem Drainage Cap ret água Cap_ret_ag Moisture-holding capacity

Regime temp Regime_t Temperature Regime according to U.S. Soil Taxonomy

Regime umidad Regime_um Moisture Regime according to U.S. Soil taxonomy Argilas expan Argilas_ex Expanding clays Text sup solo Text_sup Topsoil texture (0-20cm) Text subsolo Text_sub Subsoil texture (21-50cm) Mat gros super Mat_gr_sup Topsoil coarse material (0-20cm) Mat gros sub Mat_gr_sub Subsoil coarse material (21-50cm)

Soil Chemical Properties pH super solo pH_super Topsoil pH (1:1 soil to water ratio) pH sub solo pH_sub Subsoil pH (1:1 soil to water ratio) Sat Al super Sat_Al_sup Topsoil Aluminum (Al) saturation Sat Al sub Sat_Al_sub Subsoil Aluminum (Al) saturation Al troc super Al_tr_sup Topsoil Exchangeable Aluminum (Al) Al troc sub Al_tr_sub Subsoil Exchangeable Aluminum (Al) Ca troc super Ca_tr_sup Topsoil Exchangeable calcium (Ca) Ca troc sub Ca_tr_sub Subsoil Exchangeable calcium (Ca) Mg troc super Mg_tr_sup Topsoil Exchangeable magnesium (Mg) Mg troc sub Mg_tr_sub Subsoil Exchangeable magnesium (Mg) K troc super K_tr_sup Topsoil Exchangeable potassium (K) K troc sub K_tr_sub Subsoil Exchangeable potassium (K) Na troc super Na_tr_sup Topsoil Exchangeable sodium (Na) Na troc sub Na_tr_sub Subsoil Exchangeable sodium (Na) TBTsuper TBT_super Topsoil Total exchangeable bases TBT subsolo TBT_sub Subsoil Total exchangeable bases CTCE super CTCE_super Topsoil Effective cation-exchange capacity CTC subsolo CTCE_sub Subsoil Effective cation-exchange capacity MO super MO_super Topsoil Organic matter MO subsolo MO_sub Subsoil Organic matter

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P super P_super Topsoil Phosphorus P subsolo P_sub Subsoil Phosphorus P fixação P_fix Phosphorus fixation Mn Mn Manganese S S Sulphur Zn Zn Zinc Fé Fe Iron Cu Cu Copper B B Boron Mo Mo Molybdenum Carb Livres Carb_Livre Free carbonates Salinidade Salin Salinity Sódico Sódico Natric Argila "cat" Argila_cat Cat Clay Amor raios X Am_raio_X X-ray amorphous

Elements of Importance mainly to Animal Nutrition Cobolto Cobolto Cobalt L L Iodine Se Se Selenium Cr Cr Chromium Ni Ni Nickel

Fertility Capability Classification CCF tipo CCF_tipo Type and substrata types CCF modific CCF_mod Modifiers

2.5.4. Meteorological Stations Data from over 1100 meteorological stations was compiled as an integral part of the study “Land in Tropical America” (Hancock et al., 1979). This computerized data formed the core of CIAT’s SAMM-DATA (South America Meteorological Data) computer file (Cochrane et al., 1985). A small subset of typical meteorological data was recorded in the book version of “Land in Tropical America” and for the convenience of the readers, this subset data has been mapped using latitude and longitude information. The following ArcView point Shape map was created with the database presented in Table 4: Met_stations.shp Caution should be taken when using these, since the accuracy of the latitude/longitude coordinates used may vary.

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Table 4. Meteorological database field names and description for use with ArcView Shape file “met_stations.xxx”

Database Field Name

ArcView Database Field Name Description

STNA STNA Station name STID STID Station ID PAIS PAIS Country LATI LATI Latitude (degrees)

LONG LONG Longitude (degrees) ALTI ALTI Elevation (meters)

The data from the meteorological weather stations were then related to individual land systems units. The relationship database between land systems units and the meteorological station is presented in Table 5. An ArcView point Shape file called “LS_MET” was also created showing this relationship.

Table 5. Relationship database between land system and meteorological station “ls_met.xxx”.

Database Field Name

ArcView Database Field Name Description

LSID LSID Land system STID STID Station ID (meteorological station) STNA STNA Station name

2.5.5. Meteorological Data Maps A variety of ArcView maps were created using available data from the meteorological stations. These maps are described in Table 6. The data each map contains is presented in Table 7. This data is presented for each meteorological station as an ArcView point Shape file, which can be interpolated by the user to obtain thematic maps of the region for the desired meteorological parameter.

Table 6. ArcView file names and descriptions for Meteorological data.

Database Field Name

ArcView File Name Description

TEMP Met_temp.shp Mean Temperature HUMI Met_humi.shp Mean Relative Humidity

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SUN% Met_sun.shp Percent of possible sunshine RADM Met_radm.shp Mean solar radiation (Langleys/day) RAIN Met_rain.shp Mean Precipitation (mm) PETH Met_peth.shp Potential Evapotranspiration (mm) PDEF Met_pdef.shp Precipitation deficit (mm): RAIN-PETH

PDEP Met_pdep.shp Dependable precipitation (mm): 75% probability level of precipitation occurrence

MAI Met_mai.shp Moisture availability index: PDEP/PETH

Table 7. Meteorological data field names and descriptions for ArcView files “met_*.xxx”

Database Field Name

ArcView Database Field Name Description

STID STID Station ID ID_TIPO ID_TIPO

KIND KIND Data type (kind of data) SOID SOID NYRS NYRS (blank - number of years of data) JANU JANU January FEBR FEBR February MARC MARC March APRI APRI April MAY MAY May JUNE JUNE June JULY JULY July AUGU AUGU August SEPT SEPT September OCTO OCTO October NOVE NOVE November DECE DECE December ANNU ANNU Annual mean

2.6. IDRISI MAPS

Raster and Vector Idrisi maps have been prepared for the Idrisi 16 bit version and for the Idrisi 32 bit versions. Files with the suffix “LS_TSA” refer to the concatenated land systems map of the Amazon, which are in both raster and vector format.

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Important notes:

a. The “LS-TSA_CAR-IDR32” directory refers to files exported from Cartalinx to Idrisi, which contain a database for the numerical identifiers of the land units.

b. Idrisi 32 files have to be copied to a folder in a computer Hard Drive and the read

only file property removed.

c. Note that most Idrisi raster files are in compacted format and must be changed to binary format to be displayed.

2.7. CARTALINX MAPS Cartalinx maps of the original 36 regional maps have been digitized as well as a land systems map that is a concatenation of all the regional maps.

3. GLOSSARY OF THE CODING OF THE LAND SYSTEMS ATTRIBUTES

The glossary of the coding of the land systems is presented in the next 8 pages. It is an exact copy of the material in Volume 3 of the “Land in Tropical America” book text. It is presented here as a guide to the database and the ArcView maps. However, all coding has now been included in the database. This coding enables to print reports in the 3 languages (English, Spanish, and Portugues).

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4. REFERENCES

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