manual on typewriting office assistantship · 2014. 1. 23. · typewriting english higher can be...

Manual on

Typewriting For

Office Assistantship (2nd year)

K.V.Subbarao, M.A., M.Com., M.Com., Ph.D., PGDTCA

Sr. Lecturer in CCP, Government Polytechnic for Women,

Nellore.

STATE INSTITUTE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

& BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION

Nampally, Hyderabad

Preface At the outset I am very much thankful to the State Institute of Vocational

Education and Board of Intermediate Education, A.P., Hyderabad for the innovative

and sincere effort of bringing out this manual for the students of “Office Assistantship”.

The intention of the author behind bringing out this book is to help prepare the students

achieve proficiency in the art of typewriting. There are number of books available in

the market which provide similar guidance and they can also be utilised for achieving

better skills. This book acts as a supplement. The examination papers provided at the

end of the book enable the student practise under standard test conditions.

By this time the student will have acquired a degree of proficiency in the subject

and the curriculum set out for the second year embarks on increasing the speed and

accuracy in the subject. This book is based on the syllabus prescribed for the second

year Vocational Students of Office Assistantship. The questions are arranged in such a

manner that it provides an opportunity for the student to prepare well for the

examinations. Of course, the practise questions are certainly lengthier when compared

to the examination question papers without compromising the quality or standard of

instruction. At all times, the standard prescribed by the State Board of Technical

Education and Training, A.P., Hyderabad is kept in view. Equivalency with regard to

Typewriting English Higher can be obtained when the syllabus and pattern of the

S.B.T.E.T. is followed and exactly for this purpose all the questions are set.

Thanks are due to the colleagues, friends and Sri S. Anand, Lecturer in

Commerce, Krishnaveni Govt. Junior College, Chittoor for their valuable cooperation

and guidance and the Department of Technical Education for providing an

opportunity for taking up this assignment.

Valuable and constructive suggestions to help improve the efficacy of the

manual are certainly welcome and will merit consideration in future editions.

--Dr. K.V.Subba Rao

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SYLLABUS

The organisation of the book is as follows:

i. Professional Letter

ii. Business Letter

iii. Application for a post

iv. Government Memorandum

v. Government Order

vi. Tabular statement with sub columns

vii. Official Letter

viii. Balance Sheet

ix. Income & Expenditure Statement

The procedure for typing the question is explained first, followed by an illustrated

question with its solution. The exercises on the question are arranged next. It is felt that

the student gets sufficient practice, if not extensive, for improving his skill.

The grade speed passages at the end will enable the student achieve the required

skills in a progressive manner.

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PROCEDURE FOR TYPING A PROFESSIONAL LETTER 1. Objective : To facilitate the student to type the PROFESSIONAL

LETTER error free with neat appearance in the prescribed format.

2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair. 3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right Margin (RM) each and 1 inch Top Margin (TM) and Bottom

Margin (BM) each.

1) Type Telephone No. by pressing the back space key from the RM depending upon the number of letters. Eg: Count the characters in “Telephone: 2226496”. It comes to 18. Take the carriage to the extreme RM. Press the back space key 18 times. Start typing Telephone No. now. OR Find the lengthiest line of the Telephone No/From Address/Date. Count the number of characters in that line. Deduct the counted length (no. of characters) from the total page width (minus the RM). The resultant figure is the degree at which you should start typing the Telephone No/Each line of From Address/Date. Eg: Your paper width = 85 degrees. No. of characters in the lengthiest line = 23 (i.e., Dated…) Page width – RM = 85 – 10 = 75 – 23 = 52 degree. You should start typing at the 52nd degree.

2) Take Double Line space. Start typing the name of the professional (together with his/her qualifications) in capital letters from 10 degrees of LM. Take Single Line space, type his/her profession with initial capital letters. Hint: Separate any two qualifications with comma. Eg: M.A., M.L.,

3) Give Double Line space. Type each line of the From Address in Single Line space (as detailed in Step 1). Put a comma (,) at the end of each line and a full stop (.) at the end of the last line of the From Address.

4) Give Double Line space. Type the Date of the letter (as

detailed in Step 1). Note: The lengthiest line of Telephone No/From Address/Date decides the degree at which you should start typing these items on the RH side. The lengthiest line should touch the RM.

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5) Give Double Line space. Type To Address in block form starting from 10 degrees of LM using Single Line space. Note: Punctuation similar to From Address.

6) Give Double Line space. Type the salutation of the

letter. (Dear Sir, ) 7) Give Double Line space. Start typing the body of the

letter in Single Line space using Double Line space in between two paragraphs. Start every para leaving 5 spaces from the LM.

8) Type “Thanking you,” also like a paragraph. 9) Take Double Line space and type “Yours faithfully,”.

10) Give Triple Line space (for signature) and type the

name of the professional in upper case and within brackets. Hint: Count the no. of characters in “Yours faithfully,” and the name of the professional. Find out the lengthiest one of the two lines and type it in such a way that the last character touches the RM. At the same time, make sure that the above two lines are centered to each other.

4. Precautions : 1) Read the manuscript thoroughly before typing. Understand its essence. Amplify abbreviations.

5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc., before typing. 6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Professional

Letter in the prescribed format.

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Illustration

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Format of PROFESSIONAL LETTER

Telephone: 2226496 C.S.BHAGAWAN, M.A., M.L., Consultant. 19, Jayaprakash Road, Bangalore - 506 002. Dated 29th September, 1999. Mr. Ram Kumar, 14/267, Bhagyanagar, Bombay. Dear Sir, I have received your letter and I am pleased to give you the advice you seek. I understand that you are just completing your University studies, having obtianed a degree in Economics and that you are hoping to become a Stock Exchange Broker and that you have been offered a Clerkship with Messrs. Rao and Company. I note that you have always been very interested in facts and figures, and that for many years you have taken great interest in the stock markets, with some financial success. You will realise, I am sure, that there is considerable risk in this work, and that absolute integrity is of the utmost importance. From what I know of you, I think you would be suitable for this work, and I recommened you to accept the Clerkship. I send my best wishes to yourself and your father. When you have settled down, I like you to call in and see me. Thanking you, Yours faithfully, (C.S.BHAGAWAN)

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PROCEDURE FOR TYPING A BUSINESS LETTER 1. Objective : To facilitate the student to type the BUSINESS LETTER

error free with neat appearance in the prescribed format. 2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair. 3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right Margin (RM) each and 1 inch Top Margin (TM) and Bottom

Margin (BM) each. 1) Type Telegrams starting from 10 degrees of the LM. Put

the telegraphic address in quotations and use capital letters to type it. Use a colon ( : ) immediately after the word Telegrams as shown here. Eg: Telegrams: “ NATIONAL”

2) Type Telephone No. by pressing the back space key from the RM depending upon the number of letters. Eg: Count the characters in “Telephone: 2226496”. It comes to 18. Take the carriage to the extreme RM. Press the back space key 18 times. Start typing Telephone No. now. OR Find the lengthiest line of the Telephone No/From Address/Date. Count the number of characters in that line. Deduct the counted length (no. of characters) from the total page width (minus the RM). The resultant figure is the degree at which you should start typing the Telephone No/Each line of From Address/Date. Eg: Your paper width = 85 degrees. No. of characters in the lengthiest line = 23 (i.e., Dated…) Page width – RM = 85 – 10 = 75 – 23 = 52 degree. You should start typing at the 52nd degree.

3) Take Double Line space. Type the name of the Company/Firm in capital letters and center it to the page.

4) Give Double Line space. Type the From Address in Single Line space. Put a comma (,) at the end of each line and a full stop (.) at the end of the last line.

Hint: Follow the instructions in Step 2. 5) Give Double Line space. Type the Letter Reference No.

(if any, given in the manuscript) starting from 10 degrees of LM.

6) In the same line, type the Date of the letter as given in Step 2.

7) Give Double Line space. Type each line of the To Address in Single Line space). Put a comma (,) at the end of each line and a full stop (.) at the end of the last line.

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8) Give Double Line space. Type the salutation of the letter. (Dear Sir, )

9) Give Double Line space. Type the Subject from 20 degrees of LM using Single Line space. To better its look, do not stretch typing it too far on the RH side.

10) Give Double Line space. Type the Reference matter in Single Line.

11) Hint: Do not expand the abbreviations “Sub: “ and “Ref: “

12) Type three hyphens after the Reference. (---) 13) Give Double Line space. Start typing the body of the

letter in Single Line space using Double Line space in between two paragraphs. Start every para leaving 5 spaces from the LM.

14) Type “Thanking you,” also like a paragraph. 15) Take Double Line space and type “Yours faithfully,”. 16) Take Single Line space and type “for so and so

Company name” in capital letters. Do not type “for” in capital letters.

17) Give Triple Line space (for signature) and type the designation of the person representing the firm/company in upper case. Hint: Count the no. of characters in “Yours faithfully,” , “for So and So Company,” and the “Manager.” (designation). Find out the lengthiest one of the three lines and type it in such a way that the last character touches the RM. At the same time, make sure that the above three lines are centered to each other. IMPORTANT NOTE: It is also acceptable to type the Telegraphic address (Telegram) and the Telephone No. against the first and second lines of the From Address. These should be typed in Single Line space and started from 10 degrees of the LM.


5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc., before typing. 6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Business Letter in

the prescribed format. ---

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Illustration

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Format of BUSINESS LETTER

Telegram: “NATIONAL” Telephone: 862314

NATIONAL TYPEWRITER COMPANY LIMITED

71, Gandhinagar, Secunderabad. Ref.No.777/99 dated: 28th September, 1999. The Principal, Modern School of Commerce, Vijayawada-1 Dear Sir, Sub: Sale of Second hand Typewriters - Reg. Ref: Your letter dated 2nd September, 1999.

--:o0o:-- We acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your letter cited above enquiring us about the availability of second-hand typewriters. As desired by you we are herewith enclosing the price-list and the details of the typewriters. The machines have been thoroughly overhauled and they are in perfect working condition. We are to inform you that the prices are fixed and if you place the order for more than five machines, we give you marginal discount. As the typewriters are in great demand, we advise you to send your order without any loss of time. We would like to inform you that we are having not only English Typewriters but Telugu and Hindi Typewriters also. Thanking you, Yours faithfully,

for NATIONAL TYPEWRITER COMPANY LIMITED,

MANAGER.

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PROCEDURE FOR TYPING AN APPLICATION

1. Objective : To facilitate the student to type the APPLICATION

error free with neat appearance in the prescribed format. 2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair. 3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right Margin (RM) each and 1 inch Top Margin (TM) and Bottom

Margin (BM) each.

1) Type the name of the place (Eg. Nellore, ). Put a comma after the place name. Take a Single Line space. Type the Date of the application. (Eg. 29th September, 1999). Hint: Find the lengthiest line of the Place/Date. Count the number of characters in that line. Deduct the counted length (no. of characters) from the total page width (minus the RM). The resultant figure is the degree at which you should start typing the Place/Date. Eg: Your paper width = 85 degrees. No. of characters in the lengthiest line = 23 (i.e., Dated…) Page width – RM = 85 – 10 = 75 – 23 = 52 degree. You should start typing at the 52nd degree.

2) Take Double Line space. Type the word “From” taking 10 degrees of LM. Do not type any punctuation mark after From/To.

Take Double Line space, type the From Address in Block form i.e., type each line of the From Address in Single Line space. Put a comma (,) at the end of each line and a full stop (.) at the end of the last line.

3) Give Double Line space. Type the word “To”. 4) Give Double Line space. Type To Address in Block form

starting from 10 degrees of LM using Single Line space. Note: Punctuation similar to From Address.

5) Give Double Line space. Type the salutation of the

letter. (Sir, )

should

expedite

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7) Give Double Line space. Type the Reference matter in

Single Line. Hint: Do not expand the abbreviations “Sub: “ and “Ref: “ 8) Type three hyphens after the Reference. (---) 9) Type the body of the Application using Single Line

space. Use Double Line space in between two paragraphs. Start every para leaving 5 spaces from the LM.

10) Type “Thanking you,” also like a paragraph. 11) Take Double Line space and type “Yours faithfully,”. 12) Give Triple Line space (for signature) and type the

name of the applicant in upper case and within brackets.

Hint: Count the no. of characters in “Yours faithfully,” and the name of the applicant. Find out the lengthiest one of the two lines and type it in such a way that the last character touches the RM. At the same time, make sure that the above two lines are centered to each other.


5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc., before typing. 6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Application in

the prescribed format. ---

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Illustration

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Format of APPLICATION

Nellore, 29th December, 1999. From S. Kishore Kumar, Lecturer in Commercial & Computer Practice, Government Polytechnic, NELLORE. To The Principal, Syed Hashim College of Engineering & Technology, Pragnapur Main Road, GAJWEL. Sir, Sub: Appointment as Senior Lecturer in Computers - Application - Submitted.

-o-

With reference to your advertisement in the Indian Express on 20th September, 1999, I offer my services for the post of Senior Lecturer in Computers. I am a Commerce Graduate and passed M.C.A., in distinction from Andhra University. I have been working as a Lecturer in Commercial and Computer Practice since 10 years and handling the Computer subjects for DCCP students. I am aged 32 years with sound health. I expect a minimum salary of Rs.14,000/- per month. I am willing to appear for an interview at my cost. I enclose herewith copies of my certificates for your perusal. Expecting your early reply, Yours faithfully, (S. KISHORE KUMAR)

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PROCEDURE FOR TYPING A GOVERNMENT MEMORANDUM 1. Objective : To familiarise the student to type the GOVERNMENT

MEMO neatly and easily in the prescribed format. 2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair. 3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right Margin (RM) each.

1) Type name of the GOVERNMENT in upper case centering it.

2) Give Double Line space. Type the name of the DEPARTMENT in capital letters duly centering it. Give Double Line space. Type the Memo. No. and date and center it. Also underline them.


4) Give Double Line space. Type the Reference matter in Single Line. Hint: Do not expand the abbreviations “Sub: “, and “Ref: “.

5) Give Single Line space. Simply type three hyphens in the centre of the page (as design). ---

6) Take Double Line space. Type the body of the Govt. Memo in Single Line space. Leave 5 spaces (press space bar 5 times) at the beginning of every para. Give paragraph numbers from the second para onwards, where the body has more than one para, and if given in the manuscript. Give Double Line space after each para.

7) Give Double Line space. Type the name and designation of the official in upper case using Single Line space duly centering one to the other. Ensure that the biggest of the two lines ends on the RM. Put a comma (,) after name and a full stop (.) after the designation.

8) Give Double Line space. Type the “To” address starting from the beginning of the LM. Use commas to separate each item of the address and put a full stop at the end of that line. Begin every fresh address entry in a new line from the LM. Hint: Type each item of address in a continuous fashion and do not use Indenting method.


5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc. before typing. 6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Govt. Memo in

format.

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Illustration

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Format of GOVERNMENT MEMORANDUM

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

GENERAL ADMINISTRATION (POLITICAL.C) DEPARTMENT

Memorandum No. 449/Poli-C/87-1, dated 04-02-1987.

Sub: Government functions - Coverage of media. Ref: Letter No.A.11/456/86, dated 05-12-1986 of Commissioner of Information & Public Relations, Hyderabad.

-o-

All the departments of State Government are advised to ensure that whenever Government functions are organised and when the Chief Minister is participating, proper care should be taken with regard to the issue of invitations and making arrangements. The Press, All India Radio, Press Information Bureau, Television etc., should be invariably invited through the Commissioner of Information and Public Relations, Hyderabad, who will ensure coverage through various media. All the departments of Secretariat and Heads of Departments are requested to note the above instructions and follow them in future scrupulously. SHRAVAN KUMAR, Chief Secretary to Government. To All Secretaries to Government. All Departments of Secretariat. (10 copies). All Heads of Departments.

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PROCEDURE FOR TYPING A GOVERNMENT ORDER

1. Objective : To familiarise the student to type the GOVERNMENT

ORDER neatly and easily in the prescribed format. 2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair. 3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right Margin (RM) each.

1) Type name of the GOVERNMENT in upper case. Leave Double Line space.

2) Type “ABSTRACT” in upper case duly centering it to the page. Leave Double Line space.

3) Type the matter under Abstract using Single Line space starting from 10 degrees of the LM. Give Single Line space and type the horizontal line below Abstract using the symbols “hyphen” (-) or “equal to” (=).

4) Give Double Line space. Type the name of the Department in capital letters duly centering it.

5) Give Double Line space. Type the No. of the G.O. from the beginning of the LM. Type the date of the G.O. such that the last character ends on the edge of the RM degree. Follow the procedure given here: Eg: Your paper width = 85 degrees. No. of characters in the date = 23 (i.e., Dated…) Page width – RM = 85 – 10 = 75 – 23 = 52 degree. You type the date from the 52nd degree.

6) Give Double Line space after date. Type “Read the following” exactly under the same degree where Date was typed. In some G.Os., the words “Read the following:” will not be given because there is no reference to that G.O. In such a case, simply omit the item.

7) Give Double Line space. Type the “reference” matter in Single Line.

8) Give Single Line space. Simply type three hyphens in the centre of the page (as design). ---

9) Give Double Line space. Type “ORDER: ” in capitals from the LM and underline it. Type a colon (:) after the word ORDER Do not underline the colon.

10) Take Double Line space. Type the body of the G.O. in Single Line space. Leave 5 spaces (press space bar 5 times) at the beginning of every para. Give paragraph numbers from the second para onwards, where the body has more than one para, and if given in the manuscript. Give Double Line space after each para.

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11) Take Double Line space. Expand “By order etc.,” and

type it in its full form using capital letters and within brackets (BY ORDER AND IN THE NAME OF GOVERNOR OF ANDHRA PRADESH) duly centering it.

12) Give Double Line space. Type the name and designation of the official in upper case using Single Line space duly centering one to the other. Ensure that the biggest of the two lines ends on the RM. Type a comma (,) after the name and a full stop (.) after the designation.

Hint: Follow the procedure for typing the date in the G.O. 13) Give Double Line space. Type the “To” address starting

from the beginning of the LM. Use commas (,) to separate each item of the address and put a full stop (.) at the end of that line. Begin every fresh address entry in a new line from the LM. Hint: Type each item of address in a continuous fashion and do not use Indenting method.

4. Precautions : Read the manuscript thoroughly before typing. Understandessence of the order. Amplify abbreviations leaving standard ones (G.O.Ms.No.) untouched.

5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc. before typing. 6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Government Order

in format.

---

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Illustration

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Format of GOVERNMENT ORDER

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

ABSTRACT

RULES - Andhra Pradesh Legislature Members’ Travelling Allowance Rules, 1961 - Amendment - Issued.

GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT

G.O.Ms.No.435. Dated 6th May, 1994. ORDER: In exercise of the powers conferred by Andhra Pradesh Legislature Members’ (Salaries and Perks) Act, 1956, the Government hereby insert the words “upto 300 KM” at the end of Rule 3 of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature Members’ Travelling Allowance Rules, 1961.

(BY ORDER AND IN THE NAME OF THE GOVERNOR OF ANDHRA PRADESH)

C.R. KAMALANATHAN, Secretary to Government. To All concerned.

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PROCEDURE FOR TYPING AN OFFICIAL LETTER 1. Objective : To familiarise the student to type the OFFICIAL LETTER

neatly and easily in the prescribed format. 2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair. 3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right Margin (RM) each.

1) Type “Grams” from the left Margin and “Phone” to the right margin. Leave Double Line space

2) Type name of the GOVERNMENT in upper case. Leave Double Line space.

3) Type the name of the Department in upper case. Leave Double line Space.

4) From the Left Margin, type the FROM Address – the address from which the letter is being sent

5) From 500 type TO address against the FROM Address. Leave Double Line space.

6) Type continuous line 7) Centre the Letter No. and date of the letter 8) Type Salutation at the left margin 9) Type Subject and Reference leaving 5 degrees from

the left margin. 10) Type body of the letter preferably in single line spacing.

Indicate the paragraph numbers from the 2nd para. 11) After the body of the letter leave Double Line space. 12) Centre the “Yours faithfully” and “(Name &)

Designation” of the Officer signing the letter to the right half of the page. Leave three lines space for signature.

13) Type “Enclosures”, if any, on the left margin after “Yours faithfully”.

4. Precautions : 1) Read the manuscript thoroughly before typing.

Understand its essence. Amplify abbreviations. 5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc., before typing. 6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Official Letter in

the prescribed format.

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Illustration

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Format of Official Letter

Grams: “IRRIGATION” Phone: 123456

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT

50o From Sri M.B.G. Tilak, M.E., Engineer-in-Chief (Administration), Irrigation Department, Errum Manzil, Hyderabad

To The Secretary, Andhra Pradesh Public Service

Commission, M.J. Road, Hyderabad

Lr.No.ENC/AE/97 dated 26-1-1997 Sir,

Sub: Public Services – A.P.Engineering Services – Recruitment of Assistant Engineers – Issue of notification – Regarding.

Ref: G.O.Ms.No.567, Irrigation Department, dt. 20-1-1997

@@@

In the reference cited, government have issued orders to fill the vacancies of Assistant Engineers in the Irrigation Department on priority basis in view of the government’s policy to expedite the various works in progress under the State. 2. Accordingly, based on the requirement of personnel obtained from the subordinate offices, a zone-wise vacancy position is prepared and is sent herewith after duly taking into account the absorption and accommodation of engineering personnel rendered surplus by the Andhra Pradesh Construction Corporation, which has been wound up recently. 3. It is, therefore, requested that an employment notification calling for applications for the posts of Assistant Engineers may be issued early to meet the urgent needs of the various on going projects. Yours faithfully, Encl: as above

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PROCEDURE FOR TYPING BALANCE SHEET / INCOME & EXPENDITURE STATEMENT / RECEIPTS & PAYMENTS ACCOUNT 1. Objective : To familiarise the student to type the BALANCE SHEET

neatly and easily in the prescribed format. 2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair – Scale Pencil 3. Steps : Maintain 5 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right

Margin (RM) each. 1. The name of the Company/Bank/Organisation shall be

typed in capitals without underscoring. 2. The year and the date of the account shall be in lower

case with Initial capitals 3. The world ‘Total’ shall be typed against the grand totals

of the balance sheet on both sides of “Liabilities” and “Assets”

4. The last horizontal figure, the total of which is given in the next column, shall be underscored at all places.

5. Double line space shall be used in the Balance sheet throughout.

6. ‘Liabilities’ must be typed within the left half of the sheet and ‘Assets’ on the right half of the sheet.

7. The words ‘Liabilities’ and ‘Assets’ shall be centered to the typed matter (between the scales chosen).

8. Sub headings used under ‘Liabilities’ and ‘Assets’ shall be typed only in ‘All Caps’.

9. “Auditors’ Report” shall be typed in Capitals and centred.

10. The name of the ‘Auditor’ shall be typed in capitals in such a way that the last letter tallies with the end of the right margin chosen. The word ‘Auditors’ shall be typed in lower case centering the same to the name of the Auditor. The lengthiest line of the above two shall be tallied with the right margin.

11. The place and date shall be typed on the left side of the margin with double line space between them balancing to the names of Auditors etc.

12. Rule up the columns. As the Balance sheet is to be typed in single sheet only (unlike the earlier one being typed on two separate sheets and matched), necessary adjustments with regard to the margins may please be made wherever needed. The other forms are also to be typed in the same manner.

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Format of Balance Sheet

Messrs. COMPLETE BUSINESS SOLUTIONS LIMITED, CHENNAI Balance Sheet as on 31st December, 1996

LIABILITIES ASSETS

Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Issued Capital 16,25,000 Goodwill

2,00,000 7% Debentures 5,00,000 Patents 50,000 Add: Interest 17,500 5,17,500 Land 6,00,000

Sundry Creditors 4,00,000 Add: Appreciation 50,000 6,50,000 Bank Overdraft 2,50,000 Machinery

Less: Depreciation 5,50,000

50,000 5,00,000 Director’s Loans 1,00,000 Investments 60,000 Closing Stock 4,30,000 Cash 2,500 Sundry Debtors

Less: Reserve for Bad debts

4,60,000 30,000

4,30,000 Deferred Expenditure 80,000 Profit & Loss Account 4,90,000

Total 28,92,500 Total 28,92,500

AUDITOR’S REPORT We have audited the accounts of the above Company, duly verifying all vouchers, bills, invoices, other documents and the books of accounts placed before us. We, therefore, certify that the Balance reflects a true and correct state of affairs of the company as on date. Chennai, MANIRATNAM AND COMPANY,

10-4-1996 CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS.

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Type the following: 30 wpm Time: 10 minutes

The position of women started

deteriorating after the first millennia.

Though our constitution and many other

legislative acts have promoted gender

equality, their status continues to be

low. The empowerment of women

concerns women gaining control and

power over their own lives. It involves

awareness raising, building self-

confidence, expansion of choices,

increased access to and control over

resources. Empowerment should come

from within, women empower

themselves. Inputs to promote the

empowerment of women should

facilitate the articulation of their needs

and priorities and more active role in

promoting these needs and interests.

Women have a crucial role to play in

the modern society. The gender

mainstreaming strategy evolved in the

last two decades and adapted by the

countries all over the world is aimed at

making the goal of gender equality

central to all development activities. In

our country, there is a great upsurge in

awareness about women’s rights

among all sections of society. The

developmental programmes and

policies give emphasis to improving

women’s social status. In spite of

urbanisation and industrialisation our

culture and economy are

predominantly agrarian, rural based. So

empowering women, who are the

backbone of our agrarian economy, is

a sure path to achieve major economic

gains. Our development efforts have

yielded creditable benefits for women in

doubling their life expectancy over the

last fifty years, and considerably

reducing female infant mortality and

child mortality rates.

--:o0o:--

102


The Indian government has taken

a step in the right direction by making

education a fundamental right. It is the

duty of the government to ensure that

every citizen has the right to equal

opportunity to realise his or her full

potential. It is important that the Union

Government ensures that the state

governments take the initiative in

enforcing this fundamental right of the

people – the right to education and

equal opportunities.

India has 300 million poor people

with no access to basic education, skills,

opportunities or jobs. It is important

therefore to make sure that these

depressed classes are pushed up.

Education is a tool through which this

can be arrived at. The system of open

universities and schools that we have

should be expanded to cover the entire

country. Open universities or schools do

not require heavy infrastructure base,

therefore, the whole rural region of India

can be transformed as never before. All

we need is vision to overcome the odds

and sustain hope so that the whole of

the country can benefit from the

advancement of technology and use

education as a means for sustained

growth and development.

As India remains still a largely

traditional society and women quite

often do not have a say in their lives, it is

still progress if they are enrolling in

schools and colleges even if they have

not crossed the fifty per cent

benchmark. Women have to be

integrated in the mainstream society as

mostly in India they do not enjoy equal

status with men and have to fight their

way through if they want to achieve

social or economic advancement.

--:o0o:--

103


There is a new definition of

wealth today. Wealth is no more

measured in terms of fixed assets such

as buildings, land, bank account, etc.

But in terms of those knowledge based

systems, which add value. In today’s

world, goods, services, data, people

etc. cross the physical borders of

different nations freely. However,

adding value through knowledge gives

nations a competitive advantage.

Many countries realise the value of the

intellectual prowess of its people. India

is a developing country but it is one of

the most developed countries as far as

its intellectual infrastructure is

concerned. In that sense then, we

should be a rich country, but we are

not. Why is this so? It is because among

other things, the wealth creation

potential of knowledge is something

that we have not fully understood. We

have still not learnt to build the bridge

between discovery and market place.

Ability to build this bridge is a

prerequisite for Indian science to make

economic sense. If we do that, then we

can set ourselves a heady dream of not

only making India the intellectual

capital of the world but also an

economic power to reckon with. People

describe Indian in many different ways.

Many say, India is a rich country where

poor people live. That richness is due to

our intellectual prowess, our biodiversity,

our traditional knowledge base and, of

course, our rich traditions. The Indian

challenge is simply that rather than

being described as a rich country where

poor people live, someday someone will

have to describe us as a rich country

where rich people live.

--:o0o:--

104


A major task for the leather

industry now is that of capacity building

in harnessing the technological and

material strength and specific

technique to suit demands in different

markets. Tanning is fundamental need

for the leather making and yet there has

been inadvertent neglect of the

tanning sector. Modernisation of the

tannery sector needs to be facilitated

for higher productivity, best use of

chemicals, higher consistency in the

products, reduction in wastes

generated, shorter process time and

cumulative increased returns.

Under utilisation of capacity is

reported in the leather processing

sector due to raw material shortage,

high price of raw materials, lack of

modernisation, financial and power

constraints and stringent environmental

regulations. Availability of funds at

affordable cost has been a limiting

factor mitigating modernisation. Hence

Indian leather industry finds it difficult to

compete with Chinese counterparts

which has attracted large investments.

India has not been able to attract large

foreign investments. Indian investment is

the only alternative in the present

scenario for modernisation of tanneries.

Lack of investment would result in unit

value realisation far below the global

average.

The fundamental issue that needs

debate is, can the tanning industry face

the challenges? If not, a system has to

be created to keep a global watch on

strategies adopted by major global

players and the tanners, chemical

manufacturers and other concerned

alerted timely about emerging

international concern on any specific

chemical or effluent parameter.

--:o0o:--

105


With a view to overcome the

constraints and achieve the desired

objectives, several specific provisions

have been made in the Constitution

itself for empowerment of the weaker

sections. Besides, special legislations

have been enacted and numbers of

plans and programmes have been

launched from time to time by the

Governments, both at Central and State

level, for welfare of the weaker sections.

Majority of people in our country

live in the rural areas and earn their

livelihood from agriculture related

activities. However ownership of land in

the rural India has remained skewed

and bulk of the poor have no land of

their own. Various proactive legislative

and administrative measures taken by

the Government since independence

have improved the position to some

extent. However, it is obvious that there

are inherent constraints in bringing

about welfare of the weaker sections

based on land based activities alone.

In view of the large population and

limited financial resources available with

a developing country, credit plays a

critical role in economic empowerment

of the poor and the disadvantaged.

With this understanding, provision of

credit as such and under various credit

linked poverty alleviation programmes

have been taken up from time to time.

Our country has a tradition of

mobilising thrift, which in turn meets the

credit needs of the rural areas locally. At

the time of independence, the

cooperative sector was playing a

leading role in meeting the credit

requirements of the rural areas.

--:o0o:--

106


The human race is now in a

crucial phase of its long and tortuous

history on Planet Earth. The last 50 years

have seen developments that have

profoundly affected the way people

perceive our universe. The breaking of

the space barrier is enabling us now to

reach the moon, the planets, and

stretch out to the stars beyond, and

provide fascinating insights into the

mysteries of the universe around us. The

unravelling of the human genome is

beginning to unlock the secrets of life

itself, and we will soon be in a position to

create life artificially with profound

implications for the future of the human

race. Technological breakthroughs in

medicine have transformed the way in

which we can deal with illness and

ageing. Transportation has now

assumed entirely new dimensions, while

economic prosperity, though still limited

to roughly one-third of the human race,

could now be extended to less

deprived sections of society.

However, these very scientific

and technological breakthroughs have

thrown up negative elements which

threaten our natural environment and

indeed the very future of the human

race. Nuclear weapons of mass

destruction are now proliferating. The

malign underworld of trafficking in

human beings, and drugs and arms

trafficking have assumed global

dimensions. We are being constantly

bombarded by a torrent of horror and

violence in the movies and on our

television screen which is bound to have

an adverse impact upon the

consciousness of the younger

generations.

While all dimensions of education

are important, it is during the secondary

education period that the minds of our

adolescents are most impressionable,

and the contours of their consciousness

can be decisively shaped. This is a

challenge facing all societies in the

world today.

107


Planning for competitive

advantage will require designing of

policies that would aim at harnessing

kills, technology and learning. In the era

of globalisation, economy is knowledge

intensive and induced by innovation

and utilisation of new technologies.

Preparation of a cadre of manpower

that can effectively function in the

global economy is therefore critical for

improving productivity of resources.

In India, the overall improvement

in competence level of labour force as

measured by the indicators of

education and health care is very slow.

The proportion of vocationally trained

persons to the total working population

is abysmally low, 5 per cent, whereas

the corresponding ratios for developed

countries varies between 60 to 80 per

cent.

Globalisation provides unlimited

access to economic opportunities I the

world. But, to reap its benefits, through

the pursuance of an effective

competition policy, technical and

professional capacity of manpower of

all types and levels ought to be

enhanced, at least to match the levels

obtaining in other countries with which

India have to compete in the domestic

and international markets. And for this,

concerted efforts would be required to

design strategies for teaching and

learning to cater for education and

training needs of all the aspirants. Such

efforts, moreover, should be

commensurate with the requirements of

the world of work. Besides, the

perceived methods of imparting

education and skills should be cost

effective.

While India’s conventional

education systems and structures are

duly comprehensive to respond to

manpower needs of the society and

economy, the size of working

population is so large that it is not

possible to provide financial

wherewithal to impart quality education

to all the aspirants.

--:o0o:--

108


Air pollution in urban areas is

commonly associated with the

contamination of atmosphere by

automobile exhaust emissions or

industrial effluents. In view of our

changing lifestyle, indoor air pollution

has become a major health hazard.

The problem is more aggravated in

developing countries due to over

population and congested and

unhygienic living conditions in urban

slums. Combustion, building materials,

the ground under the building and the

bio-aerosols are the four principal

sources of pollutants of indoor

atmospheric air. In developed nations

the most important indoor air pollutants

are radon, asbestos, volatile organic

compounds, moulds and tobacco

smoke. However, in India the most

important source of indoor air pollution

are the combustion products of

unprocessed solid biomass fuels used by

the poor urban and rural folk for

cooking and heating purposes.

Approximately, half the world’s

population and up to 90% of rural

households in developing countries still

rely on unprocessed biomass fuels such

as wood, dung cakes and crop

residues. An indoor pollutant is one

thousand times more likely to reach and

affect people’s lungs than a pollutant

released outdoors. A recent report of

the World Health Organisation states

that nearly 3 million people are killed

every year world over due to air

pollution following innumerable

respiratory and heart disorders.

Unfortunately, the serious impact of

indoor pollution on human health has

not received the attention of

environmental scientists, planners and

administrators in our country. The

people residing in rural as well as urban

areas are suffering from indoor air

pollution of different types. In the rural

areas poverty contributes significantly to

the unhygienic indoor conditions.

--:o0o:--

109


Headache is one of the most

common complaints with which the

patient goes to the primary physician or

a neurologist. Most people accept that

an occasional headache is normal. Self

treatment is very common. Most

people with a mild recurrent or isolated

headache do not consult a physician.

Patients come to the physician because

of unusual severity or frequency of

headache. They seek medical

attention for headaches that have

changed in character, have become

more explosive or progressive. Almost

everyone has a headache at some time

when stressed, overworked or angry.

Headaches can also result from

muscular strain due to working in a

physiologically unsound position and

rapidly subside with relaxation, sleep, or

ingestion of simple analgesics. The

prevalence of this type of headache is

unknown because medical help is

sought only when the condition occurs

frequently, becomes chronic and

interferes with the patients’ life style.

Majority of the people self medicate

themselves through television

advertisements and over the counter

medications.

Headache results due to the pain

signals from the Blood vessels and

nerves surrounding the brain. The

structures external to the skull-scalp,

neck muscles, cervical nerves and roots

also results in headache. During a

headache, the pain does not come

from the brain, as many sufferers

believe, but from stretching of the

surrounding structures or it may be a

referred pain.

There are two major categories

of headaches Primary and Secondary.

Primary headaches are those, where

there is no other underlying cause,

tension type cluster and miscellaneous

headaches. Secondary headaches are

caused by other medical conditions

such as sinusitis, dental problems, head

injury or brain tumours.

--:o0o:--

110


Technological development

plays a vital role in any sector. But it is

unlucky on the part of handloom sector

that the economic viability as well as

the marketing of handloom product

which mainly depend on technological

development are facing the advanced

and sophisticated technology posed by

powerloom and mill sector.

The advent of powerlooms and

the organised mill sector with its

sophisticated machinery for imparting

better finish and longer lasting

properties to the fabrics has posed a

serious challenge to the handloom

sector. Not only this but also it

endangered the very existence of

handloom sector introducing a

significant change I the consumer tastes

and preferences. Besides, it is also a

drawback for handloom sector that the

handloom weaver is generally

conservative and shows an inherent

resistance to take up new techniques.

However, with the march of time

the sector and the Government realised

the significance of taking the challenge

posed by the powerloom and mill

sector. The need for catering to the

demand of new markets depending

upon different tastes of consumer was

greatly felt. With a view to meeting this

long felt an urgent necessity for

technically qualified personnel was also

realised.

The first attempt at technical

development to face the challenge of

the mill sector and powerloom was

started in the early year 1950 with the

formation of the All India Handloom

Board. A number of schemes

formulated by the Board made

conversion of new shuttle Pit loom into

fly shuttle ones. The board also made

provision of finances to the cooperative

societies etc. At present the Indian

Institute of Handloom Technology

provide technical trend manpower,

development of new design and

upgradation of skill throughout the

country.

--:o0o:--

111


The quantum of resources

required to be mobilised places the

financial sector in a vital position for

promoting efficiency and momentum.

It intermediates in the flow of funds from

those who want to save a part of their

income to those who want to invest in

productive assets. Till about two

decades ago, a large part of household

savings was either invested directly in

physical assets or put in bank deposits

and small savings schemes of the

Government. Since the late eighties

however, equity markets started playing

an important role. Other markets such

as the medium to long term debt

market and short term money market

remained relatively segmented and

underdeveloped. In the past decades,

the Government and its subsidiary

institutions and agencies had an

overwhelming role with extensive system

of controls, rules, regulations and

procedures, which affected the

development of these markets.

Worldwide experience confirms

that the countries with well-developed

and market oriented financial systems

have grown faster and more steadily

than those with weaker and closely

regulated systems. The financial sector

in general and banking system in

particular in many of the developing

countries have been plagued by

various systemic problems which

necessitated drastic structural changes

as also a reorientation of approach in

order to develop a more efficient and

well functioning financial system.

The Indian financial system has

been no exception in this respect and

the problems encountered in the way of

efficient functioning necessitated the

financial sector reforms. Recognising

the critical nature of the financial sector

prompted the Government to set up

two Committees on the Financial

System to examine all aspects relating

to the structure, organisation, functions

and procedures of the financial system.

The deliberations of the Committee

were guided by the demands that

would be placed on the financial

system by the economic reforms taking

place in the real sectors of the

economy.

--:o0o:--

112


Agricultural commodity Futures

exchanges in India are still not

developed as compared to other

countries. The dominant political

ideology during early years after

independence dealt a severe blow to

development of futures exchanges in

India. It is only after the onset of

liberalisation that attitude towards

futures trading has changed and its

potential benefits are now being

acknowledged in the policy circles.

However, there are still a number of

impediments in their growth many of

which are on account of regulatory

provisions while others relate to the

practices of trade prevalent in these

exchanges. As a result of these

impediments membership to

commodity exchanges and volume of

futures transactions have remained low.

The membership of a majority of

agricultural commodity exchanges

have either remained stagnant or

declined during last few years. Small

and stagnant number of members

proves that the business of trading in

futures is not considered attractive. In

most of the agricultural commodity

exchanges, less than ten per cent of the

registered members are actually

actively trading.

It hardly needs to be emphasised

that futures trading can be conducted

only in commodities, which have

competitive markets. It is necessary that

the market forces of demand and

supply should largely determine the

prices. However, this is not allowed to

happen in India due to operation of

multiple restrictions such as price

controls, restriction on storage and

movement, etc. India has already

made a transition from food importing

country to a food surplus country. Many

of these restrictions have lost their

justification to continue. There is a need

to substantially dilute these controls and

integrate the internal food grains market

with the global markets. The shortage

conditions and the perception that

futures market has volatility aggravating

impact in the shortage situation futures

market helps to smoothen the demand

for the commodity and helps in

reducing intra-seasonal price spread.

--:o0o:--

113


Stress comes in all shapes, and has

become so pervasive, that it seems to

percolate everything and everybody.

There is job stress in businessmen, directors,

managers, lawyers, doctors, nurses,

teachers, politicians, bureaucrats, police,

taxi drivers, housewives, children,

teenagers, senior citizens, etc. There is

stress of different kinds. There is the stress of

bereavement, divorce, poverty,

unemployment, social isolation, travelling,

driving, retirement, job insecurity,

attending school, examinations, child

rearing, etc. And there is also more and

more media attention because of

growing confirmation of the role of stress

in heart disease, hypertension, headache,

stomachache, smoking, depression,

substance abuse and a host of infections

and immune system disorders.

Numerous surveys confirm that the

problem has progressively escalated.

Why all the commotion and more

attention today, even though stress has

been around since the beginning of our

civilisations.

It is because there is more stress today. The contemporary stress is somehow different and more dangerous. The frenzy of media attention is due to our increasing ability to explain the mechanism of many stress-induced disorders. The economic, social, cultural, work environment and other such changes have escalated the stress and stress-related problems. Moreover, we recognise that stress management can be extremely cost effective, not only by reducing litigation, errors, mistakes, accidents and health expenses, but also absenteeism and worker turnover, and thus improving productivity, performance, morale and peace.

Stress is an unavoidable

consequence of life. Without stress, there

would be no life. However, just as distress

can cause disease, there are good

stresses that offset this, and promote

wellness. Increased stress results in

increased productivity up to a point.

However, this level differs for each of us.

The trick is to function with a level of stress

that is life enhancing, not life threatening.

--:o0o:--

114


Commercial rubber culture in India

is hundred years young and the historic

event is celebrated with great joy and

plans are made to frame our future

course of action with a vision on the fast

changing global economic

developments.

Though India possess over 329

million hectares growing almost all crops

raised in any part o the world, the area

conducive to grow rubber is limited to its

southern and north eastern parts. The

spread of rubber in the southwestern

India especially in the state of Kerala

during the last three decades of

twentieth century, adopting the most

scientific farming practices is hailed as

one of India’s golden achievements in

the crop production and management

sectors.

Generating new technologies

among the rubber growers supported by

appropriate input supplies has scored

spectacular success in India. The

contribution of small growers numbering

over 7 lakhs make the achievement more

shining as their productivity per hectare

compares well and sometimes even

excel with the best managed estates.

The extension activities of the

Rubber board of India could be well

adjudged as one of the best performing

network functioning in any part of the

world. It has imparted titanic strength to

the highly motivated farmers whose

performance forms the primary factor

that helped the nation to lift is annual

production. The accomplishment has

made the nation self sufficient in natural

rubber production. India now pins its

hope to find remedies to the problems

arising from the international obligations

by equipping its farmers to enhance

productivity and bring down the cost of

production through different new

approaches by enlisting intensive grower

participation. Here again extension has a

very major role to perform because the

dream of the mighty rubber sector is to

export one lakh tons of rubber as early as

possible annually. The research to

develop new inputs, techniques and

products are making good progress and

it will find new areas for consuming more

and more natural rubber.

--:o0o:--

115


BANKING SYSTEM

An area of concern which impacts

of investment is the relatively high interest

rate structure that prevailed in the

country. The spread between the deposit

and lending rates in India is high by

international standards and reflects both

the constraints faced by banks and the

relatively low level of efficiency in the

financial intermediation system.

The Reserve Bank of India has in

the recent past been signalling a soft

interest rate stance and there have been

several reductions in the interest rates

across the board. The most recent step

has been to reduce the report rate by

half a percentage point. A cut in the

repo rate, which is the rate at which

banks lend to Reserve Bank is expected

to soften the overall interest rate

structure. The central bank was

prompted to lower the repo rate on

account of a fall in the level of inflation

and the good monsoon as well as to

reduce the flatness or the yield curve. This

move would give a boost to economic

growth through cheaper credit. Although

in recent years there has been

considerable liberalisation in the banking

sector with tightening of prudential norms

and accounting practices which have

led to an improvement in the health of

the banking industry, there are some

areas of concern which need to be

examined.

The ability of the banks to increase

their loan portfolio is not only determined

by a growth in their deposits, but also by

the need to conform with prudential

norms relating to capital adequacy.

Once a bank has reached a level of

advances commensurate with the

capital adequacy norms, any increase in

loan assets has to be preceded by a

proportionate increase in capital. This

can be achieved either by tapping the

market or by the Government providing

the capital in case of public sector banks.

It was earlier difficult for public sector

banks to raise fresh equity from the

market unless the Government

subscribed to the issue in order to

maintain its majority share. This was

limiting the options for some banks to

enter the market.

--:o0o:--

116


GLOBALISATION In common parlance Globalisation

is supposed to be a newfound

phenomenon. However, this is far from

reality. In fact, globalisation is as old as

history, starting with the large migration of

people across the great landmasses.

During the pre world war period, three

was rapid integration of the economies in

terms of trade flows, movement of capital

and migration of people. The inter war

period witnessed the erection of various

barriers to restrict free movement of

goods and services. After independence,

there was a drive to increased integration,

studies point out that trade and capital

markets are no more globalised today

than they were at the end of the

Nineteenth century. However, there are

more concerns about globalisation now

than ever before because of the nature

and speed of transformation. What is

striking in the current episode is not only

the rapid pace but also the enormous

impact of globalisation.

Globalisation in its present form

though spurred by far reaching

technological changes is not a pure

technological phenomenon. It has many

dimensions including ideological. To deal

with this phenomenon we must

understand the gains and the losses, the

benefits as well as the dangers. It is

against this backdrop an attempt is made

to assess how globalisation has impacted

the Indian Corporate Sector and how the

Indian corporates are attempting to take

on these global giants.

The post war period witnessed the

emergence of a hitherto unknown

corporate entity, the Multinational

Corporations, the gigantic business

enterprises undertaking direct foreign

investments through their establishments

spread over a large number of countries.

They sprawl across national boundaries

and tie together general markets of

national jurisdiction under a single locus

of control. The fruits of science in the form

of instant communication, quick transport,

sophisticated computers and modern

managerial techniques have been helping

them in reshuffling costs, prices and

availabilities of large untapped sellers

markets and cheap labour force in

developing or less developed economies.

As far as India is concerned, a host of

multinationals have been in operation for

about four decades in diverse fields.

117


Human resources are one of the

most strategic and critical determinants of

growth. In spite of abundant physical

resources, a country cannot make rapid

economic and social advancement unless

it has enterprising people with necessary

knowledge, skills and attitudes. In any

developing country, human resource

development is the key to development in

all sectors of the economy, more

particularly rural sector where majority of

the people are very poor, illiterate and lack

the necessary knowledge, skills but also

creativity, interpersonal relations, team

building, leadership, motivation, training,

education, health, nutrition, employment,

empowerment and rights of the people.

Given the natural endowment of

resources the fact that development or

underdevelopment of any nation is largely

the reflection of the abundance or scarcity

of entrepreneurship. Development of

entrepreneurship is a crucial factor for the

development of a nation, and it is

necessary for harnessing vast untapped

human resources of a country like India.

And several research findings do suggest

that entrepreneurship is the dominant

variable in the growth process of any

nation.

An entrepreneur is basically an

innovator who introduces something new

into the economy. He is a person who is

capable of taking investment decisions,

calculated risks under conditions of

uncertainty can plan and innovate, take

prompt and wise decisions in selection of

a product or product mix, technology mix

and marketing. An entrepreneur is a

dynamic agent of change, or catalyst who

transforms the physical, natural and

human resources into corresponding

production possibilities. He is the key

person who envisages new opportunity,

new techniques, new lines of production,

new products and coordinates all other

activities. Basically an entrepreneur is a

person who is responsible for setting up a

business or an enterprise, and strives to

maximise profits by adopting innovations.

Entrepreneurship is the creative and

innovative response to the environment,

which can take place in variety of fields of

social endeavour – business, industry,

agriculture, education, social work and the

like and it is the potent limiting factor in

economic development. It is an act of

assuming risk of business ownership.

118


As a member of society every

human being is bestowed with rights

which belong to him absolutely. Human

rights are concerned with the dignity of the

individual at a level of self-esteem that

secures, identifies and promotes human

community. In order to have or to claim

human rights, one need not be or do

anything special other than being born as

a human being. Human rights may be said

to be those fundamental rights to which

every man or woman inhabiting in any part

of the world should be deemed entitled

merely by virtue of having been born a

human being.

Since human rights cover people all

over the world irrespective of their social,

cultural, racial, ethnic, religious and

communal differences, it is natural that

they are a matter of international concern.

The charter of the United Nations

focussed principal of individual rights. The

merit of the charter is that it affirms faith in

fundamental human rights, in the worth

and dignity of the person, in equality of

persons of all nations and its resolve to

promote social progress and better

standard of life. The Universal Declaration

of Human Rights contains a long list of

civil, social, political, economic and

cultural rights as equality before law,

protection against arbitrary arrest and

detention, right to vote etc. These human

rights are granted as fundamental rights

by the Constitution of India.

Among many types of violences,

the United Nations General Assembly has

emphasised on violence which includes

any act of gender based violence that

results in, or is likely to result in physical,

sexual or psychological harm or suffering

to women, including threat of such acts,

coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty

whether occurring in public or private life.

Violence against women in the family

occurs in developed and developing

countries alike. It has long been

considered a private matter by strangers

including neighbours, the community and

government, but such private matters

have a tendency to become public

tragedies. Domestic violence may be seen

in the form of mental and physical torture,

murder, rape and battering by husband or

other male partners. Several studies

show that wife battering was associated

with the husband alcoholism.

119


Irrigation has a major role in

enhancing agricultural production. The

National Water Policy has defined water

allocation priorities broadly for supply of

water for drinking, irrigation, hydropower,

ecology, agro and non-agro industries,

navigation and various other uses. The

present productivity of agriculture is

capable of substantial improvement, which

will be a necessity keeping in view

population growth and requirement of

food. The need for people centred

approach in water resources management

and improvement in water use efficiency

has been emphasised in the paper.

Educating the farmers about judicious and

prudent use of irrigation water, metered

irrigation water supply and water audit has

also been emphasised. The need for

recycling of water for industrial use by

treatment within the industrial complex

itself would naturally be required to take

care of the continuous increasing demand

of industrial water besides working out the

ways and means for reducing the

evaporation losses. The suggestions of

agriculture scientists for reducing the

evapo-transpiration losses would also play

a vital role. The phenomenon of

sedimentation of reservoirs is also to be

tackled which has since become

controversial as the opponents of large

dams cite this as a negative environmental

factor.

Water being precious, finite and in

view of growing demand, ultimately is a

scarce natural endowment. Our main

strategy is to optimise its availability for

different purposes, and accordingly

National Water Policy has defined water

allocation priorities broadly for supply of

water for drinking, irrigation, hydropower,

ecology, agro industries and non-

agricultural industries, navigation and

various other uses. Of equal importance

are the objectives of achievements of

efficiency, equity, and sustainability in the

use of water.

Irrigation has a major role in

enhancing agricultural production.

Sustainability of irrigated agriculture and

maximisation of benefits from this sector

through efficient environment friendly

irrigation management now assumes

much more significance even at any time

in the past. Full resource value of water

economic, social cultural and

environmental needs to be recognised in

irrigation water management.

120


According to Ayurveda human

beings are a part of nature and hence

nature has all the remedies for the ills of

humans, both physical and mental. The

sun, the mountains, the rivers, the forests

and the dense vegetation are all central to

human survival and life cycle. Ayurveda

believes that health is the product of a

correct balance between the individual and

the environment. If that equilibrium is

disturbed, it causes illness.

The Ayurvedic doctor interviews a

patient, assesses the malady both by

interrogation and by reading the pulse, in

the light of the patient’s lifestyle.

Preparation of medicines is carried out

under the personal supervision of a

dedicated practitioner. To deal with

emergency patients and to give immediate

relief, sometimes an Ayurvedic practitioner

may resort to prescribing allopathic

medicines. But this is only to make way for

Ayurvedic treatment, the effect of which

may be slow, but steady and curative

without any side effects. Ayurvedic

medicines are products of nature and as

such they can be taken for any length of

time without any ill effect. They can cause

no harm to the body or mind. These

medicines which may be in the form of

tablets, capsules, powders or liquids

produce wonderful effects over a period of

time if combined with acupressure therapy

or physiotherapy wherever necessary. But

to benefit from the elixir of Ayurveda, a

patient has to be patient enough and

consume the medicines meticulously as

per the advice of the practitioner. But care

has to be taken to identify genuine

Ayurvedic practitioner from quacks who

tarnish the fair name of Ayurveda and bring

it to disrepute.

Ayurveda can cure even chronic

illnesses such as chronic asthama,

bronchitis and so on. Ayurveda has a cure

for many more diseases for which

allopathy has no answer. Ayurveda is a

boon to numerous patients who are scared

of surgery, as it obviates the need for any

surgical operation. In the Himalayan

foothills, where herbs and plants with

medicinal properties abound, practitioners

of Ayurveda have found a natural haven.

Some Ayurvedic medicines are primarily

processed and strained through three

mediums – honey, ghee and jaggery. Oil

based herbal medicines are prepared and

administered with care to ensure the

success of a therapy.

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