manual review book 1.doc

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE SECTION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE1. ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE SECTION3-1462. MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE SECTION...147-2053. THERMAL OPERATION....206-2174. MARKETING.218-235.5. COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY COURSES.....236-2616. INSTRUMENTATION...262-294ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE SECTION

MANUAL REVIEW ON ELECTRICAL COURSES

The existing courses in the Electrical Department were critically examined.

Presently the following courses are available:-

1.EMTT 1ST PHASE: ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE

TECHNICIAN TRAINING PROGRAMME

2.EMTT 2ND PHASE:

3.EMTT 3RD PHASE:

4.ELECTRICAL FITTERS COURSE FOR MATE-LEARNERS (FITTER III)

5.ELECTRICAL FITTERS COURSE FOR FITTERS II AND I

6.ELECTRICAL FITTERS COURSE FOR FOREMEN AND SUPERVISORS

7.ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE COURSE ON MEDIUM HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS

8.ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE COURSE ON SF6 GAS CIRCUIT BREAKERS

9.ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE COURSE ON TRANSFORMERS

10.ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE COURSE ON GENERATORS

11.WORKSHOP ON 11KV CIRCUIT BREAKERS

12.WORKSHOP ON 33KV CIRCUIT BREAKERS

13.WORKSHOP ON SF6 GAS CIRCUIT BREAKERS

14.WORKSHOP ON TRANSFORMERS

15.WORKSHOP ON GENERATORS

All the existing 15 courses were thoroughly reviewed and the following changes were

introduced in:

(a)EMTT Phase 1 Programme, the subject area of Mechanical Engineering Science was expanded to include new topics on Friction.

(b)EMTT Phase 2 Programme, was expanded to include the subject area, Electrical Machines, to cover topics in Maintenance activities on the equipment.

(c)ELECTRICAL FITTERS COURSE, which was previously segmented into 3 groups have been merged into one, principally due to the exit of those cadres and re-designations from the authoritys workforce.

(d)Courses number 11 to 15 were essentially found to be of courses number 7 to 10 have accordingly been merged.

(e)Three new courses were developed and incorporated to reflect training needs from the field stations, disseminate new technology in the system and improve the efficiency of the system. These courses are number 8 to 10 below.The followings are the recommended courses for the Electrical Department:

1.EMTT 1st PHASE: ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN TRAINING PROGRAMME.

Seven subject areas:

EMTT 101: Engineering Mathematics

EMTT 102: Electrical Engineering Science

EMTT 103: Mechanical Engineering Science

EMTT 104: Introduction to Switchgear Studies 1

EMTT 105: Technical Drawing

EMTT 106: Engineering Workshop Practice

EMTT 107: Safety Practice

2.EMTT 2nd PHASE (Eight Subject Areas):

EMTT 201: Transformer Maintenance

EMTT 202: Switchgear and Protection II

EMTT 203: Transmission Line Theory I

EMTT 204: Auxiliary Systems

EMTT 205: Introduction to Electrical Measurement

EMTT 206: Network Theory and Analysis

EMTT 207: Basic Engineering Thermodynamics

EMTT 208: Introduction to Electrical Machines

3.EMTT 3rd PHASE (FINAL PHASE) Seven subject Areas:l

EMTT 301: Switchgear and Protection III

EMTT 302: Transmission Line Theory II

EMTT 303: Electrical Machines

EMTT 304: Marketing and Metering Studies

EMTT 305: Digital Electronics and Applications

EMTT 306: Standard Protection Code and First Aid

EMTT 307: Introduction to Industrial Management

4.Electrical Fitters Course

5.Electrical Maintenance Course on Generators

6.Electrical Maintenance Course on Transformers

7.Electrical Maintenance Course on Switchgears

8.Filtering Machine Operations

9.Maintenance Course on Auxiliary Systems and Circuits10.Maintenance Course on Power Distribution System

It should be noted that courses number 1 to 3 titled EMTT Phase 1, 2 and 3 are career-based Training Programmes for Assistant Technician-in-Training (Electrical) formerly designated as Assistant Technical Officers-in-Training (Electrical).

The EMTT is broken down into phases 1, 2 and 3 respectively to be run for a minimum

of twenty-four months. During the 24 months Training Programme, each classroom

session is intertwined with periods of fields attachment.

Courses numbered 4 to 10 are refresher courses for updating the knowledge and skills-

development of the existing workforce in the service of the Authority.

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN TRAINING PROGRAMME

(EMTT PHASE 1)S/NO.

COURSE CODESUBJECT TITLECONTACT HOURS

1.

EMTT 101ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

15

2.

EMTT 102ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE

15

3.

EMTT 103MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE

15

4.

EMTT 104NTRODUCTION TO SWITCHGEAR STUDIES 1

15

5.

EMTT 105TECHNICAL DRAWING 8

6.

EMTT 106ENGINEERING WORKSHOP PRACTICE

14

7.

EMTT 107SAFETY PRACTICE 8

90 HOURS

REVISED CURRICULUM FOR:

COURSE TITLE: Electrical Maintenance Technician Training Programme (EMTT)

SUBJECT AREA: Engineering Mathematics

PHASE: (Module): Phase 1 (4 weeks)

DESIGNATED FOR: A.T.Os-In-Training (Electrical)

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: WASC-OL/C & G Part 1/Course C

DURATION:

(15 Contact Hours Minimum)

OBJECTIVES: At the end of the course, participants should be able to:

(i)Acquire skills to solve simple Polynomials equations

(ii)Acquire skills to solve basic Trigonometrical Problems

(iii)Acquire skills to solve differential and integral equations and applications

(iv)Acquire skills to solve problems involving complex number.

(v)Acquire skills to solve simple statistical problems

COURSE CONTENT

1.Linear and Simultaneous Equations

1.1By Graphical Method

1.2By Substitution Method

1.3By Elimination Method

2.Simple Quadratic Equations

2.1By Graphical Method

2.2By Formula Method

3.Basic Trigonometry

3.1Properties of Triangles

3.2Basic Functions: Sine Cosine and Tangent

3.3Applications of Trigonometrical Functions

4.Calculus

4.1.1Differentiation from First Principles

4.1.2Differentiation by Methods: Sum, Chain-Rule, Power and Quotient Rules4.1.3Applications of Differentiation Techniques

4.2.1Integration from First Principles

4.2.2Integration by Methods

4.2.3Applications of Integral Techniques

5.Complex Numbers and Notation

5.1Addition of Complex Number

5.2Subtraction of Complex Number

5.3Multiplication of Complex Number

5.4Division of Complex Number

5.5Application of Complex Number

6.Introduction to Statistics

6.1Representation of Data

6.1.1Frequency Distribution

6.1.2Mode, Mean and Median

6.1.3Bar Chart

6.1.4Pie Chart

6.1.5Histogram

6.1.6Graphs

6.1.7Frequency Polygons

METHODOLOGY

(i)Classroom Lectures

(ii)Notes and HandoutsREVISED CURRICULUM FOR:COURSE TITLE: Electrical Maintenance Technician Training Programme (EMTT)

SUBJECT AREA: Electrical Engineering SciencePHASE: (Module): Phase 1 (4 weeks)



DURATION:



(i)Define Electrical Terms

(ii)Solve simple D.C. Circuit Problems

(iii)Describe the purely resistive, capacitive and Inductive Circuits

(iv)Solve simple a.c circuit problems.

EMTT PHASE 1

SUBJECT:Electrical Engineering Science

Chapter 1Electrical Engineering Science

1.1Electricity and the Engineer

1.2An Electrical System

1.3Electric Charge

1.4Movement of Electronics

1.5Current flow in a circuit

1.6Electromotive force and potential difference

1.7 Electrical Units

1.8Ohrislaw and Application

1.9Conductors and InsulatorsChapter 2Simple D.C Circuits

2.1Series Circuits

2.2Parallel Networks

2.3Series Circuit Versus Parallel Network

2.4Kirchhoffs Laws

2.5Power and Energy

2.6Resistivity

2.7Temperature coefficient of resistance

Chapter 3Capacitance and capacitors

3.1Capacitors

3.2Charge and Voltage

3.3Capacitance

3.4Capacitors in parallel

3.5Capacitors in series

3.6Distribution of voltage across capacitors in series

Chapter 4Electromagnetism

4.1Magnetic field

4.2Direction of magnetic field

4.3Characteristics of lines of magnetic flux

4.4Magnetic field due to an electric current

4.5Force on a current carrying conductor

4.6Electromagnetic induction

4.7Magnetic circuits

4.8Permeability of free space or magnetic constant

Chapter 5Inductance in a d.c circuit

5.1Inductive and non-inductive circuit

5.2Unit of inductance

5.3Factors determining the inductance of a coil

5.4Analysis of growth in an inductions cct

5.5Analysis of decay

5.6Mutual inductance

Chapter 6Introduction to a.c circuit

6.1Generation of simple a.c wave-form

6.2Definition of Peak, Average and Root means square value

6.3Some simple problems in a.c circuits

METHODOLOGY:

(i)Classroom Lectures(ii)Notes and Handouts

REVISED CURRICULUM FOR:COURSE TITLE: Electrical Maintenance Technician Training Programme (EMTT)

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical Engineering Science




DURATION:



(i)Define physical terms such as:

(a)Speed

(b)Motion

(c)Velocity

(d)Acceleration etc

(ii)Solve simple problems on laws of motion

(iii)State the =3= Newtons laws of motion

(iv)Solve simple problems involving moments of forces

(v)Calculate the efficiency of simple machines

COURSE CONTENT:1.Dynamics:

(a)Speed

(b)Velocity

(c)Acceleration

(d)Momentum

(e)Impulse

(f)Force

(g)Work

(h)Energy

(i)Power

2.Static:

(a)Moment of Forces

(b)Machines

(c)Fulcrum

(d)Effort

(e)Load

(f)Efficiency

3.Frictions:

3.1Definition

3.2Types of frictions

3.3Coefficient of friction

3.4Calculations involving simple problem

4.Vectors:

4.1Introductions to vectors

4.2Vector addition, subtraction, division and multiplication

4.3Composition of vectors

4.4Resolution of vectors

4.5Simple applications

METHODOLOGY:

(1)Classroom Lectures

(2)Notes and Handouts

(3)Calculations and Assignments


SUBJECT AREA: Introduction to Switchgear Studies




DURATION:



(i) Identify various switchgear equipment

(ii)Acquire skills in erection and maintenance of distribution

switchgears (Ring Main Unit, Feeder Pillars)

(iii)Acquire safely awareness.

COURSE CONTENT

1.Introduction to Electric Power Systems

1.1Power Station Schemes

1.2Transmission Systems

1.3Distribution Systems

2.Switchgears

2.1Definition, Necessity and types

2.2Fuses; Features and Application

2.3Ring Main Units (RMUs)

2.4Feeder Pillars

2.5Earthing Switchgears

2.6Isolators

2.7Circuit Breakers

3.Earthing

3.1Definition and Types

3.2Methods and Practice

3.3Advantages

METHODOLOGY:

(i)Classroom lectures

(ii)Notes and HandoutsREVISED CURRICULUM FOR:COURSE TITLE: Electrical Maintenance Technician Training Programme (EMTT)

SUBJECT AREA: Technical Drawing




DURATION:



(i)Identify drawing tools and materials

(ii)Acquire skills to draw and letter shapes and models

(iii)Acquire skills to construct assembly drawings

COURSE CONTENT:

1.Engineering Drawing-Importance and Applications

2.Drawing Tools and Materials

3.Lines and Lettering Techniques

4.Geometrical Constructions

5.Principles of Tangency

6.Isometric (Pictorial) drawings

7.Sectional and Assembly drawings

8.Oblique and Assembly drawing

METHODOLOGY

(i)Classroom Lectures(ii)Notes and Handouts (iii) Practical Assignments


SUBJECT AREA: Engineering Workshop Practice




DURATION:



(i)Identify electrical tools and measuring instruments

(ii)Acquire skills in simple joinery and welding work

(iii)Acquire skills in design and electrical working installation

(iv)Acquire relevant safety awareness

COURSE CONTENT:

1.Tools:

1.1Electrical Tools

1.2Mechanical Tools

1.3Carpentry Tools

1.4Names, Nomenclature and types

1.5Use of Tools

1.6Care of Tools

2.Measuring Instruments:

2.1Types and Applications

2.2Record keeping of maintenance reports

3.Bench work:

3.1Carpentry project work

(a)Woodwork Bench and its appliances

(b)Classification, conversion and seasoning of wood

(c)Defects and preservation of timber

(d)Manufactured boards

(e)Simple woodworks joints

3.2Welding Project Work

(a)Welding methods and equipment

(i)Oxy-acetylene welding machine

(ii)Electric Arc-Welding machine

(b)Types of Welding and application

3.3Electrical Installation Project Work

3.3.1Basic Wiring Components

2Wiring a power point

3Wiring a point of light with 1 control

4 Wiring with 2-way switch

5Series and parallel wiring methods

6 Residential, commercial and industrial wiring

7 Relevant IDO regulations

4.Basic of fault finding

4.1Trouble shooting techniques

2Diagnostic methods

3Earthing procedures and practice

4Maintenance checklists

METHODOLOGY:


(ii)Notes and Handouts

(iii)Workshop practice and project workREVISED CURRICULUM FOR:COURSE TITLE: Electrical Maintenance Technician Training Programme (EMTT)

SUBJECT AREA: Safety Practice




DURATION:



(i)Describe electrical apparatus

(ii)Discuss electrical safety awareness

(iii)Enumerate causes of electrical hazards

COURSE CONTENTS:

1.Safety Practices in NEPA

1.1Safety manuals in NEPA Editions and Development

1.2Definitions of Electrical Apparatus and Terms

2.Electrical Safety Awareness

2.1Nature of Electricity

2.2Stop and Touch Potentials

2.3Role of resistance in the source-body-ground circuit

2.4Classification of Limits of approach

3.Hazards of Electric Shock

3.1Electrical Shock Conditions

3.2Basic Hazards to the human body

3.3The mechanism of Electric shock

3.4Physiological effects of electric shock

3.5Hazards due to flash over

3.6Hazard prevention

(a)Safe working environment

(b)Periodic inspection and tests

(c)Preventive maintenance

(d)Use of correct tools

(e)Use of permit and tags

METHODOLOGY:

(i)Classroom lecturers

(ii)Notes and HandoutsELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN TRAINING PROGRAMME

(EMTT PHASE I1)S/NO.


1.

EMTT 201TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE

12

2.EMTT 202SWITCHGEARS AND PROTECTION II

12

3.

EMTT 203TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY I

12

4.EMTT 204AUXILIARY SYSTEMS 10

5.EMTT 205INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT

10

6.

EMTT 206NETWORK THEORY AND ANALYSIS

12

7.EMTT 207BASIC ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

10

8.

EMTT 208INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL MACHINES

12

90 HOURS



SUBJECT AREA: Transformer Maintenance



EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: WASC-OL/C & G Part 1/Course C/NA

BTES

DURATION:



(i)Describe transformer constructional features and accessories

(ii)Discuss the principle of operation of transformers

(iii)Enumerate methods of tap-changing on transformers(iv)Acquire skills on transformer commission and testing procedures

(v)Acquire skills to carry-out modern maintenance techniques

COURSE CONTENT:

1.Transformer Operations:

1.1Definition

1.2Types and Applications

1.3Principles of Operations

2.Transformer Construction:

2.1Tank and Associated Components

2.2Electrical Circuit

2.3Magnetic Circuit

3.Transformer Cooling Systems:

3.1Transformer Cooling and insulation media

3.2Transformer Auxiliaries

3.3Transformer cooling designations

4.Transformer Protection Schemes 1 (over-voltages):

4.1Power systems over-voltage

4.2Switchgear on transformers to reduce over voltages

4.3High voltage bushing

4.4Lighting Arresters

4.5Arcing Horns/Rod-Gaps

5.Transformer Grounding:

5.1Neutral Earthing Definition

5.2Types and methods of earthing

5.3Procedures and practice earthing

5.4Advantages of earthing

5.5Grounding transformers: types

5.6Applications of grounding transformers

5.7Advantages of grounding transformers

6.Transformer Protection Scheme 2:

6.1Oil Temperature Indicators

6.2Winding Temperature Indicators

6.3Gas Detector Relay

6.4Pressure Relief Devices

6.5Over-current protection schemes

6.6Earth-fault protection scheme

6.7Tripping Units (DC-supplies)

6.8Device numbers system

6.9Differential protective relaying schemes

7.Transformer Testing Procedures:

7.1Transformer oil test set

7.2Sampling and testing procedures

7.3Treatment of transformer oil

7.4Purification plant operations

7.5Meggering of transformers

7.6Ratio-metering of transformers

7.7Transformer commissioning procedures

8.Top-Changers:

8.1No-load tap changers

8.2On-load tap changers

8.3Maintenance checklists

9.Transformer Bank Connections:

9.1Paralleling Single Phase Transformers

9.2Paralleling 3-phase transformers

9.3Load-sharing-percent impedance

10.Instrument Transformers:

10.1Types and applications

10.2Current transformers

10.3Classification, Ration, Burden of CTS

10.4Maintenance checklists

10.5Voltage transformers

10.6Classification, ratio, burden of CTS

107.Maintenance checklists

10.8Metering CVTS

11.Maintenance Checklists:

11.1Possible causes of transformer failures

11.2Trouble-shooting

11.3Maintenance schedules

METHODOLOGY:



(iii)Workshop demonstrationREVISED CURRICULUM FOR:


SUBJECT AREA: Switchgear and Protection II




Or NABTESDURATION:



(i)Describe the fault clearing process by circuit breakers

(ii)List-up various constructional parts of circuit-breakers

(iii)Acquire skills on switchgear commissioning and testing procedures

COURSE CONTENT:

1.0Circuit Breakers

1.1Definition

1.2Function

1.3Basic purposes

1.4Classification nomenclatures

1.5Operational features

2.0Fault clearing process of a circuit breaker

2.1Transient stage, fault occurrence

2.2Relay operation

2.3Mechanism operation

2.4Interrupter operation

2.5Clearance position

3.0Materials used in Construction of CBS

3.1Porcelain

3.2Epoxy Resin

3.3Glass fibre reinforced synthetic resin

3.4Polyhedral fluroethelene

3.5Electrolytic copper

4.0Operating Mechanisms

4.1Types

4.2Function of Mechanisms

4.3Constructional features

4.4Operation

4.5Maintenance procedures

5.0Dielectric oil

5.1Properties of dielectric oil

5.2Functions of dielectric oil

5.3Sampling and testing procedures

5.4Dielectric oil purification procedures

6.0SF6 Gas Applications in CBS

6.1SF6 gas properties

6.2Applications of SF6 gas

6.3Leakages of SF6 gas

6.4Filling-in-methods

7.0Isolators

7.1Types

7.2Maintenance of disconnects

7.3Application of disconnect

8.0System over-voltage

8.1Transient phenomena in power system

8.2Method of reducing over-voltages

9.0Reactors

9.1Definition


9.3Types

9.4Applications of Reactors

10.High Voltage Bushings

10.1Bushings

10.2Grading of bushings

10.3Types of bushings

10.4Voltage gradient methods

METHODOLOGY:


(ii)Notes and Handout

(iii)Field demonstration

(iv)Workshop demonstrationREVISED CURRICULUM FOR:


SUBJECT AREA: Transmission Line Theory - 1

PHASE: (Module): 2nd Phase (4 weeks)



DURATION:



(i)Describe the components of a transmission system

(ii)Enumerate factors determining choice

(iii)Discuss consideration in choice of system voltage

(iv)Acquire skills in transmission line construction

(v)Acquire safety awareness

COURSE CONTENT:

1.Basic concepts of a power system

1.1Power station schemes

1.2Transmission systems

1.3Distribution systems

2.Overhead line design

2.1Mechanical requirement

2.2Overhead line design

2.3O/H line regulation

3.Line conductors

3.1Choice of line conductors

3.2Qualities of copper conductors

3.3Qualities of copper aluminium

3.4Economic considerations

3.5Standard designations of O/H line

3.6Expanded ACSR and hollow conductors systems

4.Choice of System Voltage

4.1AC transmission systems

4.2High voltage DC-lines

4.3Kelvins law w.r.t O/H lines and cables

4.4Load factor/loss load factor

5.Networks Analysis

5.1Introduction to 2-port networks

5.2Insert on loss

6.Line Construction

6.1Lines Associated component

6.2Lines support accessories

6.3Line insulators

METHODOLOGY:



(iii)Field demonstrations



SUBJECT AREA: Auxiliary Systems

PHASE: (Module): Phase 2



DURATION:



(i)Describe the theory and of storage battery

(ii)Acquire knowledge on lead acid and alkaline batteries operation and maintenance

COURSE CONTENT:1.Theory and construction of storage battery bank

1.1Definition1.2Basic Theory

1.3Discharge and charge

1.4Specific gravity and voltage

1.5Terminal voltage

1.6Plates types and assembly

1.7Battery installation

2.Lead acid battery charging

2.1Introduction

2.2Trickle charger, regulated trickle charger, two-rate charger, automatic constant potential charger2.3Float charge, charging rate, equalizing charge, freshening charge

3.Lead acid storage battery deterioration

3.1Introduction

3.2Factors affecting battery life

Charging

Under charging

Local action

Loss of active material

Low water

Level

Freezing

Entrance of impurities

Excessive charge rate

Excessive discharge rate

3.3Indications of deterioration

Buckling of the plates

Sulphation

Sediment at bottom of cell

Cracking of positive plates

Disintegration of positive plate grid

4.Lead acid storage battery capacity test

4.1Introduction

4.2Testing storage batteries

4.3Battery capacity

4.4Capacity test

Initial capacity

Rated capacity

End of life capacity

5.Lead acid operation and maintenance

5.1Introduction

5.2Float method of operation

5.3Use of Hydrometer, pilot cell

5.4Water replacement

5.5Cell removal

5.6Battery inspection and records

5.7Safety6.Alkaline Batteries

6.1Introduction

6.2Types and Construction

6.3Chemical Reaction

6.4Storage and maintenance

7.Power Supply System

7.1Inverter: types and constructional features

7.2Operation and maintenance

METHODOLOGY:


(ii)Notes and HandoutsREVISED CURRICULUM FOR:


SUBJECT AREA: Introduction to Electrical




DURATION:



(i)Carryout electrical measurement, record data in a precise manner

(ii)Discuss the operations of different types of measuring instruments

COURSE CONTENT:

Chapter 1Experimental Data and Errors

1.0Measurement recording and reporting

1.1Precision and accuracy

1.2Resolution and sensitivity

1.3Errors in measurement

1.4Statistical evaluation of measurement data and errors

Chapter 2Electromechanical Indicating Instruments

2.0Suspension Galvanometer

-Torque and deflection of the Galvanometer

-Damping mechanisms

2.1Permanent magnet moving coil mechanism (PMMC)

-Temperature compensation

2.2DC Ammeters (Shunt Resistor)

2.3DC Voltmeters (multiplier resistor)

2.4Multi-range voltmeter

2.5Voltmeter sensitivity

2.6Series type ohmmeter

Chapter 3Electrodynamometer instrumail

3.0Introduction

3.1Construction and principles of operation

3.2Rectifier type instrument

3.3Multimeter circuits

3.4Watthour meter

Chapter 4Bridges and their application

4.0Introduction

4.1Wheat stone bridge

4.2Basic operation

4.3Measurement errors

4.4Thevenin equivalent circuit

METHODOLOGY:





SUBJECT AREA: Network Theory and Analysis




DURATION:



(i)Solve problems on Electrical network

(ii)Acquire knowledge can different electrical network theories and analysis

COURSE CONTENT:

Chapter 1General Network Theorems (DC)

1.0Kirchaffos Voltage Law (KVL)

1.1Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

1.2Current divider rule

1.3 Series and parallel circuit

1.4Superposition theorem

1.5Reciprocity theory

1.6Compensation theoryChapter 2Equivalent Circuit

2.0Voltage and Current Sources

2.1Thevenins Theory

2.2Nortons Theory

2.3Superposition Theory

2.4Millmans Theory

2.5Maximum Power Transfer Theory

2.6Problems and Solution

Chapter 3Network Analysis

3.0Methods of Analysis

3.1Mesh Analysis

3.2Modal Analysis

3.3Bridge Network

3.4Delta/Star and/or star delta conversion

3.5Problems and solution

METHODOLOGY:

(i)Classroom Lectures




SUBJECT AREA: Introduction to Basic Engineering Thermodynamics




DURATION:



(i)Acquire knowledge on fundamental concepts on thermodynamics

(ii)Discuss flow process and apply it to a thermal power system

COURSE CONTENT:

Chapter 1Fundamental Concepts:

1.0General Introduction

1.1Definition of some concepts

1.2Thermodynamics properties

1.3Work and Heat

Chapter 2First law of thermodynamics

2.0Cycle

2.1First Law of Thermodynamics

2.2Corollaries of first law

Chapter 3The second law of thermodynamic

3.0Cycle of efficiency

3.1Second law of thermodynamics

3.2Corollaries of the second law

Chapter 4Flow Process

4.0Boiler and condenser

4.1Adiabatic steady flow processes

4.2Isothermal steady-flow process

4.3The steady flow energy equation

4.4Open systems with steady flow

4.5Non-steady flow process

METHODOLOGY:


(ii)Notes and HandoutREVISED CURRICULUM FOR:


SUBJECT AREA: Introduction to Electrical Machines

PHASE: (Module): Phase 2 (4 Weeks)



DURATION:



(i)Describe the operating principles of Electrical Machine (dc)

(ii)Acquire knowledge on transformer principle of operation and maintenance

COURSE CONTENT:

Chapter 1Magnetic field and circuits

1.0Magnetic induction and screening

1.1Flux density B

1.2Permeability

1.3Ohms law for magnetic circuits

1.4Magnetic leakage and fringing

1.5Kirchhoffs laws for the magnetic circuit

Chapter 2Transformers

2.0Definition and principles of operations

2.1Magnetic and circuit

2.2Types Transformers

2.3Cooling system

2.4Nolavad and on load condition

2.5Tests and efficiency

Chapter 3 DC Motor

3.0Principles of operations of dc motor

3.1Types and features of dc motors

3.2Characteristics speed and torque control

3.3 General machine equations

3.4Testing and efficiency

3.5Applications

Chapter 4DC Generators

4.1Introduction

4.2Classification (field excitation)

4.3Self excited shunt generator

4.4Compound Generators

METHODOLOGY:


(ii)Notes and HandoutsELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN TRAINING PROGRAMME

(EMTT) PHASE II1 (FINAL)S/NO.


1.

EMTT 301SWITCHGEAR PROTECTION III

15

2.

EMTT 302TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY II

15

3.

EMTT 303ELECTRICAL MACHINES15

4.

EMTT 304MARKETING AND METERING STUDIES

10

5.

EMTT 305DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS

15

6.

EMTT 306STANDARD PROTECTION CODE AND FIRST AID

15

7.EMTT 307INTRODUCTION TO

INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT

10

90 HOURS



SUBJECT AREA: Switchgear and Protection - III

PHASE: (Module): Phase 3 (Final)



DURATION:



(i)Describe different switching arrangements

(ii)Discuss system over-voltages and means of reducing it

(iii)Explain rated characteristics of circuit breakers

(iv)Enumerate different schemes for feeder protection


COURSE CONTENT:

1.Switching arrangements:

1.1Basic consideration in selecting a bus-switching scheme

1.2General requirements of bus-bar scheme

1.3System designs considerations

2.System Insulation Co-ordination

2.1Power frequency over-voltages

2.2Impulse withstand values

2.3Earthing Coefficient

2.4Basic Insulation Level

2.5Transient Recovery Voltage

2.6Transient Restrike Voltage

3.System Over-Voltages

3.1Causes of system over-voltages

3.2Means of reducing over-voltages

4.Power Reactors

4.1Definition, types and applications

4.2Inductive reactors

(a)Series Inductors Applications

(b)Shunt Inductor Applications

(c)Advantages and Disadvantages

4.3Capacitive reactors applications

(a)Series capacitors applications

(b)Shunt capacitors shunt capacitors applications

(c)Advantages and Disadvantages

5.Preclosing Resistors

5.1Type and applications

5.2Factors determining choice of PR

5.3Advantages

6.Grading Capacitors

6.1Types of applications

6.2Factors determing choice of GC

6.3Advantages

7.High Voltage Bushings

7.1Definitions

7.2Types of applications


7.4Voltage gradient procedures

7.5Requirements in a good bushing

8.Rated Characteristics of a CB

8.1Importance of name-plate data

8.2Symbols, Notation and Conventions

8.3Rated voltage

8.4Rated frequency

8.5Rated insulation level

8.6Rated normal current (load current)

8.7Rated short circuit breaking current

8.8 Rated making current

8.9Rated duty cycle

9.Basics of Feeder Protection

9.1Basic requirement of protective circuits

9.2Philosophy of protective relaying

9.3Definition of basic terms

9.4Feeder protection schemes

9.5Primary and back-up protection schemes

9.6Relay co-ordination

9.7Auto reclosure considerations10.Sulphur Hexaflouride Gas Circuit Breakers

10.1SF6 Gas: Properties and Applications

10.2SF6 Gas: CBS: Types and Advantages

10.3SF6 CBS: Interrupter Units

10.4SF6 CBS: Operating Mechanisms

10.5SF6 CBS: Installation, commissioning and testing procedure

10.6SF6 CBS: Maintenance checklists

11.Vacuum Circuit Breakers

11.1Vacuum CBS: Types and Applications

11.2Vacuum CBS: Constructional Features

11.3Vacuum CBS: Interrupter Units

11.4Vacuum CBS: Operating Mechanism

11.5Vacuum CBS: Installation Commissioning and Testing

11.6Vacuum CBS: Maintenance checklists12.Maintenance Management and Strategies

12.1Definition

12.2Requirements in maintenance activities

12.3Types/methods of maintenance

12.4Basic concepts of maintenance management

(a)Mean time to failure

(b)Mean time to restoration

(c)Mean down time

(d)Maintenance performance evaluation etc.

METHODOLOGY:


(ii)Notes and Handout

(iii)Field demonstrationREVISED CURRICULUM FOR:


SUBJECT AREA: Transmission Line Theory - II

PHASE: (Module): Phase III (Final) (4 weeks)



DURATION:



(i)Discuss AC distribution systems

(ii)Solve simple transmission line problems

(iii)Describe factors causing corona discharge on lines

(iv)Acquire skills to construct over-head lines


COURSE CONTENT:

1.AC Distribution Systems

1.1Radial systems

1.2Ring (mesh-network-loop) systems

1.3Advantages and Disadvantages of both

2.Transmission Circuit Calculation and Problems

3.Voltage Regulation

3.1Methods of voltage regulation

3.2Tap-changing: off load/on-load

3.3Capacitive reactors applications

3.4Inductive reactors applications

3.5Synchronous condenses

4.Corona

4.1Definition of corona

4.2Effects of corona on conductors and equipment

4.3Methods of preventing corona

5.Fault Location on Power Systems Network

5.1Fault location techniques/method

5.2By calculation method (analytical)

5.3By testing equipment

5.4By protective relaying (mho-distance relaying)6.Line Insulators

6.1Definition



6.4Basic insulation level requirements

6.5Maintenance

7.Line Construction Work

7.1Line tools accessories

7.2Line instruments

7.3Housekeeping and care of tools, etc

7.4Requirements for line work

(a)Survey plan

(b)Preparation of sanction estimates

(c)Line design

(d)Line materials

(e)Site preparation (clearance/right of way/way leave)

(f)Line construction project

(g)Testing methods for line work

(h)Maintenance checklists

METHODOLOGY:



(iii)Field demonstration and project work.



SUBJECT AREA: Electrical Machines

PHASE: (Module): Phase III (4 weeks)



DURATION:



(i)Discuss the principles of generation of emf, its constructional features and cooling

(ii)Acquire knowledge on machines maintenance and testing

COURSE CONTENT:

1.Synchronous Generators

1.1Generation of E.M.F

1.2Rotor winding

1.3Stator winding

1.4Field excitation

1.5Alternator on open circuit

1.6Alternator on load

1.7Cooling system

2.Induction Motor

2.1Construction

2.2Principle of operation

2.3Equivalent circuits


3.Maintenance of Machines

3.1Types of test

3.2Maintenance checklist

-Daily checklist

-Weekly checklist

-Monthly checklist

-Quarterly checklist

-Semi annual checklist

-Bi-annual checklist

METHODOLOGY:





SUBJECT AREA: Marketing and Metering Studies

PHASE: (Module): Phase III (4 weeks)



DURATION:



(i)Describe various PHCN FORMS used in Marketing Department

(ii)Acquire metering skills

(iii)Acquire skills in documentation of data and computation with relevant tariffs

(iv)Acquire safety awareness

COURSE CONTENT:1.Marketing Administrative Forms

2.PHCN Tariffs

2.1Cost of electricity generation by PHCN

2.2Cost of electricity generation by independent power producers

2.3Residential tariffs

2.4Commercial tariffs

2.5Industrial tariffs

3.Metering Practice

3.1Types of meter

3.2Single phase meters

3.3Three phase meters

3.4Maximum demand meters (whole current)

3.5Check meter (test meter)

3.6Trivectors

4.Revenue Generation

4.1Computer documentation

4.2Billings and bills distribution

4.3Crazy bills and reconciliation of bills

4.4Disconnection and reconnection charges

5.Customer Relations

5.1PHCN Corporate/Consumer

5.2Consumers needs and behaviours

5.3Public relations responsibilities and advantages

5.4Public enlightenment strategies wrt:

(a)Load balancing of local feeders

(b)Security of PHCNs installations

(c)Co-operation of Hort Communities

METHODOLOGY:



(iii)Field Demonstration



SUBJECT AREA: Digital Electronics and Applications




DURATION:



(i)Identify atomic structure, semi conductors devices and applications

(ii)Discuss basic principles of an amplifier

COURSE CONTENT:

Chapter 1Atomic Structure

1.0Introduction

1.1Ions and ionization

1.2Free electrons

1.3Conductors and insulators

1.4Semiconductor

Chapter 2Semi Conductors

2.0Doped semi conductor (n-type and p-type)

2.1Pn Junction

2.2Pn junction with external voltage applied

2.3Reverse biasing

2.4Forward biasing

2.5I-V characteristics of a Pn junction diode

Chapter 3Rectifiers

3.0Half wave rectifier

3.1Full wave rectifier

3.2Fitters (capacitor filters)

3.3Zener diode voltage regulator

Chapter 4Bipolar Junction Transistor

4.0Introduction

4.1Operation

4.2Common-base characteristic

4.3Common-emitter characteristic

4.4Bipolar junction transfer circuits

4.5Saturation and cut-off point

Chapter 5Basic Principles of an Amplifier

5.0Introduction

5.1Equivalent circuits of an amplifier

5.2Constant voltage equivalent

5.3Constant current equivalent

Chapter 6Digital Systems

6.1Analogue/digital signals

6.2Analogue/digital converters

6.3Digital arithmetic (numbering codes)

6.4Boolen Algebra

6.5Logic Gates and circuit designs

6.6Application of gates

(a)Combinational/sequential network

(b)Registers

(c)Counters

METHODOLOGY:


(ii)Notes and HandoutsREVISED CURRICULUM FOR:


SUBJECT AREA: SPC and First Aid

PHASE: (Module): Phase III (Final)



DURATION:



(i)Discuss safety procedures in work-environment

(ii)Describe standard protection codes for specific jobs

(iii)Acquire skills to attend to emergency at site

(iv)Acquire safety awareness

COURSE CONTENT:

1.Job Safety Requirements

1.1Handling of tools and materials at site

1.2Handling of testing equipment at site

1.3Temporary grounding practice

1.4Underground and man-hole hazards

1.5Hazards due to chemicals, acids, glassfibres etc

1.6Safe working methods

1.7Rules and approved procedures

1.8Use of barriers in work areas

1.9House keeping and care of tools

2.Standard Protection Code

2.1Definitions

2.2Protection guarantees

2.3Work permits

2.4Work and test permits

2.5Station guarantees

2.6Application procedures

2.7Implementation procedures

3.Industrial First Aid

3.1Definitions of basic terms

3.2Aims and objectives of first aid

3.3Golden rule of first aid

3.4Structure and functions of the body

3.5Scope of first aid

3.6Qualities of a good first aider

3.7Triangular bandage: Usage

3.8Types of injuries at site/office/home

3.9Artificial respiration

(a)The Schafer method

(b)Holger Nielson method

(c)Oral resuscitation

METHODOLOGY:


(ii)Notes and handouts

(iii)Classroom demonstration

(iv)Use of audio-visual aids


SUBJECT AREA: An Introduction To Industrial Management




NABTES-ADVANCE DIPLOMA

DURATION:



(i)Discuss basic principles of human resource management

(ii)Describe the operations of the store and inventory control

(iii)Acquire skills to write simple credit and debit account

(iv)Acquire skills to manage interpersonal issues between personnel

(v)Enumerate basic laws regulating industrial relationships

COURSE CONTENT:

1.Industrial Management


1.2Management by objectives (MBO)

1.3Management principles

1.4Management assessment and appraisal techniques

2.Industrial Relations


2.2Role of trade unions in personnel management

2.3Relationship between management and trade unions

2.4Role of government in trade unions activities

2.5The industrial arbitration court/legal issues

2.6Crises resolution techniques

2.7Collective bargaining

2.8Applications of lock-outs, protests and strikes

3.Material Control and Management

3.1Stores: Types, operations and advantages

3.2Material control: Purchasing and supplies

3.3Requisition procedures

3.4Store auditing: necessity and advantages

3.5Sock tacking procedures

3.6Costing and accounting principles

METHODOLOGY:


(ii)Notes and handouts


COURSE TITLE: Electrical Fitters Course

SUBJECT AREA: Electrical Artisans

PHASE: (Module): Phase I/II/III (2 weeks)


EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: JSS3; FIRST SCHOOL LEAVING

CERTIFICATE

DURATION:



(i)Identify electrical tools, measuring instruments and their uses

(ii)Acquire skills in preparation of sites for erection of generators, transformer and switchgears to specification

(iii)Acquire safety practices at work

COURSE CONTENT:

1.Identification of Tools and Usage

1.1Electrical tools

1.2Mechanical tools

1.3Lines tools

1.4Carpentry tools

1.5Measuring tools

1.6Marking tools

1.7Working tools

1.8Care and house-keeping of tools and instruments

2.Simple Electrical Symbols and Units

2.1Electrical current

2.2Voltage, (electromotive force emf; potential difference p.d)

2.3Resistance

2.4Ohms law

2.5Capacitance

2.6Conductors and insulators

3.Measuring and Testing Instruments

3.1Types

3.2Applications

4.Electrical Switchgears

4.1Types, operation and maintenance of:

(a)Circuit breakers

(b)Isolators

(c)Earthing switches

(d)Lighting arresters

(e)Ring Main Units (RMUs)

(f)Feeder pillars

(g)Fuses

(h)Contactors

5.Electrical Transformers

5.1Definition and types

5.2Cooling systems

5.3Cooling designations

5.4Treatment of dielectric oil

5.5Load reading/balancing

6.Dielectric Media

6.1Transformer oil

6.2Functions and properties

6.3Sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6 gas)

6.4Vacuum

7.Electrical Generators and Motors

7.1Types and Operations

7.2Maintenance of Generators and Auxiliaries

7.3Motors: Types and Operations

7.4Maintenance of Motors

8.Electrical Installations

8.1Types of Installations

(a)Conduct installations

(b)Surface installations

(c)Trunk (tray installations)

8.2Miniature circuit breakers (MCB)

8.3Earthing and Earth Resistance Test

8.4Earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB)

8.5Power supplies standard and distribution

9.Safety and Standard Protection Code

9.1Sage working methods

9.2Standard protection code

9.3Industrial first aid

METHODOLOGY:


(ii)Handouts and manuals

(iii)Use of audio-visual aids

(iv)Field demonstration


COURSE TITLE: Electrical Equipment Maintenance Course on Generator

SUBJECT AREA: Electrical Technologists, Engineers

PHASE: (Module): Three (3) weeks


EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: HND, B.Sc, B.Eng

DURATION:



(i)Describe the principle of operation of generators

(ii)Enumerate the constructional features of generators

(iii)Acquire skills on generator commissioning and testing procedure

(iv)Acquire skills to carryout different modern maintenance techniques

COURSE CONTENT:1.Introduction to the basic principles of power generation

1.1Principles of Electromagnetism

1.2Applications of Electromagnetism

2.Types of Generators and Applications

2.1Alternating Current Generators (Alternators)

2.2Direct current generators (dynamos)

2.3Applications of A/C and D.C generators

3.Generator Constructional Features

3.1Stator Circuits: Types and construction

3.2Rotor Circuits: Types and construction

3.3Slip Rings/communitators carbon

3.4Brushes

3.5Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs)

4.Prime-Movers

4.1Steam Turbines: Types and operations

4.2Gas turbines types and operations

4.3Diesel engines types and operations

4.4Hydro turbines (water-turbines) operation

4.5Wind turbines types and operations

5.Generator Exciters

5.1Excitation and excitation systems

5.2Self excited systems

5.3Separately excited systems

6.Generator Cooling Systems

6.1Air cooling method

6.2Water cooling method

6.3Oil cooling method

6.4Gas cooling method

7.Generator Operations

7.1Starting procedures

7.2Loading

7.3Shut down

8.Generator Auxiliaries

8.1Motors: Types and applications

8.2Pumps types and applications

8.3Uninterruptible power systems (UPS)

(a)Battery banks (tripping and control unit)

(b)Charger circuit

(c)Inverter circuit

9.Generator Protection

9.1Over-current protection

9.2Earth (ground) fault protection

9.3Under/over-frequency protection

9.4Uneven loading protection

9.5Stator and rotor circuit protection etc

10.Generators Maintenance Checklists

10.1Possible causes of generator failures

10.2Trouble-shooting techniques

10.3Maintenance schedule

(a)Daily checklist

(b)Weekly checklist

(c)Monthly checklist

(d)Quarterly checklist

(e)Semi annual checklist

(f)Annual checklist

(g)Bi-annual checklist

11.Safety and Standard Protection Code

11.1Safe working methods

11.2Standard protection code

11.3Industrials first aid

METHODOLOGY:

(i)Classroom lectures(ii)Handouts and manuals


(iv)Field demonstrationREVISED CURRICULUM FOR:

COURSE TITLE: Electrical Maintenance Course On Transformers

DESIGNED FOR: Electrical Technologists and Engineers

DURATION:

Three (3) weeksEDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: HND & B.Sc, B.Eng.


(i)Identify different types and constructional features of transformers

(ii)Describe the principle of transformers

(iii)Enumerate different methods of tap-changing in

transformer

(iv)Acquire skills on transformer commissioning and

testing procedures

(v)Acquire skills to carry out different modern maintenance

techniques


TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE COURSE

CHAPTER

TOPICS

1

TRANSFORMERS: DEFINITION, TYPES, APPLICATIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONS

2

TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION

3

TRANSFORMER COOLING SYSTEMS, DESIGNATION AND AUXILIARIES

4

TRANSFORMER PROTECTIVE SWITCHGEARS 1 (OVER-VOLTAGE)

5

TRANSFORMER GROUNDING AND GROUNDING TRANSFORMERS

6

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION SCHEMES 2 (OVER-CURRENT AND EARTH FAULT)

7

TRANSFORMER COMMISSIONING TESTING PROCEDURES

8

TAP-CHANGERS

9

PARALLELING TRANSFORMERS

10

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

11

TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST

TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE:

SCHEME OF WORK

Chapter 1:Transformer: Definition, Types, Applications and Principle of Operation

At the end of the lecture, each participant should be able to:

(i)Define the term transformer

(ii)Describe types of transformers available

(iii)Enumerate various applications of transformers

(iv)Describe the principle of operation of transformers

UNIT COURSE CONTENTSModule

1 unit:

(i)Principle of Electromagnetism

(ii)Application of Electromagnetism in electrical machines

(iii)Transformer as an electrical machine without moving parts

(iv)The basic general definition of a transformer

Module:TYPES AND APPLICATION OF TRANSFORMERS

2 unit:

(i)Voltage Transformer Transformers

(ii)Voltage Regulation Transformers

(iii)Current Regulation Transformers

(iv)Metering and Protection

(v)AccessoryModule:

3 unit:

Basic Transformer Principles of Operation

(i)Principle of Mutual Induction

(ii)Principle of Electromagnetism Induction

(iii)Concept of turns ratio, voltage ratio, current ratio, transformer

capacity

(iv)Polarity and terminal marking

(v)Vector groups and phase angle

(vi)Head boards, ratio and tap-changing

`

(vii)Transformer impedance load sharing

TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE

SCHEME OF WORK

Chapter 2:Transformer Construction

At the end of the lecture, participants should be able to:

(i)List up the components, parts and accessories that made up a

transformer

(ii)Enumerate types of electrical winding arrangements

(iii)Describe different types of magnetic circuit arrangements

Module 2.1Transformer Tank and Associated Components

Unit (i)Tank (Enclosures); sampling valves; temperature indicators

(ii)Control cubicula/compartment: on-load tap-changer

(iii)Transformer core and coils; terminal board

(iv)Radiators, cooling fins, fans, pumps

(v)Relief diaphragm; explosion vent; conservator tank

(vi)Breather, Buchholoz Alarm Relay (Gas Detector); oil gauge

(vii)High and low voltage bushings; vacuum valve; manhole and cover etc

Module 2.2Transformer Electrical Circuit

Unit(i)Winding specification sheets

(ii)Types of winding arrangements and applications:

Layer (barrel); multi-layer and single layer

Helical type: multi section, disc and continuous disc

Sheet windings

Pancake windings

(iii)Static (gradient) rings and stress shield

(iv)Transposition stranding, eddy currents

(v)Insulation of winding conductors

(vi)Winding connections; autotransformers

Module 3.3Transformer Magnetic CircuitUnit: (i)Efficiency and Losses in Transformers

(ii)Types of Magnetic Circuit Arrangements and Application:

(a)Core type

(b)Shell type

(c)Torrodial type

(iii)Clamps, end frame, bolts, binding tapes etc

(iv)Grounding of coresTRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE

SCHEME OF WORK

Chapter 3:Transformer Cooling Systems, designations and auxiliaries


(i)Describe the process of heat dissipation in a transformer

(ii)List up the accessories used to aid heat transfer in a

transformer

(iii)Enumerate various cooling designations employed on

transformers

Module 3.1Transformer Cooling and Insulating Medium

Unit(i)Dry-type transformers

(ii)Air-cooled; nitrogen-cooled

(iii)Synthetic liquid (Askarel) cooled transformer

(iv)Water-cooled transformer (heat exchangers)

(v)Natural cooling: Thermosyphon Effect Self-cooled

Module 3.2Transformer Auxiliaries

Unit(i)Pumps, compressors, fans, radiators, fins, valves

(ii)Heat exchangers

(iii)Gauges:- Oil temperature gauge

Winding temperature gauge

Oil flow temperature gauge

Oil level temperature gauge

Module 3.3Transformer Cooling Designations

ONAN

-LNAN

ONWN-NNWN

ONAF

-LNAF

OFWN

-LFWN

OFAF

-LFAF

OFAN

-LFAN


SCHEME OF WORK

Chapter 4:Transformer Protective Switchgears 1 (Over-Voltage)

At the end of the lecture, each participant should be able to:

(i)Acquire knowledge in analysis of power frequency withstand voltage and impulse voltage withstand valves

(ii)Acquire knowledge in designating basic insulation level (BIL)

(iii)Define the terms: lighting arrestor; rop-gaps, arching horns

(iv)Describe the principle of operation of these switchgears

(v)Describe the operation and advantages of high voltage bushings

Module 4.1Power System Over-Voltages

(i)Causes of Power System Over-voltages

(ii)Methods of reducing system over-voltages

(iii)Effects of transient over-voltages on transformers

(iv)Basic insulation level (BIL): concept and applications

4.2Over-Voltage Protective Switchgears

(i)Lighting arrestors: definition, types principles of operation

(ii)Advantage of Las

(iii)Rop-gaps: definition, types, operation and advantages

(iv)Arching-horns: definition, types, operation and advantages

(v)Pre-closing resistors, opening resistors and capacitors

4.3High Voltage Bushings

(i)Definition, necessity and functions of bushings

(ii)Types of high voltage bushings

(iii)Testing of high voltage bushings

(iv)Maintenance of high voltage bushings

(v)Advantages of high voltage bushings


SCHEME OF WORK

Chapter 5:Transformer Grounding

At the end of this lecture, the participants should be able to:

(i)Describe transformer grounding methods, practice and advantages

(ii)Acquire skills in transformer earthing procedures

(iii)Enumeration the applications and advantages of grounding transformers

Module 5.1Neutral Grounding

(i)Definition, types and methods of neutral grounding

(ii)Procedures and practice of transformer earthing

(iii)Advantages of neutral grounding

5.2Grounding Transformers

(i)Types and applications of grounding transformers

(ii)Advantages of grounding transformers


SCHEME OF WORK

Chapter 6Transformer Protection Schemes 2


(i)Describe the various transformer protection schemes

(ii)Acquire skills in analysis of transformer log readings

(iii)Acquire skills transformer protective relaying

Module 6.1Types of Transformer Protective Schemes

(i)Oil Temperature indication

(ii)Winding temperature indicators

(iii)Gas detector relay (Bachhollz Alarm, Relay)

(iv)Lightning arresters

(v)Rod-gaps and arcing horns

(vi)HRC fuses

(vii)High voltage bushings

(viii)Neutral grounding

(ix)Over-current protective relaying

(x)Earth-fault protective relaying

(xi)Pressure relief devices

(a)Explosion Vent/Diaphragms

(b)Spring-operated relief device

6.2Transformer Protection and Control Circuits

(i)DC supplies (tripping units)

(ii)Device numbering system

(iii)Basics of feeder protection schemes: over protective schemes

(iv)Schemes of differential protective relaying


SCHEME OF WORK

Chapter 7Transformer Commissioning and Testing Procedures


(i)Enumerate procedures of commissioning a transformer into service

(ii)Describe sampling and testing procedure for transformer oil

(iii)Acquire skills in operations of transformer oil filtering machine

(iv)Acquire skills in meggering and ratio-metering of transformerModule 7.1Transformer Dielectric Oil

(i)Chemical composition and properties of transformer oil

(ii)Functions and applications of transformer oil

(iii)Sampling procedures of transformer oil

(iv)Dielectric oil test set and testing procedures

(v)Analysis of oil test results

7.2Transformer Oil Filtering Machine

(i)Types of filtering machines, functions and advantages

(ii)Operational procedures for heating filtering and vacuuming

of transformer oil

(iii)Maintenance of filtering machine

(iv)Use of filtering machines transformer pump

7.3Transformer Dry-Out

(i)Procedures and advantages of dry-out

(ii)Methods of dry-out: (i) hot air, (ii) hot oil, (iii) vacuum methods

7.4Transformer Meggering and Ratiometering

(i)Transformer insulation components of insulation resistance

(ii)Meggering and megger testers: types, applications and

advantages

(iii)Single-phase ratiometers: types, functions and advantages

(iv)3-phase ratiometers: types, functions and advantages

(v)Voltmeter-method: purpose, disadvantages

7.5Transformer Commissioning Procedures

(i)Civil-works Preparation

(ii)Transformer Electrical Tests


SCHEME OF WORK

Chapter 8Tap - Changers


(i)Discuss various methods of tap-changing transformers

(ii)Enumerate advantages of tap-changing transformers

(iii)Acquire skills in maintenance of tap-changers

Module 8.1Tap Changers: Off circuit

(i) No load, off-circuit types, applications and advantages

(ii)Basic constructional parts and operations

(iii)Maintenance procedures

8.2Tap Changers: On-Circuit

(i)On Load tap changers types, applications and advantages

(ii)Basic constructional parts and operations

(iii)Maintenance procedures


SCHEME OF WORK

Chapter 9Paralleling Transformers


(i)Discuss the conditions for paralleling transformer

(ii)Enumerate parameters for paralleling transformer

(iii)List advantages of transformer bank connections

(iv)Acquire knowledge of maintenance of transformer bank

Module 9.1Paralleling Single Phase Transformers

(i)Polarity

(ii)Terminal Voltages

(iii)Phasor Relations

(iv)Modeling with 2 or more dry-cells

9.2Transformer Bank Connections

(i)Connection of 3 single-phase Txfs to a 3 phase systems (Star-star)

(ii)Phasor analysis of star-star connected Txfs

(iii)Connections of 3 single-phase Trxs to a 3-phase system (Delta-Delta)

(iv)Phasor analysis of Delta-Delta connected Txfs

(v)Connection of Star-Delta and Delta-Star Banks

(vi)Phasor analysis of Star-/delta Bank connections

(vii)Phasor analysis of Delta-star bank connections

9.3Maintenance Procedures of Bank Connections

(i)Percent Impedance load sharing

(ii)Loading of star star systems

(iii)Loading of delta-delta systems

(iv)Loading of delta-star/star-delta banks

RANSFORMER MAINTENANCE

SCHEME OF WORK

Chapter 10Instrument Transformer


(i)List types of instrument transformers

(ii)Define current and voltage transformers

(iii)Acquire skills in maintenance of instrument Txfs

Module 10.1Instrument Current Transformers

(i)Definition, types classification of CTs

(ii)Ratio, burden, application of CTs

(iii)Maintenance of CTs

10.2Instrument Voltage (Potential) Transformers

(i)Definition, types, classification of VTs

(ii)Ratio, burden, application of CTs

(iii)Maintenance of VTs

10..3Metering Instrument Txfs

(i)Functions, types and classification

(ii)Ratings, applications

(iii)Maintenance of metering CVTs


SCHEME OF WORK

Chapter 11Transformer Maintenance Checklist


(i)Enumerate daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annual checks

on transformers in services

(ii)List trouble-shooting techniques in analysis of transformer log

readings

(iii)Describe procedures of taking transformer out of services and

carrying out preventive maintenances

Module 11.1Possible Causes of Transformer Failures

(i)High voltage bushing failures

(ii)Winding failures

(iii)Transformer oil failures

(iv)Insulation failures

(v)Grounding failures

(vi)Tap-changer failures

11.2Trouble Shooting Techniques

(i)Analysis of Daily log readings

(ii)Analysis of Maintenance (Technical) History

(iii)Correlation of manufacturers specification (manual/name-plate)

(iv)Assessment/forecast techniques of failure rate

11.3Maintenance Schedule

(i)Daily checklist

(ii)Weekly checklist

(iii)Monthly checklist

(iv)Quarterly checklist

(v)Semi annual checklist

(vi)Annual checklist

(vii)Bi-annual checklist

METHODOLOGY:


(ii)Handouts and manuals


(iv)Field demonstration


COURSE TITLE: Electrical Maintenance Course On Switchgears

DESIGNED FOR: Electrical Technologists and Engineers

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: HND, B.Sc, B.Eng (Elect. E)

DURATION:

Three (3) weeks


(i)Define and identify different switchgears

(ii)Describe the fault clearing process by circuit breaker

(iii)List-up various constructional parts of circuit-breaker

(iv)Acquire skills on switchgear commissioning and testing

procedures

(v)Acquire skills to carry out different modern maintenance

techniques


SWITCHGEAR MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAMME: (330KV/132KV/33KV/11KV) CIRCUIT BREAKER MAINTENANCE COURSE

TOPICS

1.Basic concepts of a power system

2.Switchgears: definition, necessity, and examples

3.Circuit breakers: definition, functions, classification

4.Cbs: Arc-extinction media, current interruption modes, fault clearing process

5.CBs: materials used in construction of circuit breakers

6.CBs: rated characteristics of circuit breakers

7.CBs: constructional features: interrupter units8.CBs: constructional features: operating mechanisms

9.Dielectric oil: properties, functions, sampling, testing and treatment procedures: purification plant: operations

10.SF6 gas: properties, leakages and filling-in methods

11.Isolators: definition, functions and types

12.Earthing switches: definition, functions, sequence of operations

13.Lightning arresters: definition, types and operations

14.Neutral grounding, station grounding and general earthing methods, practices and advantages

15.System over-voltages: causes and control methods

16.Reactor: types, applications and advantages

17.High voltage bushings18.Ring Main Units (RMUs): types, functions, advantages and maintenance procedures

19.Feed pillars: types, functions, advantages, maintenance

20.Fuses: types, operations, HRC-fuses: operations, advantages applications

21.Control panels and boards: types, functions and advantages

22.Instrument transformers: types, functions and applications

23.Tripping units: types, functions, application, operation and maintenance

procedures: advantages of tripping units

24.Basis of feeder protection

25.Relay co-ordination and testing procedures

26.Switchgear auxiliaries: contactors, interlocks, etc

27.Switchgear management system and strategies

28.Maintenance management system and strategies

29.Standard protection code

30.Safety and industrial first aid

Chapter 1Basic Concepts of A power System

OBJECTIVES:At the end of the lecture, each participant should be able to:

(i)Discuss different types of power station schemes

(ii)Enumerate various transmission network components

(iii)List-up the element of ring-distribution network

Module 1.1Electric Power Systems

(i)Basic definition

(ii)Basic components- write respect to PHCN system

(iii)Power station schemes

(a)Hydroelectric Power Stations

(b)Thermal Power Station

(c)Nuclear Power Plants

(d)Solar Power Plants

(e)Wind/Tidal Wave Power Farms

1.2Transmission Systems

(i)Basic Definition

(ii)Basic Components: write respect to PHCN system

(iii)Configurations: schemes: radial/network-grid

(iv)National grid-operations and advantages

1.3Distribution Schemes

(i)Basic Definition

(ii)Basic Components write respect to PHCN System

(iii)Configurations: schemes: radial/loop-ring systems

(iv)Factors determining distribution system

Chapter 2Switchgears: An Introduction

OBJECTIVES:At the end of this lecture, each participant should be able to:

(i)Define the term: Switchgear

(ii)Discuss the functions of switchgears

(iii)Enumerate various types of switchgears

Module 2.1Switchgears, Introduction

(i)Definition

2.2Switchgears, Applications

(i)Necessity of switchgears

(ii)Functions of switchgears

2.3Switchgears, Types

(i)Examples:

(a)Circuit Breakers

(b)Isolators (Disconnects)

(c)Earthing Switches

(d)Lighting Arrester

(e)Reactors

(f)Bushings

(g)Instrument Transformers (CTs and VTs)

(h)Protective Relays

(i)Fuses

(j)Ring Main Units

(k)Feeder Pillars (l) Contactors

Chapter 3Circuit Breakers, An Introduction


(i)Define the term: circuit breaker

(ii)Discuss the functions of CBs

(iii)List various ways to group CBs

Module 3.1Circuit Breaker: A definition

3.2Circuit Breakers:

(i)Functions

(ii)Basic Purposes

3.3Circuit Breakers

(i)Classification nomenclatures

(a)Voltage level

(b)Medium employed

(c)Mechanism type

(d)Construction/Application

(e)Structure Design

Chapter 4CBs: Operational Features


(i)Enumerate various media employed for arc-extinction

(ii)Discuss different current interruption modes in CBs

(iii)Describe the fault clearing process of a CB

Module 4.1Arc-Extinction Media

(i)Atmospheric/Compressed Air

(ii)Dielectric Oil

(iii)Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Gas

(iv)Vacuum

4.2Current Interruption Modes:

(i)High Resistance Current Interruption Mode

(ii)Zero-point Current Interruption Mode

4.3Fault Clearing Process of a Circuit Breakers

(i)Transient Stage: fault occurrence

(ii)Relay operation

(iii)Mechanism operation

(iv)Interrupter operation

(v)Clearance position

Chapter 5Materials Used In Construction of CBs


(i)Enumerate various materials used in CBs

(ii)Discuss their applications and advantages

Module 5.1Porcelain

(i)Properties

(ii)Applications

(iii)Advantages and Disadvantages

5.2Epoxy Resin

(i)Properties

(ii)Applications


5.3Class Fibre Reinforced Synthetic Resin

(i)Properties

(ii)Applications


5.4Polyhedral Fluroethelene (PTFE)

(i)Properties

(ii)Applications

(iii)Advantages and Disadvantage

5.5Electrolytic Copper

(i)Properties

(ii)Applications


5.6Electrical Grade Aluminium

(i)Properties

(ii)Applications


5.7Tungsten-Copper

(i)Properties

(ii)Applications


Chapter 6Rated Characteristics of CBs

OBJECTIVES:At the end of this lecture, each participants should be able to:

(i)Identify name-plate data/manual specifications

(ii)Describe the capabilities of a CB from its ratings

Module 6.1Rated Voltages

6.2Rated Insulation Level

6.3Rated Frequency

6.4Rated Normal Current (Rated Current)

6.5Rated Short-Circuit Breaker Current (Rated Symmetrical Breaker Current)

6.6Rated Operating Sequence (Duty Cycle)

Chapter 7CBs: Constructional Features-1 Interruption


(i)Identify various types of interrupter units

(ii)List-up various constructional parts of an interrupter

(iii)Discuss operational procedures of an interrupter-unitModule 7.1Types of Interrupter Units

(i)Metal-clad interrupter units

(ii)Minimum oil interrupter units

(iii)Bulk oil interrupter units (tank-type)

(iv)Air-break interrupter units

(v)Air blast interrupter units

(vi)SF6 gas interrupter units

(vii)Vacuum interrupter units

7.2Constructional Feature Operational Procedures

(i)Minimum Oil Unit

(ii)Bulk (tank-type) oil units

(iii)SF6 gas units

(iv)Vacuum units

7.3Maintenance Procedures of:

(i)Dielectric oil interrupters

(ii)SF6 gas interrupters

(iii)Vacuum interrupters

Chapter 8CBs: Constructional Features 2

Operating Mechanisms


(i)Identify various types of operating mechanisms

(ii)List-up various constructional parts of a mechanism

(iii)Describe the operational procedures of mechanisms

Module 8.1Types of Operating Mechanisms

(i)Functions of mechanisms

(ii)Dependable (dependent) mechanisms

(iii)Stored energy mechanisms

8.2Constructional/Operational Features of:

(i)Dependable Manual Operating Mechanisms

(ii)Dependable Power Mechanisms

(iii)Charged Spring Mechanisms

(iv)Pneumatic (Compressed Gas/Air) Mechanisms

(v)Hydraulic (Compressed Oil) Mechanisms

8.3Maintenance Procedures of:

(i)Power Dependent Mechanisms

(ii)Spring Mechanisms

(iii)Pneumatic Systems

(iv)Hydraulic System

Chapter 9Dielectric Oil (Transformer Oil)


(i)Enumerate the properties of the dielectric oil

(ii)Describe its functions in CBs

(iii)Discuss sampling, testing and treatment procedures of dielectric oil

Module 9.1Properties of Dielectric Oil

(i)Chemical Composition

(ii)Chemical Properties

(iii)Electrical (Dielectric Properties)

9.2Functions of Dielectric Oil

(i)Heat Transferagent

(ii)Arc-quenching agent

9.3Sampling and Testing Procedures

(i)Sampling Bottles

(ii)Pre-Sampling Preparations

(iii)Sampling Techniques/Methods

(iv)Dielectric Oil Test Set

(v)Oil Testing Procedures

(vi)Analysis of Test Results

9.4Dielectric Oil Purification Procedures

(i)Oil Purification Plant

(ii)Oil Treatment Procedures

Chapter 10SF6 Gas: Application in CBs


(i)Enumerate the properties of SF6 gas

(ii)Describe the functions and applications of SF6 gas

(iii)Discuss the advantages of SF6 gas

Module 10.1SF6 Gas Properties

(i)Physical Properties

(ii)Dielectric and Arc-Quenching abilities

(iii)Electrical Properties

10.2Applications of SF6 Gas

(i)EHV Switchgears

(ii)EHV Cable and Tubular Transmission Lines

(iii)Transformers

(iv)Insulating-Glass Industry

(v)Foundry Practice

(vi)For Detection of Cracks in Boilers, Tanks etc.

10.3Leakages of SF6 Gas

(i)Causes of Leakages

(ii)Detection of Leakages

(iii)Management of Leakages

10.4Filling in Methods

(i)Pressure Displacement (Differential) Method

(ii)Compressor Aided Method

Chapter 11Isolators (Disconnects)


(i)Describe an isolator-switch

(ii)Enumerate the various types of disconnectors

(iii)Discuss the applications of disconnects

Module 11.1Isolators

(i)Definition

(ii)Functions

(iii)Sequence of operations

12.1Isolator: Types

(i)Vertical Break

(ii)Horizontal Centre-Break

(iii)Horizontal Double-Break

(iv)Vertical Pantograph type

11.3Applications of Disconnects

(i)Distribution Disconnects

(ii)Medium and High Voltage Disconnects

(iii)EHV Disconnects

11.4Maintenance of Disconnects

(i)Against Corrosion

(ii)Against Corona Breakdown

(iii)Prevent Flashover

Chapter 12Earthing Switches


(i)Describe earthing switches

(ii)Enumerate its functions and sequence of operation

(iii)Discuss the application of earthing switches

Module 12.1Earthing Switches

(i)Definition

(ii)Functions

(iii)Sequence of Operations

12.2Types of Earthing Switches

(i)Metal clad/panel operated switches

(ii)Switchyard manual operated switches

(iii)Automatic motor-operated switches

12.3Application of Switches

(i)Distribution panels

(ii)Ring Main Units

(iii)Gang-operated Switches

12.4Maintenance of Earthing Switches

(i)Against Corrosion

(ii)Against stiff mechanisms

(iii)Against motor-failure

Chapter 13Lightning Arresters


(i)Describe a lightning Arrestor

(ii)Discuss the operation of an LA

(iii)Enumerate the applications of Las

Module 13.1Lightning Arresters

(i)Definition

(ii)Cause of transients over-voltages

(iii)Physics of Lightning strikes: electrostatic field

(iv)Basic Installation level (BIL) breakdown

13.2Over-Voltage Protective Devices

(i)Rop Gap (Series Gap)

(ii)Horn gap

(iii)Expulsion gap (protective tube)

(iv)Surge absorbers

(v)Surge diverters (LAs)

13.3Types of Las

(i)Station Type

(ii)Line Type

(iii)Distribution Type

13.4Constructional/Operational Features

(i)Gap units

(ii)Resistor units

(iii)Steatite/porcelain housing

(iv)Surge counters

(v)Earth wire

13.5Maintenance of Las

(i)Detection of Las

(ii)Testing of LAs

Chapter 14Neutral Grounding

OBJECTIVES:At the end of this lecture, each participants should be able to:

(i)Describe grounding methods and practice

(ii)Enumerate grounding advantages

Module 14.1Grounding

(i)Definition

(ii)Purpose of grounding of:

(a)Equipment (Generator/Transformer)

(b)Station network

14.2Method of Grounding

(i)Direct grounding

(ii)Impedance

(a)Resistance

(b)Reactance (Reactor)

(c)Resonant (turned reactor)

14.3Ground Practice

(i)Grounding Conductors

(ii)Grounding Solutes

(iii)Grounding Practice

14.4Advantages of Neutral Grounding

Chapter 15Systems Over-Voltages


(i)Discuss the causes of system over-voltages

(ii)Enumerate the various methods of reducing them

Module 15.1System Over-Voltages

(i)Transient Phenomena in Power Systems

(ii)Causes of Over-Voltages surges

(a)Lightning

(b)Switching

(c)Arching grounds

(d)System transients

(e)Resonance

(f)Traveling waves

15.2Method of Reducing Over Voltages

(i)Reducing Switching Over-Voltages

(ii)Reducing/Controlling Transients

Chapter 16Reactors


(i)Discuss various power reactors

(ii)Enumerate the applications of reactors

Module 16.1Reactors

(i)Definition

(ii)Functions

16.2Constructional Features

(i)Iron core reactors

(ii)Air core reactors

(iii)Dielectric Oil-cooled reactors

(iv)Tuned-reactors

16.3Types of Reactors

(i)Inductive Reactor

(a)Series inductor (reactor)

(b)Shunt inductor (reactor)

(ii)Capacitive Reactors

(a)Series capacitors

(b)Shunt capacitors

16.4Applications of Reactors

(i)Grid-generator reactors

(ii)Bus-bar

(iii)Feeder

(iv)Neutral grant

(v)Power factor improvement}Limit short grant current

(vi)Voltage profile

(vii)System stability

(viii)Arc furnace duty

Chapter 17High Voltage Bushings


(i)Describe a high voltage bushing

(ii)Enumerate the various application of EHV-bushings

Module 17.1Bushings

(i)Definition

(ii)Functions

17.2Grading of Bushings

(i)Indoor Bushings

(ii)Outdoor Bushings

(iii)Oil-filled Bushings

(iv)Dry-type Bushings

17.3Types of Bushings

(i)Plain Bushings

(ii)Shell (Skirted) Bushings

17.4Voltage Gradient Method

(i)Condenser Core

(ii)Conducting Pain Layers

(iii)Nest of porcelain/conducting glazes

17.5Requirement in Bushing Design

(i)Leakage Distance

(ii)Voltage Gradient Control Method

(iii)Anti-puncture insulator

(iv)Water Proof sealant

Chapter 18Ring Main Units


(i)Describe a ring main unit

(ii)Enumerate the applications of load switches

Module 18.1Road Switches

(i)Definition

(ii)Functions

(iii)Types


(i)Tank (Housing)

(ii)Bus-bars

(iii)Mechanism

(iv)Sealed-end box

(v)Blades

(vi)Dielectric oil

(vii)Interlocks

(viii)Operating handles/levers

18.3Applications

(i)Ring Units

(ii)Extensible Fused Units

18.4Maintenance of RMUs

(i)Leakages of oil

(ii)Deterioration of oil

(iii)Replacement (with correct) HRC-Fuses

(iv)Mechanism check

Chapter 19Feeder Pillars


(i)Describe a feeder pillar

(ii)Enumerate the various applications of feeder oillars

Module 19.1Feeder Pillars

(i)Definition

(ii)Functions

(iii)Types


(i)Housing-cubicle

(ii)Bus-bars

(iii)Terminating cable sockets

(iv)CTs

(v)Meter panel

(vi)Fuse carries

(vii)HRC-fuse cartridges

19.3Applications

(i)Substation installation

(ii)Distribution type (Transformer Mounted or Separated)

(iii)Distribution service type

19.4Maintenance

(i)HRC-fuses

(ii)Bus-bars deterioration

(iii)Cable terminations

(iv)Neutral links

Chapter 20Fuses


(i)Describe various types of fuses

(ii)Enumerate the applications and advantages of HPC fuses

Module 20.1Fuses

(i)Definition

(ii)Types

(iii)HRC-fuses: operations-cut off property

20.2Disadvantages of Rewritable Fuses

(a)Low braking capacity

(b)Absence of accurate characteristics

(c)Phone to oxidation/corrosion

(d)No grading

(e)No current limiting feature

(f)Slow speed

(g)Risk of external flame/fire

20.3Advantages of HRC-Fuses

(a)Fast operation

(b)Short grant current interruption before I Plc

(c)Prevent flame/fire

(d)No subjection to electrodynamics stress

(e)Bus-bar design simplified

20.4Applications of HRC-Fuses

(a)Transformer Protection (Distribution System)

(b)High Voltage Motor Protection

(c)Backup Protection for CBs

(d)Capacitors Protection

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