manual on traffic signage

8/7/2019 Manual on Traffic Signage

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TRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATIONS

PREFACE

The purpose of this manual is to establish uniformity in design and application of all trafficsigns and control devices in Malaysia for the benefit of road users, road and traffic authorities, andmanufacturers of traffic signs.

This manual supersedes and forms part of the revised version of JKR/J(Rb) 0001/80, ManualOn Traffic Control Devices - Traffic Signs. The Manual is now divided into the following parts:

1. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85 - Standard Traffic Signs. Standard traffic signs drawingsfor Regulatory, Warning and Guide signs are illustrated complete with dimensions. A

coloured chart for all the traffic signs indicated acceptable colours for each sign.

2. Arahan Teknik (Jalan)2B/85 - Traffic Sign Application. It consists of, with the exceptionof Temporary signs, design criteria and location requirements for all traffic signs.

3. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2C/85 -- Temporary Signs and Work Zones Control It consists of standard temporary sign drawings and their application in the work zones.

4. Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2D/85 - Road Markings and Delineation Standard road linepaints, road markings and delineators are identified together with guides on their applications.

The specifications in this manual are recommended to be used for all new signs and forall replacements of existing signs which have outlived their usefulness.

MA NUAL ON TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

TRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATI ONS


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Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L

SUMMARY


1. Types of Traffic Sign

a) Regulatory Signsi) Prohibitive Signsii)Mandatory Signs

b) Warning Signsc) Guide Signs

i) Destination Signsii) Distance Signsiii)Information Signs

- General Service Signs- Historical & Cultural- Interest Area Signs- Recreational Area Signs- Town Name Signs- River Name Signs

d) Route Markerse) Temporary Signs

2. Shapes and Sizes of Traffic Signa) Circular

i) Size when used with traffic signal :Diameter = 300 mm

ii) Minimum size : Diameter = 600mm

iii) Normal size : Diameter = 750mm

b) Octagonali) Minimum size : Width = 600 mm.ii) Other size : Width = 900 mm

c) Triangular (Equilateral)i) Minimum size ; Width = 600 mmii) Normal size : Width = 750 mm

d) Diamond (square with vertical diagonal)i) Minimum size : Width 400 mmii) Normal size : Width = 600 mmiii)Other size : Width = 750 mm &

900 mm.

e) RectangularSize varies according to legend(word message/symbol) on sign.

3. Functions of Colours on Traffic Signa) Red on White background or vice versa

i) Prohibitiveii) Warning for extreme danger

b) White on Blue backgroundi) Mandatoryii) Directive (destination and dis

tance)iii) Inform on general services.

c) White on Green backgroundi) Inform on river namesii) Inform on historical and cultural

interest areas.

d) Yellow on Dark Green backgroundi) Inform on recreational areas

e) Black on White backgroundi) Prohibitive for some casesii) Inform on town names

f) Black on Yellow backgroundi) Warning

g) Black on Orange backgroundi) Temporary

h) Red on Blue backgroundi) Prohibitive for some cases

FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY


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MANUAL ON TRAFFIC CONTROLDEVICES


CONTENTS

PREFACE

PART ONE: TRAFFIC CONTROL

DEVICES

1.1 Purpose of Traffic Control Devices1.2 Function of Traffic Control Devices1.3 Requirements of Traffic Control

Devices1.4 Effectiveness of Traffic Control

Devices

PART TWO: TRAFFIC SIGNS

2.1 Function of Traffic Signs2.2 Effectiveness of Traffic Signs2.3 Application of Traffic Signs2.4 Excessive Use of Traffic Signs2.5 Standardization of Traffic Signs2.6 Design of Traffic Signs2.7 Location of Traffic Signs2.8 Overhead Traffic Signs

2.9 Vertical Clearance for Traffic Signs2.10 Lateral Clearance for Traffic Signs2.11 Erection of Traffic Signs2.12 Post and Mounting o Traffic-Signs2.13 Maintenance of Traffic Signs2.14 Traffic Sign Materials2.15 Colour Code for Traffic Signs

SECTION 2A: Regulatory Signs2A.1 General on Regulatory

Signs2A.2 Design o Regulatory Signs

SECTION 2B: Warning Signs2B.1 General on Warning Signs2B.2 Design of Warning Signs

SECTION 2C: Guide Signs2C.1 General on Guide Signs2C.2 Classification of Guide Signs2C.3 Colour and Shape of Guide Signs2C.4 Size of Guide Signs2C.5 Lettering on Guide Signs2C.6 Border on Guide Signs2C.7 Directional Symbols on Guide Signs2C.8 Destination Signs2C.9 Distance Signs


4. Clearances for Traffic Sign.Vertical Lateral

Rural areas : a > 1.5 m With road shoulders : b > 0.6mBusiness & Residential areas : a > 2.2m Without road shoulders : b > 3.6mDivided Highways : a> 1.8 m Outside curb face,

a > 2.2 m for destination signs. guardrail line,paved shoulder : b>,, 0.6 m


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2C.10 Information Signs2C.11 Route Markers

PART THREE: GUIDE ON APPLICATION

3.1 Scope of Guide3.2 Intersections3.3 Hills, Turns and Curves3.4 Narrow Bridges, Culverts and

Roadside Obstacles3.5 Railroad Grade Crossings3.6 School Zones3.7 Speed Zones3.8 Permanent Weighbridge Stations3.9 Recreational, Historical and Cultural

Interest Areas3.10 Place Name

SUMMARYAPPENDIX A - Location of Traffic Signs

PART ONE: TRAFFIC CONTROLDEVICES

1.1 Purpose of Traffic Control

DevicesThe purpose of traffic control, devicesand warrants for their use is to helpensure highway safety by providing forthe orderly and predictable movement of all traffic, motorised and non-motorised,and to provide the necessary guidanceand warnings to ensure the safe andinformed operation of every road useron the highway.

1.2 Function of Traffic ControlDevicesRoad users depend upon traffic controldevices to be advised of the require-ments or conditions affecting road use atspecific places and times so that appropriate action can be taken to avoidaccidents, delays etc. Functionally, thetraffic control devices in use are dividedinto the following three groups:

1.2.1 Regulatory devices have the authority toimpose precise requirements upon theactions of road users.

1.2.2 Warning devices call attention to poten-tially hazardous roadway conditions orunusual traffic movements which are notreadily apparent to on-coming traffic.They impose the responsibility upon theindividual road user to employ addedcaution.

1.2.3 Guiding devices show route designa-tions, destinations, directions, distances,points of interest, and other geographicalor cultural information.

1.3 Requirements of Traffic ControlDevicesTo be effective, all traffic controldevices should meet the following five



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elementary requirements:(a) They should fulfill an important

need.(b) They should command attention.(c) They should convey a clear, sim

ple meaning.(d) They should command therespect of road users.

(e) They should give adequate timefor proper response.

1.4 Effectiveness of Traffic ControlDevicesThe effectiveness of traffic controldevices used is directly dependent uponthe degree to which the abovementioned basic requirements are met:To ensure these requirements are fulfilled, consideration must be given tofive major factors viz. design,placement, operation, maintenance anduniformity.

1.4.1 Design of the devices should ensure thatsuch features as size, contrast, colours,shape, composition, and lighting orreflectorization are combined to draw

attention to the devices, that shape, size,colours, and simplicity of messagecombine to. produce a clear meaning;that legibility and size combine withplacement to permit adequate time forresponse; and that uniformity, legibility,reasonableness and size to commandrespect.

1.4.2 Placement of the device should ensurethat it is within the optimum visual

cone, i.e. 100 to 200 on the horizontalaxis of the cone base and 50 to 80 on thevertical axis, of the viewer so that it willcommand attention; that it is positionedwith respect to the point, object, or situation to which it applies to aid inconveying the proper meaning; and thatits location, combined with suitablelegibility, is such that a driver travelingat normal speed has adequate time tomake the proper response.

1.4.3 Operation or application should ensurethat appropriate devices and relatedequipment are installed to meet thetraffic requirements at a given location.Furthermore, the device must be placed

and operated in a uniform and consistentmanner to ensure, to the extent possible,that vehicle operators can be expected toproperly respond to the device, based ontheir previous exposure to similar trafficcontrol situations.

1.4.4 Maintenance of devices should be to highstandards to ensure that legibility isretained, that the device is visible, andthat it is removed if no longer needed.Clean, legible and properly mounteddevices in good working conditioncommand the respect of road users. Inaddition to physical maintenance,functional maintenance is required toadjust needed traffic control devices tocurrent conditions and to removeunnecessary traffic control devices. Thefact that a device is in good physicalcondition should not be a basis fordeferring needed replacement,or change.Furthermore, carelessly executed

maintenance can destroy the value of agroup of devices, throwing them outof balance; e.g. replacement of a sign in agroup or series by one that isdisproportionately large may tend todeprecate others in the vicinity.The following procedures on cleaningcan be used for specific maintenancepurposes:(a) TAR, OIL, DIESEL, SMUT,

BITUMINOUS MATERIALUse a mild solvent such as mineralspirits. Then wash the surface with milddetergent and water, and rinse with cleanwater.

(b) POLLEN AND FUNGUSWash the surface with a 3-50/o sodiumhypochlorite solution followed bydetergent and water. Rinse with cleanwater.



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(c) LIPSTICK, CRAYONUse a mild solvent such as mineralspirits to remove the material. Followwith detergent and water, and rinse with

clean water.

(d) PAINTIt may be possible to remove paintsprayed onto an Engineering GradeSheeting sign face using a commercialpaint remover designed for this purpose.The type of paint, length of exposure, andtype of remover used may affect theperformance life of the sheeting.Following cleaning, clear coating may be

necessary, depending upon surfaceconditions.

1.4.5 Uniformity of traffic control devicessimplifies the task of the road userbecause it aids in recognition and understanding. It aids road users, policeofficers, and traffic courts by givingeveryone the same inter pretation.It aidsJKR and road authority officials througheconomy in manufacture, installation,maintenance and administration. In otherwords, uniformity means treating similarsituations in the same way. The use of uniform traffic con trol devices doesnot, in itself, constitute uniformity. Astandard device used where it is notappropriate is as objectionable as anonstandard device; in fact, this may beworse, in that such misuse may result indisrespect at those locations where thedevice is really needed.

PART TWO: TRAFFIC SIGNS

2.1 Function of Traffic SignsTraffic signs are used to regulate, warn,or guide road users. Signs should be usedonly where necessary and justified byfacts and field studies. Traffic signs areessential where special regulations applyat specific places or at specific times only,

or where hazards are not self-evident.They also give information as to highwayroutes, directions, destinations and pointsof interest. Traffic signs ordinarily are notneeded to confirm rules of the road.

Functionally, traffic signs are classified asfollows:(a) Regulatory signs give notice of

traffic laws and regulations.(Refer to Section 2Awhere RP -regulatory prohibitive and RM-regulatory mandatory)

(b) Warning Signs call attention toconditions on, or adjacent to, ahighway that are potentially hazardous to traffic operations.(Referto Section 2B where WD - warning danger)

(c) Guide signs show route designations, destinations, directions, distances, services, points of interest,and other geographical, recretioal,historical or cultural information(Refer to Section 2C where GD -guide destination, GX - guide dis-tance, GI - guide information andGR - guide route marker)

In order to differentiate these functions,traffic signs are shaped differently, suchas those listed below:

SIGN TYPES AND SHAPES

Regulatory

Warning

Guide



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2.2 Effectiveness of Traffic SignsThe effectiveness of any traffic signdepends upon its attention, meaning,time and respect values. The increasedvolume and speed of traffic on our high

ways today has made the requirementsof directional signing more exacting. Allunofficial and non-essential traffic signsshould be removed as they weaken thevalue of the necessary signs.

2.3 Application of Traffic SignsEach standard traffic sign shall bedisplayed only for the specific purposeprescribed. Signs required by roadconditions or restrictions shall be

removed immediately when thoseconditions cease to exist or therestrictions are with drawn. Before anynew highway, detour, or temporaryroute is opened to traffic, all necessarysigns shall first be put in place.Identical conditions should always bemarked with the same type of sign.It must be recognised that urbanconditions differ from those in ruralareas in such aspects as speed,

frequency of intersections, trafficcongestion, number of pedestrains,parking, lighting, etc. that sometimesnecessitate the traffic signs to beapplied and located differently. If thisoccurs, the general principles set in thismanual., as to colour, design, shape, andsize should be followed wherever practicable.

2.4 Excessive Use of Traffic Signs

Excessive use of traffic signs is badpractice and care should be taken not toinstall too many signs. A conservativeuse of regulatory and warning signs isrecommended as these signs, if used toexcess, tend to lose their effectiveness.On the other viand, a frequent display of route markers and directional signs tokeep the road user informed of hislocation and his course will not lessentheir value.

2.5 Standardization of Traffic SignsIn situations where messages arerequired other than those here inprovided for, the signs shall be of thesame shape and colour as standard signs

of the same functional type.The basic requirements of a traffic signare that it be legible to those for whom itis intended and that it be understood intime to permit proper response. Thismeans high visibility, lettering orsymbols of adequate size, short wordmessages, and simple symbol designsfor quick comprehension by a road userapproaching a sign at high or low speed.Standard sized colours and shapes are

specified so that the several classes of traffic signs can be promptly recognised.

2.6 Design of Traffic SignsUniformity in design includes shape,size, colour, word messages, symbolsillumination or reflectorization. Themanual Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85shows many typical, standard trafficsigns approved for use on the highways.All symbols shall be unmistakably

similar to those shown, and where aword message is applicable, thewording shallbe as therein provided.Standardization of these designs doesnot preclude further improvement byminor changes in the proportion of symbols, width of borders, or layout of word messages, but all shapes andcolours shall be as indicated.

2.7 Location of Traffic Sign

Standardization of position cannotalways be attained in practices; however,the general rule is to locate traffic signson the left-hand side of the roadway. Onhighways where some degree of lane-use control is desirable, or where spaceis not available at the roadside, overheadsigns are often necessary. Signs in anyother locations ordinarily should beconsidered only as supplementary tosigns in the normal locations. Under



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some circumstances signs may beplaced on channelizing islands, ormedians, on sharp curves and on theright-hand shoulder of the road. A supplementary sign located on the right of

the roadway is often helpful on amultilane road where traffic in theleft-hand lane may obstruct the view tothe left.Normally, traffic signs should beindividually erected on separate posts ormountings except where one signsupplements another or where route ordirectional signs must be grouped. Ingeneral., signs should be located tooptimize night time visibility andminimize the effects of mud splatter andin conformance with safety factorsrelated to fixed obstacles near theroadway. Signs should be located so thatthey do not obscure each other or arehidden from view' by other roadsideobjects. Signs requiring differentdecisions by road users must be spacedsufficiently far apart for the requireddecisions to be made safely. Someexamples on locations of traffic signsare shown in Appendix A.

2.8 Overhead Traffic SignsThe operational requirements of ourpresent, highway system are such thatoverhead signs will have value at manylocations. The factors ;justifying theerection of overhead sign displays arenot definable in specific numerical term,but the following conditions deserveconsideration. However, the existence of any one or more of the conditions listeddoes not automatically justify the use of overhead signs.(a) Traffic volume at or near

capacity.(b) Complex interchange design.(c) Three or more lanes in each

direction.(d) Restricted sight distance.(e) Closely spaced interchanges.(f) Street lighting background.

(g) Multi-lane exits.(h) Large percentage of trucks.(i) High Speed Traffic.(j) Consistency of sign message

location through a series of inter

changes.(k) Insufficient space for groundmounted signs.

2.9 Vertical Clearance for TrafficSignsTraffic signs erected at the roadsidein rural areas shall be mounted at aheight of at least 1.Sm above the levelof the roadway edge, measured from thebottom of the sign. In business andresidential areas where parking,pedestrian movement, and otherobstructions are likely to occur, theheight shall be 2.2m.On expressways ordivided highways, this height shall be atleast 2.2m for destination signs, but1.8m for warning, regulatory, and othertypes of guide signs. If however, asecondary sign has to be mountedbelow a major sign, the height of thesecondary sign may be 0.3m less thanthe appropiate height specified above.

Refer to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 inAppendix A.Overhead traffic signs shall provide avertical clearance of not less than 5mwith further consideration for threecycles of overlay over the entire widthof the pavement and shoulders exceptwhere a lesser vertical clearance is usedfor the design of other structures.

2.10 Lateral Clearance For TrafficSignsTraffic signs should not be placed lessthan 0.6m from the edge of road shoul-der, or if none, 3.6m from the edge of the traveled way.Where a raised curb, guardrail., or pavedshoulder is present, a sign should beplaced with its nearest edge at least0.6m outside such curb face, guardrailline, or paved shoulder edge.



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Nevertheless, in urban areas where sidewalk width is limited or where existingpoles are close to the guardrail, a clear-ance of 0.3m is permissible. Refer toFig. 1 and Fig.2 Appendix A.

2.11 Erection of Traffic SignAll traffic signs shall be mountedapproximately at right angles to thedirection of and facing the traffic thatthey are to serve, i.e.870 tilt if the sign iserected 5m or more away from the road-way edge, or 930 tilt if the sign is erect-ed less than 5m away from the roadwayedge. Where mirror reflection from thesign face is encountered in such degree

as to reduce legibility, the sign should beturned slightly away from the road.Where signs are offset 9m or more fromthe roadway edge, signs should general-ly be turned toward the road. Atcurved alignments, the angle of place-ment should be determined by thecourse of approaching traffic rather thanby the roadway edge at the point wherethe sign is located. Sign faces normallyare vertical, but on grades it may bedesirable to tilt a sign forward or back-ward from the vertical to improve theviewing angle. Refer to Fig. 3 inAppendix A.

2.12 Post and Mounting of TrafficSignsTraffic sign posts, mountings, and theirfoundations shall be so constructed as tohold signs in a proper and permanentposition, to resist swaying in the wind ordisplacement by vandalism.In areas where ground mounted signsupports cannot be sufficiently offsetfrom the roadway edge, sign supportsshould be of a suitable breakaway oryielding design. Concrete base for signsupports should be flush with the groundlevel. In some cases, signs can be cor-rectly placed on existing supportsused for other purposes, such as trafficsignals, street lights, and public utility

poles where permitted, thereby savingexpense and minimizing sidewalk obstruction. Standard ,JKR post andtaunting procedures should be used forall. posts and mountings of traffic signs.

Over crossing structures can sometimesserve as the support for overhead trafficsigns, and under some circumstances,may be the only practical solution thatwill provide adequate viewing distance.Use of such structures as sign supportswill eliminate the need for the founda -tions and sign supports along the roadside. On urban expressways or dividedhighways where overhead crossings areclosely spaced, it is desirable to placesigns on overpasses or bridges toenhance safety and economy.

2.13 Maintenance of Traffic SignsAll traffic. signs should be kept in prop-er position, clean and legible at all times.Damaged signs should be replaced without undue delay. A suitable schedule forinspection, cleaning and replacement of signs should be established. Specialattention and necessary action shouldalso be taken to see that weeds, trees,shrubs and construction materials do notobscure the face of any sign. JKR,police, other governmental employeesand the general public should be encouraged to report any damaged or obscuredsigns at the first opportunity to AR orthe road authorities at the MaintenanceSection.

2.14 Traffic Sign MaterialsExcept for signs erected along majorhighways and all BERHENTI signs,which uses High Intensity retroreflectivesheeting, the minimum requirement fortraffic signs in Malaysia is a materialknown as Engineering Grade retro-reflective sheeting. However, it is recog-nised that technological progress maydevelop new and more satisfactory orsuperior materials for traffic signs, par-ticularly in the fields of illumination andreflectorization. This Manual should not



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be interpreted to exclude any new mate-rial that meets the standard requirementsfor colour and legibility, both by day andby night.

2.15 Colour Code For Traffic TrafficSignsThe following colour code has beenestablished and identified by JKR asbeing appropriate for use in conveyingtraffic control information.

Note: The colours coded below are used forroad furnitures, other than traffic signfaces, such as road markings, traffic sig-nal and traffic sign posts, guardrails,

curbs and so on, and should be of glossfinish paint or of higher quality material.Traffic sign and signal posts should bestriped with alternating colours of

orange and black of 0.3 m interval.

Yellow - No. 356 British Standard 381C(Golden Yellow)

White - Part 1 clause 1.3.2 and 1.3.3British Standard 873

Black - Part 1 clause 1.3.2 and 1.3.3British Standard 873

Orange - British Standard 0.004

Note: The colours used for all traffic sign facesshould be comparable to that formed bythe chromaticity coordinates below, andshould be of retro-reflective material.


COLOUR1 2 3 4

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

Red 0.6900.310

0.5950.315

0.5690.341

0.6550.345

Orange 0.6100.390

0.5350.375

0.5160.394

0.5810.418

Yellow 0.5040.458

0.5250.473

0.4930.507

0.4740.488

Green 0.1400.380

0.1350.440

0.1100.438

0.1150.378

Dark Green 0.0400.460

0.1000.460

0.1000.380

0.0300.380

Blue 0.1340.043

0.1690.097

0.1540.125

0.1140.007

White 0.3500.360

0.3000.310

0.2850.325

0.3350.375

CHROMATICITY COORDINATES


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SECTION 2A: REGULATORY SIGNS

2A.1 General on Regulator Signs2A.1.1 Regulatory signs inform road users

of traffic laws or regulations and

indicate the applicability of legalrequirements that would not otherwise be apparent. These signs shallbe erected whenever needed to fulfillthis purpose, but unnecessary mandates should be avoided. Regulatorysigns are recognised as those thatgenerally impose certain obligationsor prohibitions to road users. Forexample, a sign giving notice tomerging traffic to give-way is includ-

ed in the regulatory group.

2A.1.2 Regulatory signs shall be erected atthose locations where regulationsapply. The sign message shall clearlyindicate the requirements imposed bythe regulation and shall be easily vis-ible and legible to road users.

2A.2 Design of Regulatory SignRegulatory signs are generally circularin shape except for the BERHENTI,BERI LALUAN and ZON HAD LAJUSIGNS. Colours dimensions, letteringsand/or symbols shall be as specified andshown in Part 1 of Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85. These illustrations aredivided into the following parts:

(i) Prohibitive signs - prohibit cer-tain maneuvers

(ii.) Mandatory signs - mandate cer-tain maneuvers

SECTION 2B: Warning Signs

2B.1 General On Warning Signs

2B.1.1 Warning signs are used when it isdeemed necessary to warn traffic of existing or potentially hazardous

conditions on, or adjacent to, a high-way. Warning signs require cautionon the part of road users and maycall for reduction of speed or amaneuver in the interest of safety.

Adequate warnings are of greatassistance to road users and are valuable in safe-guarding and expeditingtraffic. The use of warning signsshould be kept to a minimumbecause the unnecessary use of themto warn off conditions which areapparent tends to breed disrespect forall signs.

2B.1.2 Warning signs are placed In advanceof the conditions to which they callattention to. New warning signs,like all other new signs that are notreadily recognisable by the public,shall be accompanied by educationalplaques which are to remain in placefor at least 3 years after the initialinstallation. No special effort need bemade to remove the educationalplaques as long as they are in serviceable conditions.

2B.2 Design of Warning Signs28.2.1 Warning signs are generally diamond

in shape (square with one diagonalvertical), however, there are a fewwhich are rectangular. The coloursshall be black symbols and borders onyellow background except for thesigns AWAS, and OBSTRUCTIONMARKER. All warning signs mustbe in accordance to those shown andspecified in Part 2 of Arahan Teknik

(Jalan) 2A/85.

SECTION 2C: GUIDE SIGNS

2C.1 General on Guide Signs2C.I.I Guide signs are necessary to guide

road users along highways to directthem to towns, villages, or otherimportant destinations, and to inform-him of interesting routes.



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These signs are essential to identifynearby rivers and streams, parks,forests and historical sites. In a gener-al way, guide signs give road users the

information that will help them alongtheir way in the most simple, directmanner possible.

2C.1.2 Guide signs, unlike other signs, do notlose effectiveness by frequent use.Therefore, in case of doubt as to theirnecessity, guide signs should be erect-ed as frequently as practicable.However, the amount of informationon any one sign should not exceedthree destinations, and in addition,must be so located as to allow anynecessary maneuver to be made with-out confusion.

2C.1.3 Guide signs for highways must belarge and legible enough to be readfrom moving vehicles at high or lowspeed. At interchanges, road usersdepend on signs in choosing the prop-er roadways, and an error in turningmay increase the distance of the trip.

Besides, a last minute maneuver mayresult in an accident on busy high-ways. on controlled access high-ways, it is essential that road users beinformed where and how to reach cer-tain service facilities that are notdirectly visible or accessible from thehighways.

2C.2 Classification of Guide Signs2C.2.1 Guide Signs are generally classified

into the following four parts:

(I) Destination Signs(ii) Distance Signs(iii) Information Signs(iv) Route Markers

2C.3 Colours and Shapes of GuideSigns

2C.3.1 Guide Signs are all rectangular in

shape, and the colours are generallyeither white letters and/or symbol andborder on blue background. For destinations to local streets, the letteringsand arrows should be yellow.

2C.4 Size_ of Guide Signs2C.4.1 The size of guide signs must be such

as to be legible to road users appro-aching them. Route markers shouldbe of standard designs and of fixedstandard sizes. however, for otherguide signs, the legend Is so variablethat the size must be fixed in terms of the length of word messages and thesize of lettering and spacing necessary

for proper legibility.

2C.4.2 The size of a guide sign is not alwaysdependant on the word messageand/or the symbol. In the case of overhead signs mounted over a particular roadway lane to which it applies,the size is limited in length to thewidth of lane. Overhead signs arealso, generally, limited in their verti-cal dimensions because of roadwayclearance and visibility requirements.

2C.4.3 It is recommended that the size of guide signs follow the standard sizesproduced by the manufacturers or infractions and multiples of the standardmanufactured sizes. This is to reducewastage and unsightly joint marks.

2C.5 Lettering On Guide Signs2C.5.1 Except for names of places and rivers,

sign lettering shall be in clear, opencapital letters of the type approved.Names of places and rivers shall be inlower-case lettering, with initial capi-tals. The initial capitals and numer-als shall be of a height 1 1/3 times the"loop" height of the lower case letters.The use of very narrow alphabet isnot recommended for guide signs.

2C.5.2 The size of lettering used must besuch as to be legible at distance that



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will give road users sufficient time toread the sign before passing it. Ingeneral, for highway in rural districts other than major highways;the principal word message on

guide signs shall be in letters atleast 150mm in height. On lessimportant rural roads and urbanstreets, the principal word mes -sage shall be at least 100mm high.On expressways and major high-ways the principal word messagesshall be in letters at least 200mmhigh.

Letter height = 2tV + 5.7s (mm)0.04d

where t = time required for a sim-ple glance (1.5 secondsfor a simple sign)

v = vehicle speed in meter persecond

s = distance from the center of sign to the line of travel of the road user (6.6 metersfor signs less than 6 meterslong)

d = distance in meter at which25mm letters can be read(d = 15m)

See Table 1 in Appendix A.

2C.5.3 The height-stroke width ratio shouldbe approximately 1:5. The height-width ratio varies with individual let-ters.

2C.5.4 In general, the spacing between lettersof the same word should be about 1.5times the stroke width for paralleledstrokes but for strokes of opposingslope the spacing may be reducedproportionately. Agenerous spacing isadvisable whenever practical, forhigh legibility and is mandatory innumerals. The spacing between

words and lines should not be lessthan 3/4 of the letter height. However,when only capitals are used the spac-ing between rows of words may bereduced to 1/2 letter height.

Nevertheless, the task of spacing let-tering Series 1 has been made simplerby the introduction of letter mosaics.The size of each letter mosaic is fixed.Therefore in order to form a word, therelevant letter mosaic is taken andplaced adjacent to one another. Thepositioning of the alphabet within themosaic is already calculated.Lettering Series 1 is used on all guidesigns. See Appendix 2 in ArahanTeknik (Jalan) 2A/85.

2C.5.5 Legibility distance for guide signs isinfluenced by:

(i) alphabet design(ii) letter height(iii) letter width

(iv) letter stroke(v) letter spacing(vi) sign margin

(vii) word and line spacing(viii) colour, contrast and bright-

ness

2C.6 Border on Guide Signs2C.6.1 The use of a narrow border improves

the appearance of a sign and makes itmore conspicuous. The border shouldbe of the same colour as the wordmessage or symbol and should be at

or just inside the edge. A dark bor-der should be set in from the edge,while a light border should extend tothe edge of the plate.

2C.6.2 In general, a 750mm sign with a lightbackground use a border of 15mm to20mm in width, and set in 1Ommfrom the edge. For other sizes of signs, border widths should be of sim-ilar proportions but should not ordi-



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narily exceed the stroke-width of thelargest letter on the sign. For highspeed highway, guide signs exceeding2 meters by 3 meters in size, the bor-der should be about 50mm and on

unusually large signs about 70mm.

2C.6.3 The corners of the sign panels shall berounded and corners of sign bordersshould be similarly rounded to fit thesign panel. Rounding the cornersimproves the appearance of the signs,and for signs mounted at a height of less than 2.2m, this is an importantsafety measure. A suitable cornerradius for sign panels up to 7.50mmin the greater dimension is 40mm to50mm with similar proportions forlarger size panels. On very largeguide signs, corners should be round-er on a radius approximately 1/18of the lesser side dimension, but notto exceed 300mm.

2C.6.4 Border line or dividing line across thesignboard, stacking, shall be used

when the destinations indicated are of different directions on a destinationsignboard. It is not required on a dis-tance or information signboard.

2C.7 Directional Symbols on GuideSigns

2C.7.1 Arrows are used to indicate the directions toward destinations. The arrowsshould be made to point horizontally

or vertically or at any desired angle toconvey a clear comprehension of thedirection to be taken. At right-angleintersections a horizontal. arrow isappropriate. On a roadside sign adirectional arrow for a straight-through movement should point verti-cally upwards. For a turn the arrowshould be pointed upward at a 45-degree angle related to the sharpnessof the turn. If there is more than one

arrow, the arrangement of thesearrows must be in anti -clockwisedirection. See Table 2.

2C.7.2 Arrows may be placed below or toone side of the word message or sym-

bol. The width across the barbs of thearrow (between 650 and 900) shouldbe at least equal to the height of thelargest letter on the sign, and shouldhave a uniform shaft long enough tostand out, distinctly from the back of the head. See Appendix 4 in ArahanTeknik (Jalan) 2A/85.

2C.7.3 The use of diagramatic signs shouldbe confined to "Roundabouts" andother more complicated interchanges.(This should not be confused with theuse of symbols in signs such as thoseenumerated in the Road TrafficOrdinance).

2C.7.4 Where cardinal directions have to beshown, they should be indicatedbefore the names of towns in that

direction. however, the use of cardinalsigns should be kept to a minimum.

2C.8 Destination Signs2C.8.1 Destination signs shall be a horizontal

rectangle carrying the name of townsvillages or other objectives and direc-tional. arrows. The distance to theplace named may also be shown. If several, destinations are shown on asingle panel, the several names are soplaced with an arrow (and the dis-

tance, if desired) for each name. If more than one destination lies In thesame direction, a single arrow may beused for such a group of destinations.however, adequate separation orstacking should be made between anydestination or group of destinations inone direction and those in other directions.

2C.8.2 On a destination sign, an arrow point-



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ing to the right shall be at the extremeright of the name and an arrow point-ing left or vertically shall be at theextreme left, unless there is only onedirection to turn, in which case the

arrow may be at the bottom of thesign. The distance figures, it used,shall follow after the destinationname. The horizontal or slopingarrow should be of sufficient length toclearly distinguish them from the ver-tical arrows, See Table 2.

2C.8.3 Not more than two or three namesshould normally be used in combina-tion on one or more sign. As a gen-eral rule, the next important town orpoint lying straight ahead should be atthe top of the sign, and below it thenext important destinations to the leftand to the right, in that order. In thecase of overlapping routes, thereshould be shown only one destinationin each direction for each route. If there is more than one destinationshown in any direction, the name of the nearest city or town shall, appearabove that of any farther away. The

destination shown for each directionshould ordinarily be the next principaltown rather. than a more distant desti-nation.

2C.8.4 If preferred, the names of major desti-nations may be in larger letters thanthose of minor destinations on thesame sign. If several individual,name panels are assembled into agroup, all panels in the assembly

should be of the same length.

2C.8.5 Destination signs should be generallylocated at a distance not less than100m and not more than 150m inadvance of the intersections on localstreets and minor roads. Road usersmust be given sufficient time to makeup their minds as to the direction theywish to go before reaching the intersections, so that they can get into the

proper lane for turning if necessary.Supplementary or confirmatory desti-nation signs may be erected on the farleft-hand corner before entering theintersection or at a T' or Y' junction,

on the far side of the junction directlyahead of approaching traffic. Refer toFig.4 in Appendix A.

2C.8.6 High speed highways require specialtypes of destination signs. Such signsshould indicate destinations anddirections, in a single large sign,placed in such a sequence as to giveroad users advance information con-cerning diverging roadways and con-firming information at the actual pointof divergence.

2C.8.7 Three destination signs in advance of a diverging roadway, such as a sliproad or a ,junction, and one sign at thejunction itself shall be provided on allheavily trafficked major roads ormulti-lane highways. The firstadvance destination sign shall beerected one kilometer away from thejunction, and shall carry both the

name(s) of town(s) of the turningroadway and the distance one kilo-meter. The second advance destina-tion sign shall be erected 500 metersaway from the junction and shall besimilar to the first sign except it willcarry the distance 500 meters.The third sign which is an ordinarydestination sign, shall be erected100m to 150m in advance of the junc-tion. The final sign shall be erected in

the gore area or on the tar left-handside on entering the junction. Awarn-ing sign normally supplements thesesigns, and is generally placed 50m(urban) or 80m (rural) away from, butbefore coming to, the third destinationsign. Refer to Fig. ,5 and Fig.6 inAppendix A.

2C.8.8 The omission of any reference to theexit or junctions in the final destina-



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tion sign will indicate that road usershave reached the point where theroute begins to diverge.

2C.8.9 The distances to the places named

should not be given on the advancefirst, second and third destination signsince road users are still concernedwith selecting and getting on theirright route. However, on the final andother confirmatory signs, after thecorrect route has been reached, distances to the place named may begiven.

2C.9 Distance Signs

2C.9.1 Distance signs shall be of a horizontalrectangle, carrying the name of notmore than three towns and the dis-tance (to the nearest kilometer) to thecenter of these places. As a generalrule the top most name should be thatof the major destination of the routeor the town in which the greater por-tion of the through traffic is interestedwhile the second name from the topshould be that of the next town. Thebottom-most. name should remain thesame on successive signs throughoutthe length of the route until the desti-nation is reached.

2C.9.2 Distance signs shall be erected onimportant routes leaving municipali-ties, and just beyond intersections inrural districts, or at intervals of approximately 20 km along the route.However, these signs need not beused on minor roads.

2C.9.3 Distance signs shall be erected on theleft-hand side of the road, facing thetraffic, approximately 100m from anintersection or 70m beyond an accel-eration lane. Where a road passesthrough a municipality, distance signsshall be erected 100m outside themunicipal limits or at the edge of thebuilt-up districts. Refer to Fig.4 andFig.6 in Appendix A.

2C.10 Information Signs2C.10.l Information signs shall be rectangular

in shape, informing road users of thenames of towns, recreational and his-

torical places, and the availability of facilities or services such as gas, telephone, bus-stop, etc.

2C.10.2 Information signs may be either sym-bols or word messages, and shall beerected according to the nature of theinformation to be given; e.g. a bus-stop sign should be erected at a partic-ular bus-stop, but for a gas stationahead, it should be erected at a suit-

able distance in advance of the sta-tion. Information signs are dividedinto the following parts:

(i) General Service SignsColours : White letters, symbols

and borders, Bluebackground

lettering : Series 1, 100mm height (onsupplementary plaque)

Utilization : Inform road users of the

availability of facilities orservices such as gas, telephone, etc.

(ii) Historical and Cultural Interest Area SignsColours : White letters, symbols and

borders, Green backgroundLettering: Series 1, 100mm heightUtilization : Inform road users of the

names and directions of historical or culturalinterest areas.

(iii) Recreational Area SignsColours : Yellow .letters, symbols and

borders Dark Green back ground

Lettering . Series 1, 100 mm heightUtilization : Inform road users of the

names and directions of recre-ational areas.



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(iv) Town Name Sign.Colours : Black letters and borders

White backgroundLettering : Series 1, 300mm height

Utilization : Inform road users of thenames of towns .

(v) River Name SignColours : White letters and borders

Green backgroundLettering : Series 1, 100mm heightUtilization : Inform road users of the

names of rivers.

2C.11 Route Markers2C.11.1 Route markers shall be used to identi-

fy and mark all numbered highways.Route markers are ordinarily incorpo-rated as JKR logo, for FederalHighways and State highways, onlarge directional (destination and dis-tance) guide signs and on kilometerposts. They should be used for identi-fication of roads, for route confirma-tion, and for guidance and reassur-

ance along the highway. On StateHighways, the route markers shouldbe initiated with the same alphabetdesignated on car registration num-bers which has already been assignedfor that particular state e.g. T forTerengganu , C for Pahang , and etc.

2C.11.2 Route markers shall be placed, ondirectional guide signs and kilometerposts, at 5km interval. Refer to Fig. 7in Appendix A.

NOTE: Standards and examples of guidesigns shall be shown in Part 3 of Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85.

PART THREE : GUIDE ONAPPLICATION

3.1 Scope of GuideThis part sets forth basic principles and

prescribes standards for the application of the various types of traffic signs at vari-ous locations for roadway safety. Theprinciples outlined are applicable to bothrural and urban areas. Since it is not prac-

tical to prescribe detailed standards of application for all the situations that mayconceivably arise, minimum standardsare presented here for the most commonsituations. It is emphasized that these areminimum desirable standards for normalsituations and that additional protectionmust be provided when special complex-ities and hazards prevail.

3.2 Intersections

The basic rules of the road require that adriver approaching an intersection yieldto a vehicle approaching an intersectionleg which is on his left. This uncontrolledintersection is found on many 'Low vol-ume rural roads. The uncontrolled intersection requires that each driver be ableto see other vehicles and determine whohas the right to enter the intersection first.Because of the difficulty of maintainingadequate sight. distances, this method of intersection control has fallen into disfavour. Most intersections require theinstallation of. a traffic control device toallocate the right-of-way. TheBERHENTT and BERT LALUAN signsare the two signs which may be used forthis control.

3.2.1 BERHENTT Sign (RP.1)Because the BERHENTT sign causes asubstantial inconvenience to motorists, itshould be used only where warranted. ABERHENTT. sign may be warranted atan intersection where one or more of thefollowing conditions exist:(a) intersection of a less important

road with a main road whereapplication of the normal right-of-way rule is unduly hazardous.

(b) Road entering a through highway.(c) Unsignalised intersection in a sig-

nalised area.



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(d) other intersections where a combi-nation of high speed, restrictedview, and serious accident recordindicates a need for control by theBERHENTT sign. BERHENTTsigns should not be used for speedcontrol.

Generally, a BERHENTT sign should belocated in line with the Stop Line, whichis placed normally not more than 10mnor less than 1.2m in advance of the nearest edge of the intersecting roadway.however, if a marked crosswalk is pres-ent, the BERHENTI sign should be erect-ed at a distance of not less than 1.2m inadvance of the crosswalk. The verticaland lateral clearances for this BERHEN-TI sign are as stated in Part Two earlier,Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively.Refer to Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 Appendix A.

3.2.2 BERI LALUAN (RP.13)The BERI LALUAN sign may be war-ranted on a minor road at the entrance toan intersection where it is necessary toassign right-of-way to the major road, but

where a stop is not necessary at all times,and where the safe approach speed on theminor road exceeds 20 kilometers perhour, and at any intersection where a spe-cial problem exists and where an engi-neering study indicates the problem to besusceptible to correction by use of theBERI LALUAN sign.A BERI LALUAN sign should be erect-ed in the same manner as the BERHEN-TI sign, but at a location where the vehi-

cle is to stop (not to be located in con-junction with a Stop Line) if necessary, toyield the right-of-way such as, on theentrance ramp to an expressway wherean acceleration lane is not provided, or atthe exit of a separate left-turn lane wherethe acceleration lane is not adequate, oron the approach leg to a roundaboutwhere the safe approach speed on the legexceeds 20 kilometers per hour.The vertical. and lateral clearances for

this sign are as stated in Part Two earlier,Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively.Refer to Fig. 9 in Appendix A.

3.2.3 Cross Road Signs (WD.3)

The Cross Road sign is intended for useon a through highway to indicate thepresence of an obscured cross-road intersection. Since a motorist is not expectedto stop on a major road or a through highway, this sign should not be used in conjunction with a BERHENTI or BERILALUAN sign.This sign should be erected at a distance200m or not less than 150mm in urbanareas, and 230m or not less than 180m in

rural areas or high speed highways inadvance of the intersection. The verticaland lateral clearances for this sign are asstated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9)and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 4and Fig. 6 in Appendix A.

3.2.4 Side Road Sign (WD27b,WD.2'7c,WD.27d,WD.27e

,WD.28a ,WD.28b)

The Side Road sign, showing a side-roadsymbol, either left or right, and at anangle of either 90 or 45 degrees, isintended for use on a through highway inadvance of a side-road intersection or sliproad. Since a motorist is not expected tostop on a major road or a through high-way, this sign should not be used in conjunction with a BERHENTI or BERILALUAN sign.The location of this sign is as stated

above for Cross Road sign, Clause(3.2.3). Refer to Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6in Appendix A.

3.2.5 T- Symbol Sign (WD.27a)The T-Symbol sign is intended for use towarn traffic approaching a T-intersectionon the road where traffic must make aturn either to the left of the right. Thissign should not generally be used for a T-intersection that is channelised by traffic



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islands. It may be desirable to place adouble-headed chevron (WD.44) sign atthe head of the T, directly in line withapproaching traffic.The location of this sign is as stated

above for Cross Road sign, Clause(3.2.3). Refer to Fig. 8 in Appendix A.

3.2.6 Y -- Symbol Sign (WD.42)The Y-Symbol sign is intended for use towarn traffic approaching a Y-intersectionon the road that forms the stem. of the Y.The sign should not generally be usedfor a Y-intersection that is channelised bytraffic islands. It may be desirable toplace a double-headed chevron (WD.44)

sign at the fork of the Y directly in linewith approaching traffic.The location of this sign is as statedabove for Cross Road Sign, Clause(3.2.3). Refer to Fig. 8 in Appendix A.

3.2.7 BERHENTI Ahead Sign (WD.18)And BERI LALUAN Ahead Sign

(WD.19)A BERHENTI Ahead or BERI LALU-AN Ahead sign is intended for use on anapproach to a BERHENTI orBERILALUAN sign, respectively, that is notvisible for a sufficient distance to permitthe driver to bring the vehicle to stop atthe BERHENTI or BERI LALUANsign. Obstruction(s) causing the limitedvisibility may be permanent or intermit-tent. In some cases, such as at locations

along high speed roads or where there ispoor observance of the BERHENTI orBERI LALUAN sign, the respectiveBERHENTI. Ahead or BERI LALUANAhead Sign should be used for emphasis.This sign, either BERHENTI Ahead orBERI LALUAN Ahead sign, should beerected at a distance 200m or not lessthan 150m in urban areas, and 230m ornot less than 180m in rural areas, or highspeed highways in advance of the respec-

tive BERHENTI or BERI LALUANsign. The vertical and lateral clearancesfor either of these signs are as stated inPart Two earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10)respectively. Refer to Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 in

Appendix A.

3.2.8 Traffic Signal Ahead Sign(WD.22) And Roundabout AheadSign (WD.31)A Traffic Signal Ahead or RoundaboutAhead Sign is intended for use on anapproach to a signalised intersection or aroundabout (respectively) that is not visi-ble for a sufficient distance to preparemotorists of the unpredictable change or

conflicting flow of traffic at the intersec-tion. At locations along high speed roads,the respective Traffic Signal Ahead orRoundabout Ahead sign should be usedfor emphasis.This sign, either Traffic Signal Ahead orRoundabout Ahead Sign, should be erect-ed at a distance 200m or not less than150m in urban areas, and 230m or notless than 180m in rural areas or highspeed highways in advance of the respec-tive traffic signal or roundabout. The ver-tical and lateral clearances for either of these signs are as stated in Part Two ear-lier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively.Refer to Fig. 9 in Appendix A.

3.2.9 Chevron Sign (WD.44)A Chevron sign is used to give notice of a sharp change in alignment in the direc-tion of travel It is not to be used wherethere is no change in the direction of trav-el (ends of median, center pier, etc). TheChevron sign, when used, shall be erect-ed on the far side of an intersection, inline with and at right angles to, approach-ing traffic. To be effective the Chevronsign should be visible for at least 150meters and trial runs by day and nightmight be desirable to determine finalpositioning.The vertical and lateral clearances for thissign are as observed in Part Two earlier,



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Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively.However, a lateral clearance of 4.5m isdesirable whenever possible. Refer toFig.8 in Appendix A.

3.3 Hills, Turns and CurvesIn areas where the horizontal and verticalelements of a road change unexpectedly,it is necessary to provide traffic controldevices to notify the driver of theimpending change. This is especiallycritical when a major change in the roadcharacter occurs. The following trafficcontrol devices can be used to providethis notification whenever the effectivedesign speed changes and/or sight dis-tances are not sufficient or when a sectionline road intersects a standard parallel andthe offset correction occurs in the road.

3.3.1 Curve Sign (WD.10a, WD.10b)The curve sign is intended for use whereengineering investigations of roadway,geometric, and operating conditionsshow the recommended speed on thecurve to be in the range between 50 and100 kilometer per hour and equal to orless than the speed limit established bylaw or by regulation for that section of highway. Additional protection may beprovided by use of an advisory Speedplate. If the curve is to the right, a RightCurve sign (WD.l0a) shall be used, and if the curve is to the left, a Left Curve sign(WD.10b) shall be used. (See Clause3.3.3), Winding Road Sign for location of sign).

3.3.2 Reverse Curve Sign(WD.2a,WD.2b)The Reverse Curve sign is intended foruse to mark a succession of two or morecurves in opposite directions to eachother. The warrant for this sign is whenthe chord distances separating the curvesis less than 180 meters. If the first curveis to the right, a Right Reverse Curve sign(WD.2a) shall be used, and if the firstcurve is to the left a Left Reverse Curve

sign (WD.2bshall be used. (See clause(3.3.3), Winding Road sign for locationof sign).

3.3.3 Winding Road Sign (WD.11)The Winding Road sign is intended foruse where there is a series of turns orcurves, as defined in the warrant forReverse Curve sign, separated by chorddistances of less than 180 meters. Whenthe Winding Road sign is used, it shall beerected in advance of the first curve.Additional. guidance may be provided bythe installation of road delineation mark-ers and by use of the advisory speed

plate.The advisory Speed plate is intended foruse to supplement. Warning signs. It maybe used in conjunction with any standardyellow Warning sign to indicate the max-imum recommended speed (determinedby an engineering study) around a curveor through hazardous .location. It shallnot be used alone.This Winding Road sign should be locat-ed at a distance 2.30m in advance of

the tangent point to the first curve. Thevertical and lateral clearances for thissign are as observed in Part Two earlier,Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively.Refer to Fig. 10 Appendix A.

3.3.4 Chevron Delineator Sin (WD.39a,WD.39b)A Chevron Delineator sign may be usedto supplement standard delineation treat-

ments. It is intended to provide additional emphasis and guidance for vehicleoperators as to changes in horizontalalignment in the direction of travel. It isnot to be used where there is no change inthe direction of travel(ends of median,center piers, etc). The ChevronDelineator signs, when used, shall beerected on the outside of a curve, lateral-ly 6m apart from each other, in line withand at right angles to, approaching traffic.



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To be effective, the Chevron Delineatorsign should be visible for at least 150meters and trial runs by day and nightmight be desirable to determine finalpositioning.

The vertical and lateral clearances for thissign are as observed in Part Two earlier,Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively.However, a lateral. clearance of 1.8m isrecommendable. Refer to Fig. 10 inAppendix A.

3.4 Narrow Bridges, Culverts andRoadside ObstaclesMany old bridges and culverts were built

for a single lane of traffic. Many othersare defined as narrow when they are not1.2 meters wider than the approachingroadway. The total definition states that anarrow bridge or culvert is any bridge orculvert which is narrower than thedistance from edge of shoulder to edge of

shoulder of the roadway. These bridgesshould be marked to provide guidance tothe drivers. Many special. problems existin rural. areas with bridges.The follow-ing section shows devices which can beused in conjunction with narrow bridgesand culverts. Obstruction Markers areused to mark obstructions within or adja-cent to the roadway.

3.4.1 Narrow Bridge Sign (WD.35)A Narrow Bridge sign is intended for useon two--way roadways in advance of abridge or culvert having a clear roadwaywidth of less than .5 meters or having aclear roadway width of less than 6 meterswhen a high proportion of the traffic iscommercial vehicles. In other words thissign is intended for use on roadways inadvance of a bridge having roadwayclearance less than the width of theapproach pavement. The Narrow Bridgesign is also intended for use when thereexist a poor alignment on the approach to

a structure having a clear roadway widthof 6 meters or less.A Narrow Bridge sign should be provid-ed on approaches to all narrow bridges orstructures. The sign shall be erected at a

distance of 150m in advance of the struc-ture.The vertical and lateral clearances for thissign are as stated in Part Two earlier,Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively.Refer to Fig .ll in Appendix A.

3.4.2 Obstruction Marker (WD.24)Objects not actually in the roadway maybe so close to the edge of the road that

they need a marker. These include under-pass, piers, bridge abutments, handrailsand culvert headwalls. In some casethere may not be a physical objectinvolved, but other roadside conditionssuch as narrow shoulder drop-offs, gores,small islands and abrupt changes in the

roadway alignment may make it undesirable for a driver to leave the roadway.Obstruction Markers are intended for use

at such locations.An Obstruction Marker should be locatednot more than 6m in advance of anobstruction, with its inside edge in linewith the inner edge of the obstruction.When erected, this marker should have avertical clearance of 1.2m above the levelof the roadway edge, measured from thebottom of the marker.Preferably, three Obstruction Markersshould be erected on each side of the road

in advance of underpass piers, bridgeabutments, handrails and culvert. headwalls. These markers should be placed2m apart from each other, and the onenearest the obstruction should be placed2m in advance of the obstruction. Themarkers should be arranged such that theone furthest from the obstruction wouldbe erected 3.6m away from the roadedge. Refer to Fig. l and Fig.12 InAppendix A.



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3.5 Railroad Grade CrossingsRailroad grade crossings are the location,of serious injury and deaths whenever atypical, vehicle-train accident occurs.The low volume crossing presents a

special hazard because the drivers do notexpect to find a train and signs are oftenignored. Vehicles are required to stop fortrains when:

(a) An electric or mechanical device(such as a traffic signal) giveswarning.

(b) A gate is lowered or a flagmansignals.

(c) A train is within 450 meters.

(d) A train is visible and in hazardousproximity.

3.5.1 Railroad Grade Crossing Sign(WD.4, WD.5, WD.6, WD.7)A Railroad Grade Crossing sign shall beused on each roadway in advance of every grade crossing. This sign is recom-mended to be erected at most 230 metersaway from the crossing on both sides of the road.This sign should be located at a distance230m or riot less than 200m in ruralareas, and 150m and not less than 75m inurban areas, in advance of the railroadgate or railroad track for the ones withoutgates).The vertical and lateral. clearances forthis sign are as stated In Part Two earlier,Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively.Refer to Fig.13 in Appendix A.

3.6 School ZonesPedestrian safety depends in largemeasure upon public understanding of accepted methods for efficient trafficcontrol.. This principle is never moreimportant than in the control of pedestri-ans and vehicles in the vicinity of schools

(school zones). Neither school. childrennor vehicle operators can be expected tomove safely in school zones unless theyunderstand both the need for traffic andthe ways in which this control function

for their benefit. The following sectionshows traffic control devices which canbe used in conjunction with school zonesto provide traffic control.

3.6.1 Children Crossing Sign (WD.15 ).The Children Crossing sign is intendedfor use in advance of locations whereschool buildings or grounds are adjacentto the highway, and at established marked

crossings including signalized locationsused by pupils going to and from school.However, at crossings located on roadswhere the flow of traffic is heavy and/orfast moving, BERHENTI Kanak-Kanak Melintas signs (RP.15) should be placedin conjunction with this signs.When used, the Children Crossing Signshould be erected at the crosswalk, or atthe minimum distance possible Inadvance of the crosswalk. It should alsobe located not less than 50m nor morethan 200m in urban areas, and not lessthan 80m nor more than 230m in ruralareas, in advance of school buildings orgrounds. The vertical and lateral clear-ances for this sign are as stated in PartTwo earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10)respectively. Refer to Fig.14 inAppendix A.

3.6.2 BERHENTI Kanak-KanakMelintas Sign (RP.15)The BERHENTI Kanak-Kanak Melintassign is to be exhibited by a school cross-ing patrol at places where school childrencross the road on their way to or fromschools between the hour of six in themorning and seven in the evening.Generally, this sign is intended for use atestablished school crossings, which arelocated adjacent to the school buildingsor grounds where the flow of traffic is



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heavy and/or fast moving. Refer to Fig.14 in Appendix A.

3.6.3 School Speed Limit Sign

(WD.43)The School Speed Limit sign shall beused to indicate the speed limit where areduced speed zone for a school are hasbeen established (after an engineeringand traffic investigation) or when a speedlimit is specified for such areas by statute.This sign should be erected at a distance200m or not less than 150m in urbanareas, and 230m or not less than 180m inrural areas or high speed highways, in

advance of Children Crossing sign(WD.1.5). The vertical and lateral clear-ances for this sign are as stated in PartTwo earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10)respectively. Refer to Fig.14 inAppendix A.

3.7 Speed ZonesA speed zone is an area where a speedlimit has been established by law, or byregulation, after an engineering andtraffic investigation has been made inaccordance with established trafficengineering practices. In general, speedzones are town areas and those residentialareas that are adjacent to rural, or high-speed open highways. The followingsection describes, in order, the trafficsigns that are used in conjunction withspeed zones.

3.7.1 ZON HAD LAJU Sign (RP.16)The ZON HAD LAJU sign is intended tobe used on highways in rural. areas toinform the motorist of a reduced speedzone ahead when an advance notice isneeded to comply with the speed limitposted ahead. This sign is not ordinarilyneeded in urban areas where speeds arerelatively low.When used, this sign shall be erected100m in advance of the boundary line of the established speed zone. The vertical

and lateral clearances for this sign are asstated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9)and (2.10) respectively. Refer to Fig. 15in Appendix A.

3.7.2 Speed Limit Sign (RP.17)The Speed Limit sign shall display thelimited speed established by law, or byregulation, after an engineering andtraffic investigation has been made inaccordance with established trafficengineering practices. The speed limitsshown shall be in multiples of 10 kilo-meter per hour.In order to determine the proper numeri-

cal, value (speed limit) for a speed zone,the following factors should be consid-ered:

(a) Road surface characteristics, shouldercondition, grade, alignment and sight

distance.(b) The 85-percentile speed and pace

speed.(c) Roadside development and cul-

ture, and roadside friction.

(d) Safe speed for curves orhazardous locations within thezone.

(e) Parking practices and pedestrianactivity.

(f) Reported accident experience fora recent 12-month period.

A Speed Limit sign, indicating a speedlimit for which posting is required by law,shall be located at the point of changefrom one speed limit to another, and at apoint 100m away from a ZON HADLAJU (RP.16) sign ie. on the boundaryline of the established Speed Zone. Thevertical and lateral clearances for thissign are as stated in Part Two earlier,Clause (2.9) and (2.10) respectively.Refer to Fig. 15 in Appendix A.



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3.7.3 End Of Speed Limit Sign (RP.9).End of Speed Limit sign is intended to beused on highways In rural areas,in conjunction with ZON HAD LAJU sign(RP.16) to inform the motorist that he has

reached the end of the speed zone andshould proceed with the normal speedlimit posted earlier (before the speedzone) for that highway. When used, thissign shall be erected 100 m away fromthe boundary line of the established speedzone. The vertical. and lateral clearancesfor this sign are as stated in Part Twoearlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10)respectively. Refer to Fig. 15 inAppendix A.

3.8 Permanent WeighbridgeStationsIn some places, such as at ports of entry,the law provides for the establishment of Permanent Weighbridge Stations whichrequires that trucks, lorries, and otherheavy vehicles to stop at these stations forweighing, inspection, and clearance.Signs are usually necessary to direct theconcerned traffic into the PermanentWeighbridge Stations. The followingsection shall describe in order, the signsthat should appear at the approach to eachPermanent Weighbridge Station.

3.8.1 TIMBANG Sign (WD.41)Two TIMBANG signs shall be used atthe approach to each PermanentWeighbridge Station. The first sign shallbe located 500m in advance of the accessroad to the station. An advancedestination sign carrying 'Lencongan KeJambatimbang' and the distance 500mshall be mounted, as a secondary sign, onthe same post as the first sign. The secondsign shall be located at the access road tothe station with a destination sign,carrying an arrow and KENDERAANBERAT, attached to It as a secondarysign.

The vertical and lateral clearances forthese signs are as stated in Part Twoearlier, clause (2.9) and (2.10)respectively. Refer to Fig. 16 inAppendix A.

3.8.2 Supplementary SignsAWAS (WD.1'7), KURANGKANLAJU and KENDERAAN BERATIKUT KIRI signs normally supplementthe TIMBANG (WD.41) signsmentioned above. The AWAS,KURANGKAN LAJU andKENDERAAN BERAT IKUT KIRIsigns shall be located lkm, 250m and

700m respectively, in advance of theaccess road to the PermanentWeighbridge Station. Their vertical andlateral clearances are as stated in PartTwo earlier, Clause (2.9) and (2.10)respectively. Refer to Fig. 16 InAppendix A.

3.9 Recreational, Historical, andCultural,_ Interest AreasWhen recreational, historical, andcultural interest areas are a significantdestination on a highway, specialInformation signs may be posted for suchareas, at least to the first point at which anaccess road intersects the highway. Arecreational, historical or cultural Interestarea information sign may be posted onits own, or as a secondary (placed belowa primary sign) sign. Similar to otherguide signs, this special. information signwould be rectangular in shape and usinglettering series 1 for its word messages.However, unlike any other guide sign, thecolours assigned for this special signdepend on its purpose, as are thefollowing;

(i) Recreational Area signs haveyellow letters, border and symbolson dark green background.



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(ii) Historical and Cultural InterestArea signs have white letters,border and symbols on greenbackground.

The vertical and lateral clearances forthese special information signs are asstated in Part Two earlier, Clause (2.9)and (2.10) respectively. Refer also to theillustrations in Part 3 of Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85.

3.10 Place Name SignsPlace name signs are information signswhich inform road users of the names of

towns or villages along their travelingroute.These signs are rectangular in shape withblack letterings and borders on whitebackground.A place name sign should be located atthe beginning of the built-up area and noton the boundary of the urban or ruraldistrict as this may often be somedistance from the town or village namedand can cause confusion.

The vertical. and lateral. clearances forthis sign are as stated in Clause (2.9) and(2.10) respectively. Refer also to theillustrations in Part 3 of the ArahanTeknik.(Jalan) 2A/85.

SUMMARY

In the location of a signboard, the followingsteps of action may help.

(i) Define the purpose of the signboard.(ii) Decide on the legend or wording

required.(iii) Find outthe conditions of the traffic

and surrounding.

(iv) Choose the size of lettering required.(v) Make sure the size of lettering, colour,

and spacing conform to requiredstandards.

(vi) Find out the area of board and thusdetermine the number of postrequired.

(vii) Select a site based on the conditionsstated for that type of sign.

(viii) Ensure that the board is sufficiently

clear of the edges of the pavementand In line of the best vision. (ix)Clear all unwanted or surplusmaterial away from the shoulder.

(x) Ensure that the board is always cleanand visible.



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APPENDIX A

LOCATI ON OF TRAFFIC SIGN


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TABLE 1RECOMMENDED LETTER HEIGHT


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NOTE:

1) Refer to 'A Guide On Geometric DesignOf Roads' for classification details of road design standard where 'R' standsfor 'Rural' and 'U' stands for 'Urban'.

2) Terrain: F - FlatR - RollingM - Mountainous

3) Area Type: I -Relatively free in roadlocation with very littleproblems as regards to landacquisition, affectedbuildings and other sociallysensitive areas.

Il - Intermediate between Iand III

III - Very restrictive in roadlocation with problems as

regards to land acquisition,affected buildings andother sensitive areas.



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TABLE 2

ARRANGEMENT OF DIRECTIONAL ARROWS IN DESCENDING ORDER

Should be located on the upper left-hand side of the sign to indicatestraight through movement

Should be located on the left-handside of the sign to indicate sharpturning movement to the left.

Should be located on the lower left-hand side of the sign to indicate

right-angle turning movement to theleft .

Should be located on the tower right-side of the sign to indicate fight - .turning movement to the right.

Should be located on the right-handside of the sign to indicate sharpturning movement to the right .


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FOR LOCAL SIEEI AND MINOR ROADS

FIG. 4 TYPICAL LOCATION FOR DESTINATION SIGNS


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FIG. 5 TYPICAL LOCATION FOR DESTINATION SIGNS


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FIG. 7 TYPICAL LOCATION OF ROUTE MARKERS ON DIRECTIONAL GUIDESIGNS AND ON KILOMETRE POSTS

ROUTE MARKER SHOWN ON A KILOMETER POST

ROUTE MARKER SHOWN ON A DIRECT04AL GUIDE SIGN


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FIG. 10 TYPICAL LOCATION 1. SIGNS FOR CURVES

NOTES :1. ON GUADRAIL CURVES THERE SHOULDALWAYS BE TWO CHEVRON

DELINATOR SIGN IN THE DRIVERS LINE VISION.2. NUMBER OF CHEVRON DELINATOR SIGN SMALL DEPEND ON THE LENGTH

OF CURVE THE LONGER THE CURVE THE MORE THE NUMBER OF SIGN.3. CHEVRON DELINATOR SIGN SMALL BE ERECTED AS INDICATED ABOVE.4. ADVISORY SPEED SMALL BE DETERMINED BY THE ENGINEER AND THE

SPEED WILL NOT BE GREATER THAN THE POSTED SPEED LIMIT.5. USE CURVE SIGN IF THE ROAD HAS NO REFETITIVE CURVE.6. USE WINDING ROAD SIGN IF THE ROAD HAS MANY CURVE AND TURNS

SUCH AS THOSE ROADS IN HILLAREAS.


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TRAFFIC SIGN APPLICATIONSFOR INTERNAL USE ONLY

KANDUNGAN KERTAS INI TELAH DILULUSKAN OLEH BENGKELPIAWAIAN DAN GARIS PANDUAN YANG TELAH DIADAKAN DI

IBU PEJABAT J.K.R KUALA LUMPUR PADA27- 28, NOVEMBER, 1885

manual on traffic signage

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