mao rise
TRANSCRIPT
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Chinese Civil War and Communist Takeover
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Rise of Chiang Kai-shek• Born to a middle-level royal
family Oct. 1887• Formed 1st United Front to oust
warlords• In Mar 1926 Jiang carried out a
minor coup to purge GMD• This coup removed left-wing
leaders and shifted GMD to the right
• In the summer of 1926, Jiang started the Northern Expedition
Gen. Jiang Jieshi
General and Madame Jiang
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Mao Zedong1893-1976
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Early Years• Born 1893 in Hunan Province to
a well to do landowning family• ‘Natural rebel’ and momma’s
boy but at odds w/father for not showing respect
• Left first wife (arranged marriage)
• Volunteer in Changsha during 1911 Revolution—felt rev did not improve China
• Moved to Beijing and became librarian at Beijing University—introduced to Marxism
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Mao the Young Revolutionary• Experiences during 1911
Revolution influenced his views:– strongest survive– violence was only way to gain power– ‘All power grows out of the barrel of
a gun’– ‘A revolution is not a tea-party; it is
an act of violence, by which one class overthrows another.’
• Impressed by the methods used by the Bolsheviks
• Founding member of the CCP in 1921
• Believed in the Dialectic View—history develops through a series of class conflicts
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GMD Northern Expedition • 2 goals: to conquer
warlords and CCP• In March 1927, GMD &
pro-Nationalist allies took both Nanjing & Shanghai
• On 12 April Jiang carried out a large scale anti-CCP coup in Shanghai
• By summer, coup spread to other cities and thousands of leftists had been killed
• By the end of 1928, China had been “United” under Jiang and his allied warlords against CCP
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Mao Zedong & CCP Opposition • After the Northern
Expedition Jiang purged all leftists from GMD for good
• Mao Zedong () & Zhou Enlai set up Jiangxi Soviet north of Guangzhou
• In Sept 1931, after incident in Mukden, Japan gained control of Manchuria (Manchukuo)
• Jiang ignored the Japanese & focused on Mao & CCP
• 1930-1934 -- unsuccessful attempts to destroy Jiangxi Soviet
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The Long March (1934-5)
• 1934 Jiang’s GMD forces destroyed the Jiangxi Soviet
• Mao joined the retreat to Yanan in Shaanxi—’The Long March’
• Less than 20K out of 100K survived
• Zunyi Meeting—Mao outmaneuvers opponents in CCP & imposes his views
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According to Jiang, while the Japanese were a "disease of the
skin," the Communists were a "disease of the heart."
Nationalist soldiers leading Communist prisoners captured in fighting along the Jiangxi-Fujian border during Jiang Jieshi’s fifth "extermination campaign" of 1933-34. Even in the face of serious Japanese predation, Jiang insisted upon a policy of "unification before resistance.”
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Xian Incident & 2nd United Front• During Long March, Jiang travels
to Xian to coordinate attacks on CCP.
• Zhang Xueliang, leader of GMD troops Jiang was to meet with, placed Jiang under house arrest
• Zhang wanted Jiang to make a truce with Mao & unite to fight Japanese
• Jiang released & formed 2nd United Front against Japanese w/Mao’s Red Army
• 1937—Japan attacked China—start of 2nd Sino-Japanese War
• However, for Jiang the real enemy remained the Communists
Zhang Xueliang
Jiang Jieshi
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Nationalist (GMD) Situation 1945• Wartime situation
– Strategy of retreat and defense– Landlord support—oppression of
peasants – Army large and corrupt– High inflation – Surprised by speed of war’s end
• Nationalists at war's end: – 3 million+ troops, control of
cities and most of the population, internationally recognized government
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Communist Situation 1945• At war's end:
– Regular army of 500,000-900,000.
– Militia of 2 million.– 90 million people (N. China
rural).
• Guerrilla warfare strategy• Emphasis on cooperation
with peasants • Social Reforms
– Moderate policies: Land reform, stress education, welfare hygiene, & self-governance
Mao Zedong w/ Col. David Barrett of US Army Observation Group (Dixie Mission), 1944)
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Post-War Mediation Attempts• Attempts at mediation and
maneuvering on both sides — 1945-1946.
• US Attempts:– August-October 1945: w/Mao & Jiang
negotiated a set of principles calling for political and military unity, and democracy.
– December 1945: Mission by Gen. George Marshall brokered a ceasefire in Jan 1946.
– January-February 1946: Political consultative conference but came to nothing. Complete breakdown later in year.
• Soviet Union pressured Mao to cooperate with Jiang
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Civil War 1946-1949• Basic positions:
– In north, Nationalists held cities and transport lines, but defensive posture. Communists held countryside.
– Elsewhere, Nationalist position stronger, but still much Communist guerrilla activity.
• Initial Nationalist success in NW. Took Yan'an, with Communists moving east
• Fighting concentrated in the north – Nationalists lose Manchuria by early 1948– Most major northern cities fell in 1948 —
Beijing and Tianjin in January 1949
• Nationalists make a last stand on the Yangtze River
Fall 1948
Nationalist Offensives 1947
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Fall of Nationalists and Rise of PRC—1949
• Summer of 1949 the Communists breached the Yangtze defenses and the Nationalists retreated
• By Fall of 1949 the Communists forced the Nationalists to retreat to the island of Taiwan
• 1 October 1949 Mao proclaimed the formation of the People’s Republic of China in Beijing.
• Jiang established the Republic of China on Taiwan
Mao proclaims the creation of the PRC in Beijing
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“A clean sheet of paper
has no blotches, and so
the newest and most
beautiful pictures can be
painted on it.”
-Mao Zedong - 1949