manufactured substances in industry2
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MANUFACTURE
D SUBSTANCESIN INDUSTRY
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A) Sulphuric Acid(H2SO4)
Uses of sulphuric acid
Manufacture of detergents
Production of fertilizer
Manufacture of artificial fibres
Manufacture of paint
Leather tanning As electrolyte in car batteries
Sulphuric acid is also used to remove sulphur
compound In crude oil and to produce other
chemicals
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Manufactured of sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 IS manufactured in industry
through Contact Process. The raw material used aresulphur, air, and water. This process consist of three
stages
STAGE 1
In the furnace, molten sulphur is burnt in dry air to
produce sulphur dioxide, SO2 . The gas produced is
purified and cooled.
S(I)+O2(g) SO2(g)
STAGE 2
In the converter, sulphur dioxide, SO2 and excess oxygen
gas,O2 are passed over a few plates of vanadium(V)
oxide,V2O5 catalyst at 450°C to produce sulphur trioxide,
SO3
2SO2(g)+O2(g)⇋2SO3(g)
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STAGE3
In the absorber, the sulphur trioxide, SO3 is first reacted
with concentrated sulphuric acid,H2SO4 to from a productcalled oleum H2S2O7
SO3(g)+H4SO4(l) H2S2O7
The oleum, H2S2O7 is then diluted with water to produce
concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in large quantities.
H2S2O7(l)+H2O(l) 2H2SO4(l)
The two reaction n the third stage are equivalent to adding
sulphur trioxide, SO3 directly to water
SO3(g)+H2O(l) H2SO4(l)
However, this is not done in industry because sulphurtrioxide SO3 reacts too violently with water. This produce
a lot of heat and a large cloud of sulphuric acid, H2SO4
mist. The mist is corrosive, pollutes the air and is difficult
to condense.
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SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND ENVIROMENT
POLLUTION
Sulphur Dioxide may cause acid rain. Natural rainwaterhas a pH of about 5.4.acid rain occur when pH of the rain
is between 2.4 and 5.0.this is due to the reaction of
sulphur dioxide, SO4 with rain water.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) 2H2SO4(aq)
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Ammonia and its salts
Uses of ammonia
Manufactured of fertilisers
Manufactured of synthetic fibres
Manufactured of explosion
The properties of ammoniaAmmonia, NH3
Is alkaline
Is colourless gas
Has a pungent smell
Is less dense than air
Burns in oxygen gas O2 but not in air
Is very soluble in water
Gives a white fume when react with hydrogen
chloride gas, HCL.
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Manufactured of ammonia
Ammonia, NH3 is manufactured in industries through
Haber Process. This process combine nitrogen gas,N2 from the air with hydrogen gas ,H2 derived mainly from
natural gas to form ammonia, NH3.the ratio of one
volume of nitrogen gas,N2 to three volume of hydrogen
gas,H2.
The mixture is compressed to a high pressure of 200
atmosphere at temperature of about 450°C. It is then
passed through layer of iron catalyst to speed up the rate
of reaction.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇋ 2NH3(g)
Ammonia, NH3 formed is then liquefied and separate toget a better yield. The production of ammonia, NH3 gives
out heat
The unreacted nitrogen gas, N2 and hydrogen gas H2
are recycled and passed back into reactor together with
the new source of nitrogen gas, N2 and hydrogen gas, H2.
About 98% of nitrogen gas, N2 and hydrogen gas, H2 are
converted into ammonia, NH3.
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ALLOYS
Arrangement of atom in metals
The arrangement of the atoms in metals is ductile and
malleable. The layers of atoms to slide on one another
when force is applied. As shown in Figure 1. Thus ,
metals are ductile or can be stretched.
Layer of atom slide
Force
Figure 1 Metal are ductile
The shape of the metal changes
Force
Figure 2 Metals are malleable.
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WHAT ARE ALLOY?
Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a
certain fixed composition in which the major component
is a metal. Most pure metals are weak and soft. The
properties of pure metals can be improved by making
them into alloys. The aim of making alloys is to make
them stronger, harder, resistance to corrosive, have a
better furnish and lustre.
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The composite, properties and uses of some alloys
Alloy Composition Properties Uses
Bronze
90% copper 10% tin
Hard and
strong
Does not
corrode
easily
Has shiny
surface
In the building o
statues or
monuments
In the making of
medals, swords
and artistic
materials
Brass
70% copper
30% zinc
Harder
than
copper
In the making of
musical
instruments and
kitchenware
Steel
99% iron
1% carbon
Hard and
strong
In the constructio
of buildings and
bridges
In the building o
the body of car
and railway track
Stainless
steel
74% iron
8% carbon
18% chromium
Shiny
Strong
Does not
rust
In the making of
cutlery
In the making of
surgical
instruments
Duralumin
93% aluminium
3% copper
3% magnesium
1% manganese
Light
Strong
In the building o
the body of
aeroplanes and
bullet trains
Pewter
96% tin
3% copper
1% antimony
Lustre
Shiny
Strong
In the making of
sourvenirs
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The arrangement of atoms in alloys
Pure metal A
Pure metal B
Alloy
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SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
What are polymers?
Polymers are large molecules made up of many identical
repeating sub-units called monomers which are joined
together by covalent bonds. Monomers are joined into
chains by a process of repeated linking known as
polymerisation.
Polymerization
Formation of polymer
A polymer may consist of thousands of monomers.
Some polymers may occur naturally. Starch, cellulose,
wool, protein, silk and natural rubber are some examples
of naturally occurring polymers.
On the other hand, synthetic polymers are man-made
polymers. The monomers used are usually obtained from
petroleum after going through the refining and cracking
process.
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Monomers in synthetic polymers
synthetic
polymers
Monomers Uses
polythene Ethane Plastic bags, shopping bags,
plastic containers and
insulation for electrical
wiring Polypropene propene Piping, bottle crates, carpets,
car batteries and ropes
Polyvinylchloride,
PVC
Chloroethene Artificial leather, waterpipes and records
perspex Methylmethacrylate Safety glass, reflectors,
traffic signs and lens
Terylene Hexane-1,6-diol
Benzene-1,4-
dicarboxylic acid
Clothing, sails and ropes
Nylon Hexane-1,6-
diamine
Hexane-1,6-dioic
acid
Ropes, clothing and carpets
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GLASS AND CERAMICS
GLASS
The major component of glass is silica, SiO2. Among all
different types of glass used in our daily lives, fused glass
is the simplest glass. It is mainly silica, SiO2. Fused glass
is a highly heat-resistance glass. It can be plunged into
icy, cold water without cracking. It is expensive, yet it is
still widely used because of its great purity, opticaltransparency, high temperature and chemical durability as
well as resistance to thermal shock. These properties
make it appropriate to be used as laboratory glassware,
lenses, telescope mirrors and optical fibres.
The most common glass found around the house is the
soda-lime glass.it is made by heating sand with lime
stone, Na2CO3. Soda-lime glass can be melted at the
relative low temperature. It also has thermal expension
coefficient. However, it does not withstand heat. Soda-
lime glass is used to make flat glass, electrical bulbs,
mirrors and all kinds of glass containers.
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When boron oxide, B2O3 is added to soda-glass,
borosilicate glass is formed. Borosilicate glass has a
lower thermal expansion coefficient. It is about three
times as heat-resistance as soda-lime glass. It is also more
resistance to chemical attacks compare to soda-lime glass
because it contain less alkali. It Is also used in glass
pipelines and applications which require superior
resistance to thermal shock and greater chemical
durability.Lead crystal glass is normally called crystal or lead
glass. It is made by substituting lead oxide, PbO for
calcium oxide, CaO and often for pat of silica,SiO2 used
in soda-lime glass. Lead crystal is soft and easy to melt.
Lead crystal glass is suitable for fine crystal because it is
optically transparent and contains much more lead.
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CERAMICS
Ceramics are made from clay, for kaolin, a hydrated
aluminiumsilicate, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O. when the clay isheated to a very high temperature, they undergo a series
of chemical reactions and are hardened permanently to
form ceramics.
Ceramics can withstand high temperature and do not
melt easily. There are also very hard, brittle, chemically
inert, do not corrode and have a very high melting point.
They are good insulators of electric and heat. Their
properties make them suitable for making abrasive,
construction materials, tableware, insulator electrical
equipments and refractories.
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PENDIDIKAN SIVIK DAN
KERWARGANEGARAAN
TAJUK PROJEK
MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCE IN
INDUSTRY
NAMA MURID:T.PRAKASHAM PILLAY
ABDUL HALIM BIN ISMAIL
KISHOK KUMAR
MUHD HAFIZ
TINGKATAN:4 WAWASAN
NAMA GURU: PUAN LAIZINAH
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COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Many of modern technologies require materials with
unusual combinations of properties that cannot be met by
the conventional metal alloys , ceramics and polymeric
materials .Therefore , continuous research and
development have been done building materials musthave properties like low density , strong and resistance to
heat and corrosion .Today, many of such materials are
created and used for various fields.
A composite materials is a structural materials that is
formed by combining two or more different substancessuch as metal, alloys , glass , ceramics and polymers. The
resulting material has properties that are superior than
those of the original components .Composite materials are
created for specific application.
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CONCRETE
Concrete is a composite material which consist of a
mixture of stones , chips and sand bound together bycement .It is strong but brittle and weak in tension .Steel
is strong in tension. When concrete is reinforced with
steel wires, steel bars or any polymer fibres , The
resulting combination is very tough material with more
tensile strength. This material is known as the reinforced
expansion.They make very good composites and areessential for the construction of large structures like high-
rise buildings, bridges and oil platforms. Reinforced
concrete is also relatively cheap and can be moulded into
any shape.
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SUPERCONDUCTORS
Superconductors are capable of conducting electricity
without any electrical resistance when they are cooled toextremely low temperature. Most of them are alloys of
metal compounds or ceramics of metal oxides. However,
some superconductors are used in the bullet trains in
japan and medical magnetic-imaging devices like
magnetic resonance imaging, MRI. They are also used in
magnetic energy-storage system, generators, transformersand computer parts. Devices made from superconductors
have low power dissipation, high-speed operation and
high sensitivity.