mao and the sps region: asia left-wing dictator. group 1: ideology-thought reform tiffany sun,...

Mao and the SPSRegion: Asia

Left-Wing Dictator

Group 1: Ideology-Thought Reform

Tiffany Sun, Caitie Horan, Erica Falvey, Deborah Bakshiyev

Maoist Ideology - Key Components• peasants as revolutionary class

o previously seen as incapable o Mao thought peasants masses could be used to overthrow

feudalism & capitalism • 2 stage revolution

o On New Democracy by Map socialism would be result of 2 stage revolution stage 1 - bourgeois-democratic revolution stage 2 - socialist revolution

• Mass Lineo identify the masses' interests -> interpret with marxist principles ->

tell them back to the masseso developing close relations between the communist party and the

people CCP cadres were to live with the peasants & learn rural life

o central maoist ideao use masses to build socialism rather than imposing it on them

Maoist Ideology - Key Components Continued.• Continuous Revolution & Rectification

o Mao thought revolution should be permanent/continuous part of communist rule

o people needed therue thoughts remolded, corrected and inspected regularly

o CCP officials used self-criticism to ensure they served the people selflessly.

• Worldwide Revolutiono Mao agreed with Trotsky's idea of a worldwide

communist revolutiono intervened in Korean war (1950)o aided communist guerrilla movements in Philippines,

Vietnam, Malaya, Burma & Indonesiao 1971 - Mao left this idea an perued democratic relations

with US

Consolidation and Recovery: 1949-52• CCP achievements:

o May Fourth restored China's unity and

independence from foreign interference

o Communist leadership of the People's Republic decided to take on the technological and military might of the USA in the Korean War --> China fought US to a standstill --> saved communist North Korea from collapse

o had extensive experience of administering rural areas during 1930s and 1940s

• CCP challenges:o had none of running

towns or an urban economy

o had to tolerate other political parties to create a new China

Consolidation and Recovery: 1949-52• People's Consultative Conference set up a provisional national assembly

for Chinao drafted a temporary constitution (the Organic Law)o permitted 8 parties to functiono About new gov't:

initially a coalition dominated by the CCP described by Mao as a 'people's democratic dictatorship'

consisted of the 'national' and 'petty' bourgeoisie, peasants, industrial proletariat

right to vote given only to people and not to reactionaries --> democratic dictatorship

• CCP divided China in six regionso each region run by a bureauo military had key role

• China officially became a one-party communist state in 1954 when a new constitution replaced the Organic Law

• People's National Congress created, but met infrequently and had no real power

Consolidation and Recovery: 1949-52• power was exercised by a hierarchy of Communist Party committees

o Politburo at the top• CCP sought aid from non-communists to help them govern China

o many officials who had served in GMD were used by CCP until CCP was able to increase its numbers and administrative competence of its own officials --> 1953: CCP membership increased from 4 million to 6.1

million! --> growth allowed CCP to dispense with many non-commie officials

• major aim of CCP: restore unified control over what had been the Chinese Empireo not completed in 1949 because most of South-West China was still

under GMD controlo by the end of 1950, CCP was almost totally successful in reunifying

China only Hong Kong (British), Macao (Portuguese), Outer Mongolia,

Taiwan, and a few other GMD-controlled islands left

National Capitalism: 1949-52• CCP main economic goal: achieve recovery after the damage and

dislocation caused by the Sino-Japanese War and Civil Waro worked with 'national capitalists' (businessmen who had not had

close connections with the GMD) to achieve goal CCP needed their management, financial skills, and

experienceo Under National Capitalism:

state took over ownership of heavy industry and banking system

lighter industry and smaller factories remained under private ownership

although national bourgeoisie could continue to make profits, they were subject to increasing state regulation in terms of wages and prices

after all factories and businesses were nationalized, many former owners were kept as managers and still got an annual share of profits

National Capitalism: 1949-52• Results of National Capitalism:

o industrial and agricultural production recovered very successfully value of industrial output increased by 2 1/2 times grain production increased

o Communists tackled the hyperinflation which had totally destabilized China's economy under the GMD

o renminbi was introduced a new, carefully controlled currency

o budget was balanced because CCP was more effective at taxing the

population than GMD

YEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEHAWWW!!!!1!1!one!

Land Reform (June 1950)

• Land Reform of 1950 = destruction of power and wealth of landlord classo early years of CCP rule was more moderateo peasants encouraged to take lead in attacking landlords

• Results:o about 2 million landlords diedo many of the survivors had their land taken away and

redistributed (to middle/poor peasants)o gave peasants stake in revolution (they now had

something to lose if CCP was overthrown)o ownership of land was private (CCP moved gradually

toward socialization of agriculture from the early 1950s)

Mass Movements and Thought Reform• CCP launched several campaigns to reshape attitudes and

habits of the Chinese population• want a socialist culture and mindset (in addition to a socialist

economy)• used mass movements to mobilize the population• Wanted to establish tight control

o created structures where everyone was subject to surveillance

o Set up danwei work/neighborhood units

• Mass organizations createdo National Women's Association, New Democratic Youth

League (14-25 yr olds), Children's Pioneer Corps (ages 9-14)

• children instructed in the Five Loveso country, people, labor, science, and public property

Campaign Against Counter-Revolutionaries (1950)• Mao wanted to eliminated anyone within the government

who supported the GMD• Korean War (1950) - US troops were very close to North

Korea's border with Manchuriao triggered China's military interventiono heightened CCP's anxiety about "enemies within"

• Mass demonstrations against the USA and other capitalist countrieso population mobilized to identify spies and traitors

• Within 6 months, 700,000 people executed (most had links w/ GMD)

• 500,000 people imprisoned in "reform through labor" camps

The Three and Five-Antis Campaigns (1951-1952)• CCP started putting more pressure on remaining former

GMD officials and bourgeoisie o launched two campaigns (claimed to be clamping down

on corruption)• The Three Anti (San Fan) Campaign (1951)

o targeted corruption, waste, elitismo directed against officials (both former GMD and members

of CCP) obliged to undergo self-criticism and criticism

• The Five Anti (Wu Fan) Campaign (1952)o targeted bribery, tax evasion, fraud, theft of gov't property

and of economic secretso directed against business community

• Both campaigns - offenders treated mildly (compared to Campaign Against Counter-Revolutionaries)

Thought Reform Movement (September 1951)

• CCP wanted to eradicate bourgeois and capitalist ideas from intellectuals

• 6500 intellectuals and university professors obliged to undertake courses in Communist thought

• Art and literature had to conform to CCP's political dictateso art required to promote class struggle and loyalty to

the Partyo Party silenced artists and writers who did not conform

Group 2: Social Reform

Names: Samantha Giffen, Sara Erkal, Jesse Cushing, Shelly Grinshpun (we are

awesome)

Social Reform • War on Crime

o CCP punished, often executed, major criminalso Treated prostitutes and drug addicts as victims

Rehabilitation Programs o CCP officials raided ad closed down brothels and gambling dens

• Educationo CCP launched a drive to increase literacy and expand educational

provisiono Mid- 1950s- 80% of the population was illiterate o CCP received help from USSR

Russians teaching in Chinese schools and universities Chinese being trained in Russian universities

• Marriage Reform o 1950- Marriage Law banned arranged and child marriages and

polygamy o Women given the right to divorce and right to own property o Women continued to be treated as inferiors by many men

The Socialization of Agriculture

• CCP leadership was convinced that collectivization was essential for increasing agricultural efficiency as well fulfilling ideological aimso They were aware of Stalin's agricultural disaster caused

by collectivization, so they decided to gradually implement the introduction of socialism into the countryside

o CCP leadership argued over the correct pacing of collectivization

• After the Land Reform of 1950, peasants were encouraged to pool animals and equipment at certain times in the yearo Still retained private ownership of land/resourceso Acceptable to peasants - 40% in 1953 belonged to

mutual-aid teams.


• CCP begins to organize peasants into Agricultural Producers' Co-operatives in 1954o Land pooled but private ownership retainedo Peasants rewarded according to what they contributedo Rich peasants (oxymoron?) not allowed to join APCs

• Oscillating policy towards co-operatives (1953-56)o 1953 - Mao condemns "Rash Advance" of co-ops, but

then criticized the fall-off in number of co-ops.o 1955 - Liu Shaoqi supported a slower approach, but Mao

eventually won over the party in favor of his rapid approach


• 1956 - 80% of households in co-ops.o This encouraged Mao to order the transition from Lower

Level APCs to Higher Level APCs Land entirely collectively owned All peasants work for wages regardless of input of land

or equipment By 1957, 90% of peasants in these Higher Level APCs

Results of Collectivization

• CCP gains more control over the countryside than any previous regime

• From 1953, the state became the only buyer/seller of graino Peasants required to sell fixed quotas to the state

• Collectivization integrated much more peacefully than in Russiao Slower processo Less wealth gap between peasants

Less feelings of losing out by pooling resources• Little disruption to economy• 1957 - 5% increase in agricultural output• Disagreement amongst historians over the amount of resistance

encounteredo Marc Bletcher - limited to rich peasants who didn't want to share

- slaughter livestocko Philip Short - serious peasant rioting in 1954 lead to Mao's

temporary halt to the process in Jan 1955

Socialist Transition o First Five Years Plan 1953-1957 Brought to an end the National Capitalist phase and saw, by February 1956, nationalism of all private industries and businesses in China GMD received a lot of backing from USA so it is not surprising that Mao decided that PRC must lean to one side in international relations and go to Russia for help even though they didn’t get much support CCP also had to turn to USSR for advice and help in building socialist economy since they lacked experience in industrial planning 2/1950 – PRC signed Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty (USSR would give China $300 million in loans which was repayable in low interest, Russian technicians, and economic advisors First Five Year was highly centralized and concentrated on heavy industry huge new industrial centers were built and factory management changed from team based approach to one-man management

cont'd

o Results of First Five Year Plan’s Results Completed the process of nationalism of industry, before this most industry was still under private ownership Boosted urbanization – China’s urban population increased from 57 million to 100 million Important infrastructure improvements such as Yangzi River Rail and Road Bridge linking north and south China Heavy industrial output trebled and light industrial output rose by 70% and overall targets were exceeded by 20% $300 million lent by USSR was only 3% of total investment under 5 Year Plan so Chinese government had to raise money to fund Plan from its own people Agriculture was squeezed to pay for heavy industrial expansion – state set grain prices low, to produce a large profit which could be invested in industry Agricultural investment was as low as 90% of state investment was in industry o This is one reason for relatively slow growth in agricultural output

The Hundred Flowers Campaign 1957

• CCP decided to lift censorship:o encourage intellectuals to voice opinions aka complaints

about the party• Mao wanted this from the start since May 1956

o it failed when he first announced ito intellectuals did not replyo they thought it was a trapo were treated badly by party in the pasto thought they would be punished by CCP

• Mao kept pushing for it then--> after his speech was published in People's Paper (April 1957) --->campaign started working (May)


• This campaign caused ----->LOTS of complaints about the partyo basically the party didn't realize that they were REALLY

unpopular....oopso people complained about the party was alienated from

masseso this spread to universities and students

They called for multi-party elections created a democracy wall at Beijing Uni.

commies suck!


• In response....the govt thought they werebeing undermined• ....soooo they stopped the campaign • then they purged everyone that complained....• they called this the Anti-Rightist Campaign

o they forced people into hard labour reformo sent people to the countrysideo kicked people out of their jobs

• this in turn caused intellectuals to NEVER trust Mao again• and Mao was always suspicious of intellectuals


• Historiographyo Mao's motives:

saw original campaign as type of rectification wanted to keep CCP pure and not a group of

"privileged elite"....haha He thought that riots all over the world like in Poland in

the 1956 were because people didn't have any sayo Philip Short says

Mao tried to mix a totalitarian system with checksand balances....(they are like oil and water)

wanted to experiment o others thought it was a clever trap to remove all critics

Group 3: The Great Leap Forward

Nick, Deana, Mahir, Katie, Kai

We are CHINA!!

Mao Adopts the Great Leap ForwardWhy Mao Abandons the Soviet Five Year Plan

Features of an Economic Plan Soviet Five Year Plan Mao's Great Leap Forward

Emphasis of Plan Heavy industry Simultaneous development of industry and agriculture

Payment for Labor Material incentives and pay differentials for skilled and unskilled workers

Marxist ideology: "Each shall receive according to one's need"

Capital Expensive, capital-intensive projects

Due to limited funds, little could be invested in industry (agriculture was slowly developing as well)

Inspiration of Plan Russian (obviously) Chinese (Mao wanted to be different and assert China's independence)

Industrial Production Since the major emphasis was on heavy production, industry was much more critical than agriculture

Rapid collectivization of agriculture could lead to quicker growth in industry (Mao's goal: quadruple steel output)

Aims for Nation Bolshevism: very much an economic plan

CCP: plan would grow CCP dominance and influence (become political and economic plan)

The Great Leap Forward Launch• Mao began a massive irrigation scheme of many co-

operatives to transform and accelerate Chinese economyo Co-operatives eventually came together to form a

"communes," the first in April, 1948. (rose to 26,000)o Mao thought so much organization would mean more

labor for large projects (land reclamation, irrigation, industry). Women began to work (canteens/créches) By '59, 70% children were in nurseries.

o Mao also wanted to set up a "People's Militia" for the CCP using the communes. Also wanted to develop industry --> set a target for steel production to double to 10.7 million tons a year by '59 and 60 million by '60

Mommy!

GLF Launch (cont.)

o Establishing communes in towns to improve agricultural and industrial production were not too successful (lacked space & time) Within factories, management shifted from one

manager to a collective management with worker reps.• GLF was intended to progress culture & politics and blur the

line between peasants and workers, towns and countrysides. Also meant to shift focus from individual families and villages to the overall good of the Party and country.

Results of the Great Leap Forward• Industry

o GNI (Gross National Income) increased by 8% in 1958 However fell by 30% in 1960

o Steel production more or less reached the goals set by Mao Mainly due to use of backyard furnaces

Steel produced was of very low quality and most could not be used

Program was abandoned in 1959o Marked the start of rural industrialization

Communes were successful in manufacturing agricultural tools, chemical fertilizers, and and in mining uranium

Uranium mining helped accelerate China's nuclear program

o Communes also helped develop large-scale irrigation and hydroelectric projects Became model for development in Third World countries

Results of the Great Leap Forward con't

• Agricultureo 200 million tons of grain were harvested in 1958

But the government published an inflated number (260 mil) and set unrealistic targets for 1959

o Harvests in 1959 and 1960 were very pooro China entered a period of extreme famine 1959-

1961 (aka "Three Bitter Years") Due to decreased grain production Death rate rose from 1.46% in 1959 to 2.54% in 1960

Death rate remained high in 1961 (1.7%) It is estimated that over 20 million people died due

to famine

Why did the GLF fail?

• CLP officials were unprepared for managing the vast size of the communeo Very little planning was done

• Mass mobilization (Mao's idea) could not compensate for the lack of capital investment in technologically advanced processes like steel production

• 1960 - Sino-Soviet split made Khrushchev withdraw thousands of soviet advisers from China

• Flawed agricultural reformso Close planting, deep plowing, campaign against the "Four

Pests" (rats, sparrows, flies, mosquitos)o ^ These led to problems with farming

• Peasants were becoming exhausted by the demands of the CLP, so they abandoned agriculture and worked in steel production instead

Why did the GLF fail?• Withdrawal of material incentives

o Ending of higher wages for skilled workers and great output - led to lack of motivation

• Abnormally bad weathero Severe drought in Northeast Chinao Flooding in South China

• CLP's refusal to accept failure - although Mao saw decrease in production, he didn't terminate the Great Leap Forward for a few yearso Mao also created a climate of fear in the CLPo Everybody was afraid to challenge Mao's policies

• Early 1959 - Mao accepted the fact that the GLF was failing, so he reduced some of the policieso Marshal Peng Duhuai criticized the entire GLF, so Mao threatened

to engage in civil war with him if the rest of the Party did not back him

o Due to this, Mao reaffirmed his faith in the GLF famine intensified, and GLF continued until

late 1960

Termination of the Great Leap Forward (1961)• Problems by the end of 1960:

o China suffering from worst ever famine

o Overall state of crisiso Some provinces (ex: Sichuan, Anhui) saw a

quarter of the population starving to deatho Desperate peasants in four wester provinces

and Tibet launched armed rebellions PLA dispatched to restore order

• Response to problems:o CCP turned to Liu Shaoqi (PRC Chairman)

and Deng Xiaoping (CCP General Secretary) to restore economy and grain supplies

Great Leap Forward

Termination (continued)

• Liu and Dengo Abandoned the Great Leap o Emphasized the need to pursue economic policies that

worked, rather than placing strict adherence to communist principles

• Took five years for agricultural production to recover from damage caused by Great Leap

• Industrial output recovered more quicklyo Doubled by 1965 due to the discovery of major oil and

gas fields in Daqing

Causes for Economic Recovery (early 1964)• Changes orchestrated by Liu and Deng• CCP reverted to highly centralized economic planning

o Returned power to state planning officials in central bureaucracy

• 25 million unemployed urban workers returned to countryside

• Introduced:o Material incentiveso Wage differentials for skilled and unskilled workers

• Private plots and markets encouraged in countrysideo Most arable land remained under control of communeso CCP introduced household responsibility schemes

Individual families contracted to farmland

Economic Recovery (Continued)

• Increase in grain importso Huge amounts from Australia and Canada throughout

1960so 1961: 6 million tons imported

• Subdivision of communeso 1961o Reduced them in size by two thirdso Marked major retreat from the collectivisation of 1950s

Mao retires to the second front

• Planned to step back since 1950s• Wanted to move to "second front"

o Concentrate on strategic thinking and planningo Left younger colleagues to take over

• 1959: Gave up position as PRC Chairman o Before Great Leap was declared failureo Forced into background due to disasters of GLF

"Dead ancestor" Disagreement about the extent to which Mao's

influence was limited

Group 4: CCP Division

Names: NamQ, Leigh, Em, Dishy

Bitter Faction-Fighting within CCP• Constant tension between...

o Radical Communists (Mao) vs. Pragmatists (Liu/Deng) Pragmatists: Economically more flexible

• Mao up until 1962 considered Liu to be his successoro BUT Mao did not like the economic policies

Ex. Liu supported "household responsibility" system Mao saw this as abandoning socialism Mao was very orthodox, so he did not approve

• From 1962 on Mao did everything to keep the "revisionist" and "capitalist" influence out

Keep it CommunistBaby

Socialist Education Movement (1962-63)• Why the brotha did Mao launch it?

o Bring back his control and tr to mass mobilize Communist ideology

• What the brotha was it?o Movement/Attempt to

Re-educate the population politically with Socialist ideals.

Change the POV the Chinese saw the world (More Socialist scope)

Establish 3 isms --> Collectivism, Patriotism, Socialism• How the brotha were they going to do it? (4 Clean Ups)

o Focus on: Politics, Economy, Organization of CPC, Ideology

Socialist Education Movement (1962-63)• PLOT TWIST!?!?!

o Liu/Deng changed the movement up (They were in upper level gov't too)

o They ordered CCP leadership to break down into work teams not mass mobolization

o Each team would go into schools and factories to... Educate the people Try to identify/remove corrupt local officials

• Mao couldn't get a mass campaign rolling until 1966o This will be known as the Cultural Revolution

Power-base to launch Cultural Revolution• Mao's "Little Red Book"

o Lin Biao remained faithful to Mao after Mao's disgrace.o Lin helped Mao regain followers through publishing the "Little

Red Book" of Mao's quoteso The book essentially became the Bible of the people.

• Jiang Qingo Third wife of Maoo Former singer and actresso Active member of CCPo Banned all cultural items from foreign countries: music,

furniture, etc.• Shanghai forum

o Led by Jiang Qingo Berated a play of a medieval soldier who was kicked out

because he criticized the emperor.o They argued that the soldier represented and degraded Mao

Mao's motives for starting the Cultural Revolution• Regain power

o Mao held a grudge against Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, and Peng Dehuai for bringing him down

o In order to regain power, he needed to regain support and destroy his opposition

• Destroy bourgeoiso Mao also wanted to destroy any traces of capitalism that

would threaten communism• Restore "revolutionary spirit" in the younger generation

o Mao complained that the younger generation weren't as revolutionary as the men he led in the long march.

o As a result he started the Red Guard

Initiation of the Culture Revolution• May 1966- growing unrest in universities

o struggle between radical Maoists and the pragmatists intensified

• Great Swimo Mao swam in the Yangzi River to show he was 'back'

• Mao publicly expressed his support for the Red Guard movement

• 1966, first huge Maoist rallyo over 1 million Red Guards in Tiananmen Squareo PLA took over the railway to transport young peopleo hysterical mass rallies

"BOMBARD THE CCP HEADQUARTERS"

• called on students to seek out and destroy all those who were taking the "capitalist road" within the CCP

• led to a wave of revolutionary enthusiasm

Development of the Cultural Revolution

• Large scaled purges carried out by the Red Guardso Mao urged them to attack the 'Four Olds'

old thought, old culture, old practices, old customs• Schools and universities shut down• Mao withdrew to central China, leaving Lin Biao and Jiang Qing to direct affairs

o clashes between rival Red Guard factions and between workers and students thousands were killed ceremonial cannibalism by Red Guards

o democratic workers' movement emergedo party leaders worried that China was on the verge of a civil war

• 1967 Zhou called on the Red Guard to stop their violenceo they did not stop

• The PLA was given the key role on new Revolutionary Committeeso Late 1968 RC returned order in most places

• Mao called on the Red Guards to leave the cities and go to the country side

Why did Mao Retreat from Radicalism?

• Purges and violence went much further than Mao had intended

• When the Shanghai's People's Commune emerged it threatened the CCP's power.

• The Revolution was causing chaos within China and threatening a war with the USSR.

• Military commanders worried purges would extend into the PLA.

What were the results of the Cultural Revolution?• As a result of the cultural revolution it is estimated that up to

100 million people suffered from it. • About 500,000 people died the main victims were not

officers though, but intellectuals.• 20-30 million people migrated out of the cities to the

countryside.• Schools were set up to re-educate Party officials each year

each year in Maoist thought.

Effect on Art and Literature

Chinese art and literature became sterile, Qing imposed strict regulations on what art, performances and writings can be created. Also, ancient art was destroyed by the Red Guards.

Results Cont'd

• China became isolated and westerners were attacked.• by 1970 Industrial Output had risen to record levels,

however much was invested in the Military-industrial development in North-west and South-west, this was seen as a waste of resources.

• In 1969, a new constitution was created outlining 'Marxism-Leninism-Mao-Zedong Thought'.

• Liu-Shaqoui was defeated and Deng Xiaoping was rehabilitated and helped shape China's economic policies.

Group 5: Mao's Last Years and Foreign Policy

Names: Aleks, Matt K, Kevin, Ashley (The c00l group)

Mao's Last Years: 1971-1976

The Rise and Fall of Lin Bao• Lin Bao came from the Cultural Revolution in a strong

position• 1969- Became Mao's successor• I969- 10 of the 16 Politburo members were members of the

armed forces• Only 3 of the 10 were Lin supporters, making Mao doubt Lin• When Lin mysteriously disappeared in 1971, CCP said he

had been planning a coup and wanted to assassinate Mao. Lin fled by plane to Russia but died in a crash over Mongolia.

• Lin purged by Mao because Lin opposed closer links with USA

Mao's last years: 1971-1976

Faction Struggle Continues (1971-1976): the Radicals and Pragmatists battle for control of the Party• From 1971, Zhou Enlai and Mao ran the Party effectively• They were aging and in 1972, Zhou diagnosed with cancer• 1973- Deng Xiaoping was allowed back to Bejing and

appointed Vice-Premier• Not sure whether the radicals or pragmatists would take

control of Party after Mao diedo 1970's- debate about direction of economic policyo Radicals- maintain centralized controls and emphasized

the importance of mass mobilization and production focused on quantity and speed

o Modernizers (led by Deng and Zhou)- stressed gradualism, quality production and expansion of incentives and wage differentials.


Faction Struggle Continues (1971-1976): the Radicals and Pragmatists battle for control of the Party• 1975-76 Debate centered around Deng and Zhou's

proposed "Four Modernizations"• Radicals

o Still a force in the Party o In 1973 three of them appointed to the Politburoo Wang Hongwen was presented as Mao's successoro To balance the radicals, Mao decided that Deng Xiaoping

should be rehabilitated and restored to the Central Committee (1973)

o 1973 'Criticize Confucius and Lin Biao' Campaign- They launched a propaganda attack on Zhou and his revisionist policies


Faction Struggle Continues (1971-1976): the Radicals and Pragmatists battle for control of the Party• Jan. 1976- Zhou Enlai died• Mao backed Hua Guofeng as new Premier after Enlai's

o Compromise candidate• Deng removed as Vice-Premier

o after Tiananmen Square demonstrations for Enlaio Guofeng sided with radicals

• Sept. 1976- Mao diedo Guofeng orders radicals arrested (called Gang of Four)

Accused of planning coup Put on trial, sentenced to death, changed to life in prison

• Deng became #3 in CCPo Wanted increased USA and Japan trade o Died in 1997


Faction Struggle Continues (1971-1976): the Radicals and Pragmatists battle for control of the Party

• 1977- Deng became number 3 in the Party hierarchy or CCP secretary

• Deng shaped China's economic policies• Late 1970s- 1997 (his death) -> Deng dominant figure in

CCP• Deng was a modernizer, wanted greater trade with USA and

Japan, and introduced reforms like increased incentives and decentralization.

Postscript: Deng takes China down the 'capitalist' roadDeng Xiaoping shifts China towards capitalism

• Agricultureo Reforms to increase productivityo Peasants encourage to maximize private plots of land

Made up 40% of peasant family incomeo "Household responsibility system" introduced

Each peasant household could own land Responsible for producing grain that state must buy Any extra sold by peasants on open market

• Later incentive and more autonomy offeredo Still shortage of usable land

Postscript: Deng takes China down the 'capitalist' road• Industry

o 1976- Ten Year Plan set unrealistic production targetso Major reforms in late 1970s

abandoned economic self-sufficiency joined International Monetary Fund and World Bank four Special Economic Zones increased foreign

investment and trade Emphasized production of consumer good to have

incentives for workers and peasants Less state control of industry

Inflation Industrial growth and increased output

o 4th largest overall economyo Resulted in social inequality, unemployment, strikes

The Democracy Movement andTiananmen Square Massacre

• 1970s: CCP liberalizes the Chinese economy, becoming the fourth largest aggregate economy

• 1980s: rise of economic reforms made public demand political freedomo Caused by government's foreign education policy

1986: student demonstrationso Encouraged by Mikhail Gorbachev's USSR reforms

Visited Beijing in May 1989o Brought on by economic slump in late 1980s

The Democracy Movement andTiananmen Square Massacre

• CCP leadership divided in decisiono Zhao Ziyang: concessions and liberalizationo Li Ping, Deng Xiaoping: repression

• Military action ensuedo Zhao eliminatedo Troops sent in to clear demonstrators

Over 1000 killed• CCP continued to be single-party state

o Shocking departure from Marxism in economic matters

Chinese Foreign Policy 1949-76


• The Establishment of The People's Republic of Chinao 1945-1947: Marshall Mission

President Truman sent troops to help create a peace in China

Helped GMD, but not much Because they realized GMD was corrupt

o 1948: Congress passed China Aid Acto 1949: Mao's victory over Chiang Kai-sheko US failed to recognize The People's Republic

Due to the Republican belief Democrats had done too little, too late

Also tied in with fear of Communism Coincided with Red Scare and McCarthyism

Finally accepted The People's Republic in 1979


• The Sino-Soviet Treatyo 1950o Relations between Mao and Stalin hadn't been great

Mao had previously opposed pro-Soviets, and essentially received no USSR aid during Civil War

Stalin had suggested Mao aim for less power Mao finally decided to work with Stalin in light of the

developing Cold Waro Signed a 'friendship treaty'

Stalin to withdraw from Lushun by 1952 China given $300 million in loans USSR given concessions in Xinjiang and Manchuria


• The Korean Waro 1950-1953o Background

1910-1945: Japan ruled Korea 1945: Korean nationalists and communists set up the

Korean People's Republic Korean Democratic Party also created at this time

1945: Soviet troops occupied northern Korea, US occupied southern Korea

1946: Opposing governments helped to form Syngman Rhee - Republic of Korea in the south Kim II-Sung - Democratic People's Republic of

Korea in the north 1949: Both Soviets and US withdrew from their areas


• The Korean Waro 1950: Before the Invasion

1949: Kim visits Moscow and is denied permission to invade S. Korea

1950: Kim visits Moscow and is approved permission to invade S. Korea Had to consult Mao before invading


• The Korean Waro 1950: Invasion of the South

June 1950: invasion begins S. Korean and UN forces pushed back to southern

tip of S. Korea "Pusan Pocket" Sept. 1950: Gen. MacArthur pushes back against N.

Korean forces N. Koreans fled to 38th Parallel US policy change: liberate all of Korea from

communism


• The Korean Waro 1950: Chinese Intervention

Efforts led to Chinese intervention 200,000 troops sent in

October 1950: Mao sends in "People's Volunteers" troops to aid Push UN forces back past 38th Parallel Capture Seoul Mao is overambitious and tries to unite a communist

Korea UN forces recapture Seoul Mao supports ceasefire negotiations July 1951: negotiations begin July 1953: armistice reached: 38th parallel divides

North and South Korea


• Taiwano Chiang's government withdrawn to Taiwan

USA recognizes it as rightful governent of China Blocks PRC's admission to UN until 1971 1954: USA signs Defense Treaty with Taiwan Caused by PRC threatening Nationalit-held

Quemoy and Matsu 1958: PRC threatens Quemoy and Matsu again USA sends 7th Fleet to patrol Taiwan USSR unwilling to support PRC


• The Sino-Soviet Splito CCP leaders unwilling to be in "underneath" role to the

Russian communists Angry with Khrushchev over Destalinization speech

CCP praised Stalin in public, would lose face Mao disagreed on Khrushchev's peaceful co-

existence policyo USSR leadership saw Mao to be reckless

Regretted promising PRC the help of building an atomic bomb Mao thought the world could survive a nuclear war


• The Sino-Soviet Splito Mao felt USSR had not given enough support over

Quemoy and Matsu criseso 1959: Khrushchev revokes his promise of helping PRC

build an atomic bomb Khrushchev publically criticizes the Great Leap

Forwardo 1960: Khrushchev withdraws all Soviet engineers and

technicians from China Split becomes public at congress in Bucharest

o 1963: CCP denounces Test Ban Treaty End of formal contact for 26 years


• Rapprochement with the USAo 1971-1972o Mao, despite previously putting down the idea of

coexistence, resumes relations with the US Because Mao was afraid of war with USSR

o Paved the way for China's growing foreign trade• China and the 'Third World'

o China makes friends with Asian and African countries Hoping to spread communism and influence Hoped Mao's Marxism would catch on better in third

world countries Relied on a peasant's revolution

Supplied weapons and aid to Vietminh and Malaysian, Filipino, and Burmese communists


• China and the 'Third World'o 1955: Bandung Conference

Zhou Enlai raised The People's Republic's international image by taking lead Moved to create a non-aligned movement of African

and Asian states Sought to avoid Western domination People's Republic provided economic aid to several

African countries

mao and the sps region: asia left-wing dictator. group 1: ideology-thought reform tiffany sun,...

Documents

communist rulepeople

ccp achievements

ccp membership

communist north korea

new constitution

oneparty communist state

peasants masses

new chinaconsolidation